BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:the potential health impacts due to the decommissioned Nuclear power plants (NPP) located in Borgo Sabotino and Garigliano in Central Italy (active from the early 1960s to the late 1980s) have raised several concerns. Brain, thyroid, breast and lung cancer and leukaemia have been associated with exposure to ionizing radiations, but the health effects of nuclear plants on the resident populations are controversial. OBJECTIVE:to evaluate whether living close to NPPs is associated with an increased risk of cancer incidence and mortality. METHODS:we defined a cohort of residents within 7 km from the NPPs during the period 1996-2002. Individual follow-up for vital status at 01.01.2007 was conducted using municipality data. Gender specific Standardized Incidence and Mortality Ratios, adjusted for age, were calculated (SIR and SMR) using the regional population as reference. Each participant's address was assigned to a distance from the NPP on the basis of a GIS. A relative risk (RR, CI95%), adjusted for age and socioeconomic status, was calculated in 3 bands of increasing radius from the plants: 0-2, 2-4, and 4-7 km (reference group), using a Poisson regression model. RESULTS:the cohort was of 39,775 people, 32%of whom lived near (0-4 km) the NPP. No differences in mortality was found when comparing the cohort with the regional population; among women living within 7 km from the NPP, we found thyroid cancer incidence higher than expected (SIR 1.53 CI95% 1.18-1.95). However, when the analysis was conducted on the basis of the distance from the NPP, we found a statistically significant increase in male mortality only for causes unrelated to radiation exposure (all causes, stomach cancer, and cardiovascular diseases). No mortality excess was observed among women living close to the NPPs. No statistically significant distance-related gradient was observed for cancer incidence both in men and women. CONCLUSIONS:living close to the NPP was not associated with mortality for causes related to radiation exposure. However, the results suggest to continue the epidemiological surveillance of the population.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Kozani-Ptolemais-Amyntaio basin constitutes the principal coal field of Greece. Approximately 50% of the total power production of Greece is generated by five power stations operating in the area. Lignite samples, together with the corresponding fly ash and bottom ash were collected, over a period of 3 months, from the power plant of Amyntaio and analyzed for their content in 16 trace elements. The results indicate that Y, Nb, U, Rb, Zr, Ni, Pb, Ba, Zn, Sr, Cu, and Th demonstrate an organic affinity during the combustion of lignite, while V has an inorganic affinity. Three elements (Co, Cr, and Sc) show an intermediate affinity.

背景与目标： : Kozani-Ptolemais-Amyntaio盆地构成了希腊的主要煤田。希腊约50% 的总发电量是由该地区运营的五个发电站产生的。在3个月的时间内，从Amyntaio电厂收集了褐煤样品以及相应的粉煤灰和底灰，并分析了其在16种微量元素中的含量。结果表明，Y，Nb，U，Rb，Zr，Ni，Pb，Ba，Zn，Sr，Cu和Th在褐煤燃烧过程中表现出有机亲和力，而V具有无机亲和力。三个元素 (Co，Cr和Sc) 显示出中间亲和力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Dendrotoxins, important pharmacological tools for studying K(+) channels, are potently convulsant in the central nervous system and evidence suggests that different members of the dendrotoxin family may act at pre- or post-synaptic sites. Using a combination of intrahippocampal infusion, microdialysis and electroencephalograph (EEG) recording, we have compared the effects of alpha-dendrotoxin and dendrotoxin K on extracellular levels of excitatory amino acids in anaesthetised rats. Our findings show that although infusion of 35 pmol of both peptides was associated with elevated extracellular aspartate and glutamate, these increased levels were more sustained with dendrotoxin K. Furthermore, there was EEG evidence of an associated transient functional change consistent with an action on pre-synaptic K(+) channels. In contrast, infusion of alpha-dendrotoxin produced only a brief effect on amino acid levels and no evidence of a functional consequence.

背景与目标： : 树状毒素是研究K () 通道的重要药理工具，在中枢神经系统中具有强烈的抽搐作用，有证据表明树状毒素家族的不同成员可能在突触前或突触后位点起作用。使用海马内输注，微透析和脑电图 (EEG) 记录相结合，我们比较了 α-树突毒素和树突毒素K对麻醉大鼠细胞外兴奋性氨基酸水平的影响。我们的发现表明，尽管两种肽的35 pmol输注与细胞外天冬氨酸和谷氨酸升高有关，但树状毒素K会更持久地维持这些升高的水平。此外，脑电图证据表明，与突触前K () 通道的作用相一致的相关瞬时功能变化。相反，输注 α-树状毒素仅对氨基酸水平产生短暂影响，而没有功能性后果的证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Experience with a new surrogate consent system for patients with Alzheimer's disease is reviewed. It was hypothesized that as patients' cognitive status deteriorated, surrogate consent through a durable power of attorney would become necessary to facilitate continued involvement in clinical research.

METHOD:The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts of inpatients with Alzheimer's disease who participated in research between January 1989 and December 1994 at the Geriatric Psychiatry Unit of the National Institute of Mental Health. Seventy-nine patients were included. The main outcome measures were the Clinical Dementia Rating, Global Deterioration Scale for primary degenerative dementia, and Mini-Mental State.

RESULTS:Most patients were in the mild-to-moderate stage of the illness when they chose to participate in research and assign a durable power of attorney (96% scored 2 or less on the Clinical Dementia Rating, and 92% scored 5 or less on the Global Deterioration Scale). On average, the subjects participated in 3.8 (SD = 2.6) studies. For 35 patients with multiple admissions over this period (average = 3.1 years), scores on the Clinical Dementia Rating and Global Deterioration Scale declined by 1.0 and 1.5 points, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:The durable power of attorney allows research participation for subjects with Alzheimer's disease at all stages. The linchpin is assignment of a durable power of attorney in the early-to-moderate stage of Alzheimer's disease, before subjects lose the capacity to give informed consent. This approach could also be adapted to patients with cognitive decline due to other debilitating diseases.

背景与目标： 目标 : 回顾了针对阿尔茨海默氏病患者的新替代同意系统的经验。假设随着患者认知状况的恶化，通过持久授权书的代理同意将成为促进继续参与临床研究的必要条件。
方法 : 作者回顾性回顾了美国国立精神卫生研究所老年精神病学部门参与1989年1月和1994年12月之间研究的阿尔茨海默氏病住院患者的图表。包括79名患者。主要结果指标是临床痴呆等级，原发性退行性痴呆的全球恶化量表和迷你精神状态。
结果 : 大多数患者在选择参加研究并分配持久授权书时处于疾病的轻度至中度阶段 (96% 在临床痴呆评分上得分为2或以下，92% 在全球恶化量表上得分为5或以下)。平均而言，受试者参加了3.8 (SD = 2.6) 研究。对于在此期间 (平均 = 3.1年) 多次入院的35例患者，临床痴呆评分和全球恶化量表的得分分别下降了1.0和1.5分。
结论 : 持久授权书允许阿尔茨海默氏病患者在所有阶段的研究参与。关键是在受试者失去知情同意的能力之前，在阿尔茨海默氏病的早期至中度阶段分配持久的授权书。这种方法也可以适用于由于其他使人衰弱的疾病而导致认知能力下降的患者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To compare the predictability of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation using several corneal power measurements in eyes that underwent phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK). STUDY DESIGN:Retrospective case series. METHODS:We reviewed the clinical charts of 42 eyes of 25 consecutive patients who underwent cataract surgery after PTK for granular corneal dystrophy or band keratopathy. IOL power calculations were performed using the SRK/T formula with four corneal power measurements [automated keratometry (AK) measured with a partial coherence interferometer, simulated keratometry (Sim K), true net power (TNP), and total corneal refractive power (TCRP) measured with a rotating Scheimpflug camera]; we determined the prediction error, absolute error, and percentage within ± 1.0 D of the targeted refraction, 1 month postoperatively. RESULTS:The prediction error in the TCRP group was significantly better than those in the AK, Sim K, and TNP groups. The absolute error was also significantly better than those in the AK and Sim K groups, but not significantly different from that in the TNP group. The percentages of within ± 0.5 and 1.0 D in the TCRP group were significantly higher than those in the AK and Sim K groups, but not significantly different from that in the TNP group. CONCLUSIONS:The TCRP provides the highest predictability of IOL power calculation in post-PTK eyes. This result suggests that the use of the TCRP, rather than of conventional anterior keratometry, may be clinically helpful for improving the refractive accuracy of post-PTK eyes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :More and more countries are showing a significant slowdown in the number of new COVID-19 infections due to effective governmentally instituted lockdown and social distancing measures. We have analyzed the growth behavior of the top 25 most affected countries by means of a local slope analysis and found three distinct patterns that individual countries follow depending on the strictness of the lockdown protocols: rise and fall, power law, or logistic. For countries showing power law growth we have determined the scaling exponents. For countries that showed a strong slowdown in the rate of infections we have extrapolated the expected saturation of the total number of infections and the expected final date. Three different extrapolation methods (logistic, parabolic, and cutoff power law) were used. All methods agree on the order of magnitude of saturation and end dates. Global infection rates are analyzed with the same methods. The relevance and accuracy of these extrapolations is discussed.

背景与目标： : 由于政府制定的有效封锁和社会疏远措施，越来越多的国家显示出新新型冠状病毒肺炎感染人数显著放缓。我们通过局部斜率分析分析了受影响最严重的前25个国家的增长行为，并根据锁定协议的严格性发现了各个国家遵循的三种不同模式: 兴衰，幂律或逻辑。对于显示幂律增长的国家，我们已经确定了比例指数。对于感染率大幅放缓的国家，我们推断了感染总数的预期饱和度和预期的最终日期。使用了三种不同的外推方法 (逻辑，抛物线和截止幂定律)。所有方法都在饱和度和结束日期的数量级上达成一致。用相同的方法分析全球感染率。讨论了这些外推的相关性和准确性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the context of rising seawater temperatures associated with climate change, the issue of whether coral holobionts deal with this challenge by shuffling their associations with stress- and/or heat-tolerant Symbiodinium, by generating heat-resistant host genotypes, or both is important for coral survival. In this study, the composition of communities of the endosymbiont Symbiodinium and the population genetics of the coral host Platygyra verweyi were examined in a reef impacted by hot-water discharged from the outlet of a nuclear power plant in operation in Kenting, Southern Taiwan since 1984. The water at this site is 2.0-3.0 °C warmer than adjacent reefs in summer, which have an average seawater temperature of 29.0 °C. The data were compared with those for the same species at other sites within 12 km of the outlet site. Platygyra verwyei was associated with one or both of Symbiodinium types C3 (heat sensitive) and D1a (heat tolerant) at all sites with the latter being the dominant at the nuclear power plant outlet. The proportion of C3 in populations increased gradually with increasing distance from the hot-water discharge. Genetic analysis of the Platygyra verweyi host using mitochondrial and nuclear markers showed no genetic differentiation among sites. Changes in the composition of Symbiodinium types associated with P. verweyi among closely located sites in Kenting suggested that this coral might have acclimatized to the constant thermal stress by selective association with heat-tolerant Symbiodinium types, whereas the role of the host in adaptation was inconclusive.

背景与目标： : 在与气候变化相关的海水温度上升的背景下，珊瑚全生物是否通过改组其与耐压力和/或耐热共生体的关联，通过产生耐热宿主基因型或两者来应对这一挑战的问题对珊瑚生存很重要。在这项研究中，在台湾南部垦丁1984年运行中的核电站出口排出的热水影响的礁石中，研究了共生共生体群落的组成和珊瑚寄主Platygyra verweyi的种群遗传学。夏季，该地点的水比邻近的珊瑚礁高2.0-3.0 °C，后者的平均海水温度为29.0 °C。将数据与出口站点12千米内其他站点的相同物种的数据进行比较。Platygyra verwyii在所有地点均与Symbiodinium类型C3 (热敏性) 和D1a (耐热性) 中的一种或两种相关，后者在核电站出口占主导地位。随着距热水排放距离的增加，C3在种群中的比例逐渐增加。使用线粒体和核标记对Platygyra verweyi宿主进行的遗传分析表明，位点之间没有遗传分化。垦丁附近位置与P. verweyi相关的共生体类型组成的变化表明，这种珊瑚可能通过与耐热共生体类型的选择性结合而适应了恒定的热应力，而寄主在适应中的作用尚无定论。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Power for time-to-event analyses is usually assessed under continuous-time models. Often, however, times are discrete or grouped, as when the event is only observed when a procedure is performed. Wallenstein and Wittes (Biometrics, 1993) describe the power of the Mantel-Haenszel test for discrete lifetables under their chained binomial model for specified vectors of event probabilities over intervals of time. Herein, the expressions for these probabilities are derived under a piecewise exponential model allowing for staggered entry and losses to follow-up. Radhakrishna (Biometrics, 1965) showed that the Mantel-Haenszel test is maximally efficient under the alternative of a constant odds ratio and derived the optimal weighted test under other alternatives. Lachin (Biostatistical Methods: The Assessment of Relative Risks, 2011) described the power function of this family of weighted Mantel-Haenszel tests. Prentice and Gloeckler (Biometrics, 1978) described a generalization of the proportional hazards model for grouped time data and the corresponding maximally efficient score test. Their test is also shown to be a weighted Mantel-Haenszel test, and its power function is likewise obtained. There is trivial loss in power under the discrete chained binomial model relative to the continuous-time case provided that there is a modest number of periodic evaluations. Relative to the case of homogeneity of odds ratios, there can be substantial loss in power when there is substantial heterogeneity of odds ratios, especially when heterogeneity occurs early in a study when most subjects are at risk, but little loss in power when there is heterogeneity late in a study.

背景与目标： : 事件时间分析的能力通常在连续时间模型下进行评估。但是，时间通常是离散的或分组的，例如仅在执行过程时才观察到事件。Wallenstein和Wittes (生物计量学，1993) 描述了Mantel-Haenszel测试在其链式二项式模型下离散生命表的功能，该模型针对指定的事件概率向量在时间间隔内。在此，这些概率的表达式是在分段指数模型下得出的，该模型允许交错进入和损失进行跟踪。Radhakrishna (Biometrics，1965) 表明，Mantel-Haenszel测试在恒定比值比的替代方案下是最大效率的，并在其他替代方案下得出了最佳加权测试。Lachin (生物统计学方法: 相对风险评估，2011) 描述了该家族加权Mantel-Haenszel检验的幂函数。Prentice和Gloeckler (Biometrics，1978) 描述了分组时间数据的比例风险模型的推广以及相应的最大有效分数测试。他们的检验也被证明是加权的Mantel-Haenszel检验，并且同样获得了其幂函数。与连续时间情况相比，离散链式二项式模型下的功率损失很小，前提是定期评估数量适中。相对于优势比同质性的情况，当优势比存在实质性异质性时，功率可能会出现实质性损失，尤其是当大多数受试者处于危险中的研究早期出现异质性时，但当研究后期存在异质性时，功率损失很小。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There has been some debate over the question of which types of DNA variation are most appropriate to accurately reconstruct evolutionary events. We compared the capacity of microsatellites (STRs) and various types of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in the chicken genome. The SNP types differ in their location: in exons, introns and promoters. Genetic distances between all possible pairs of 10 populations were calculated for each marker type. STR loci, which are much more polymorphic than are SNPs, are considered to have occurred at recent time compared with old evolutionary events of SNPs. Using structure software, STR loci assigned individuals to their population much more correctly than did any other marker types, whereas SNPs at promoter regions gave the poorest ascription. Furthermore, 29 STR markers were even better than all 152 SNPs together. Ancient evolutionary events that produced genetic differences between the most distant populations such as Red Jungle Fowl and domestic chicken were detected better by exons and introns than by STR loci and promoters. The significant interactions found between marker types and populations suggest that marker types had different phylogenetic histories, possibly related to a different timescale.

背景与目标： : 关于哪种类型的DNA变异最适合准确重建进化事件的问题，一直存在一些争论。我们比较了鸡基因组中微卫星 (str) 和各种类型的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) 基因座的能力。SNP类型的位置不同: 外显子，内含子和启动子。计算每种标记类型的所有可能对10个种群之间的遗传距离。与SNPs的旧进化事件相比，STR基因座比SNPs更具多态性，被认为是最近发生的。使用结构软件，STR基因座将个体分配给他们的种群比任何其他标记类型都要正确得多，而启动子区域的snp的归属最差。此外，29个STR标记甚至优于所有152个snp。外显子和内含子比STR基因座和启动子更好地检测到在最遥远的种群 (例如红色丛林鸡和家鸡) 之间产生遗传差异的古代进化事件。标记类型与种群之间发现的显着相互作用表明，标记类型具有不同的系统发育历史，可能与不同的时间尺度有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A miniaturized, telemetric, photoplethysmograph (PPG) sensor for long-term, continuous monitoring is presented in this paper. The sensor, called a "ring sensor," is attached to a finger base for monitoring beat-to-beat pulsation, and the data is sent to a host computer via a radio-frequency transmitter. Two major design issues are addressed: one is to minimize motion artifact and the other is to minimize the consumption of battery power. An efficient double ring design is developed to lower the influence of external force, acceleration, and ambient light, and to hold the sensor gently and securely on the skin, so that the circulation at the finger may not be obstructed. Total power consumption is analyzed in relation to characteristics of individual components, sampling rate, and CPU clock speed. Optimal operating conditions are obtained for minimizing the power budget. A prototype ring sensor is designed and built based on the power budget analysis and the artifact-resistive attachment method. It is verified through experiments that the ring sensor is resistant to interfering forces and acceleration acting on the ring body. Benchmarking tests with FDA-approved PPG and electrocardiogram reveal that the ring sensor is comparable to those devices in detecting beat-to-beat pulsation despite disturbances.

背景与目标： : 本文提出了一种用于长期连续监测的微型遥测光电容积描记仪 (PPG) 传感器。称为 “环形传感器” 的传感器连接到手指基座上，用于监视节拍脉动，然后将数据通过射频发射器发送到主机。解决了两个主要的设计问题: 一个是最小化运动伪影，另一个是最小化电池电量的消耗。开发了一种高效的双环设计，以降低外力，加速度和环境光的影响，并将传感器轻轻地牢固地固定在皮肤上，从而不会阻碍手指的循环。根据各个组件的特性，采样率和CPU时钟速度分析总功耗。获得最佳运行条件以最小化功率预算。基于功率预算分析和伪电阻附着方法，设计并构建了环形传感器原型。通过实验验证了环形传感器对作用在环形体上的干扰力和加速度具有抵抗力。使用FDA批准的PPG和心电图进行的基准测试表明，尽管存在干扰，但环形传感器在检测节拍脉动方面与那些设备相当。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the mid-regional portion of the pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP) for heart failure (HF) in dyspnea patients. DESIGN AND METHODS:We performed a systematic review of English-language studies published during the past three decades. The performance characteristics (diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and other measures of accuracy) were pooled and examined by random-effects models. RESULTS:Five studies met the inclusion criteria, which included 1153 patients with HF and 1904 non-HF patients. The summary estimates for MR-proANP in HF diagnosis had a diagnostic sensitivity of 0.90 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88-0.92), a specificity of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.66-0.70), and a diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 22.89 (95% CI, 12.54-41.77). The area under the curve (AUC) and Q value for the summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curves were 0.88 and 0.81, respectively. CONCLUSION:MR-proANP showed a high diagnostic accuracy for HF in dyspnea patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The paper explains the most important parameters for the use of colour and power Doppler in rheumatology. Recommendations for machine settings are given. The commonly encountered artefacts and their importance for image interpretation are explained.

背景与目标： : 本文阐述了在风湿病学中使用彩色多普勒和功率多普勒的最重要参数。给出了机器设置的建议。解释了常见的人工制品及其对图像解释的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Visuospatial attention theories often propose hemispheric asymmetries underlying the control of attention. In general support of these theories, previous EEG/MEG studies have shown that spatial attention is associated with hemispheric modulation of posterior alpha power (gating by inhibition). However, since measures of alpha power are typically expressed as lateralization scores, or collapsed across left and right attention shifts, the individual hemispheric contribution to the attentional control mechanism remains unclear. This is, however, the most crucial and decisive aspect in which the currently competing attention theories continue to disagree. To resolve this long-standing conflict, we derived predictions regarding alpha power modulations from Heilman's hemispatial theory and Kinsbourne's interhemispheric competition theory and tested them empirically in an EEG experiment. We used an attention paradigm capable of isolating alpha power modulation in two attentional states, namely attentional bias in a neutral cue condition and spatial orienting following directional cues. Differential alpha modulations were found for both hemispheres across conditions. When anticipating peripheral visual targets without preceding directional cues (neutral condition), posterior alpha power in the left hemisphere was generally lower and more strongly modulated than in the right hemisphere, in line with the interhemispheric competition theory. Intriguingly, however, while alpha power in the right hemisphere was modulated by both, cue-directed leftward and rightward attention shifts, the left hemisphere only showed modulations by rightward shifts of spatial attention, in line with the hemispatial theory. This suggests that the two theories may not be mutually exclusive, but rather apply to different attentional states.

背景与目标： : 视觉空间注意力理论经常提出控制注意力的半球不对称。在这些理论的总体支持下，先前的EEG/MEG研究表明，空间注意力与后 α 功率的半球调制 (通过抑制进行门控) 有关。但是，由于alpha功效的度量通常表示为偏侧得分，或者在左右注意力转移时崩溃，因此单个半球对注意力控制机制的贡献仍不清楚。然而，这是目前相互竞争的注意力理论继续不同意的最关键和决定性的方面。为了解决这种长期存在的冲突，我们从Heilman的半球空间理论和Kinsbourne的半球竞争理论中得出了有关alpha功率调制的预测，并在EEG实验中对其进行了经验测试。我们使用了一种注意范例，该范例能够在两种注意状态下隔离alpha功率调制，即中性提示条件下的注意偏差和遵循方向提示的空间定向。在不同条件下，发现两个半球的差异 α 调制。根据半球间竞争理论，当预期没有先前的方向提示 (中性条件) 的周边视觉目标时，左半球的后 α 功率通常比右半球低，调制更强。然而，有趣的是，尽管右半球的alpha功率受到提示方向向左和向右的注意力转移的调节，但左半球仅显示出空间注意力向右移动的调节，这与半球空间理论一致。这表明这两种理论可能不是相互排斥的，而是适用于不同的注意状态。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ultra-intense, narrow-bandwidth, electromagnetic pulses have become important tools for exploring the characteristics of matter. Modern tuneable high-power light sources, such as free-electron lasers and vacuum tubes, rely on bunching of relativistic or near-relativistic electrons in vacuum. Here we present a fundamentally different method for producing narrow-bandwidth radiation from a broad spectral bandwidth current source, which takes advantage of the inflated radiation impedance close to cut-off in a medium with a plasma-like permittivity. We find that by embedding a current source in this cut-off region, more than an order of magnitude enhancement of the radiation intensity is obtained compared with emission directly into free space. The method suggests a simple and general way to flexibly use broadband current sources to produce broad or narrow bandwidth pulses. As an example, we demonstrate, using particle-in-cell simulations, enhanced monochromatic emission of terahertz radiation using a two-colour pumped current source enclosed by a tapered waveguide.

背景与目标： : 超强、窄带宽、电磁脉冲已成为探索物质特性的重要工具。现代可调谐大功率光源，如自由电子激光器和真空管，依赖于真空中相对论或近相对论电子的聚束。在这里，我们提出了一种从宽光谱带宽电流源产生窄带宽辐射的根本不同的方法，该方法利用了在具有类似等离子体的介电常数的介质中接近截止的膨胀的辐射阻抗。我们发现，通过将电流源嵌入该截止区域，与直接发射到自由空间相比，辐射强度的增强幅度超过一个数量级。该方法提出了一种简单而通用的方法，可以灵活地使用宽带电流源来产生宽或窄带宽脉冲。作为示例，我们使用单元内粒子模拟演示了使用由锥形波导包围的双色泵浦电流源增强的太赫兹辐射单色发射。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study investigates the link between power imbalance within the romantic couple and psychological, relational and physical adolescent dating aggression (ADA) perpetration, considering also the role of relationship duration as an indicator of the developmental stage of the relationship. This is the first investigation into whom is perceived to have power in the relationship (the partner or the subject him/herself) by distinguishing between male and female adolescents. Participants were 805 Italian adolescents (36.1% males; 63.9% females) aged 14-20 years (Mage  = 17.16 years, SDage  = 1.34), all reporting having been in a romantic relationship currently or within the past 6 months. Males perceiving a balanced relationship reported lower levels of psychological ADA perpetration, and they perpetrated more relational ADA in longer relationships where the partner is perceived to have the power. No significant findings emerged regarding physical ADA. Females perceiving themselves as having the power in the relationship reported higher levels of psychological and physical ADA perpetration. They perpetrated more relational ADA when they perceived the partner as having the power in the relationship. Also, females in longer relationships in which power was not perceived as equally shared between partners reported higher physical ADA perpetration. Finally, for both males and females, longer relationships were characterized by higher levels of ADA toward the partner. Findings highlight the importance of studying the interplay between power imbalance and relationship duration on ADA perpetration, and provide the way to understand possible functions of ADA within a romantic relationship.

背景与目标： : 本研究调查了浪漫夫妻内部权力失衡与心理，关系和身体青少年约会攻击 (ADA) 行为之间的联系，并考虑了关系持续时间作为关系发展阶段的指标的作用。这是第一次通过区分男性和女性青少年来调查谁被认为在关系中拥有权力 (伴侣或对象他/她自己)。参与者为805名意大利青少年 (36.1% 名男性; 63.9% 名女性)，年龄在14-20岁之间 (Mage   =   17.16岁，SDage   =   1.34)，所有这些人目前或过去6个月内都有恋爱关系。感知平衡关系的男性报告了较低的心理ADA实施水平，并且在伴侣被认为具有力量的较长关系中，他们实施了更多的关系ADA。没有关于身体ADA的重要发现。女性认为自己在关系中具有力量，因此报告了更高的心理和身体ADA行为。当他们认为伴侣在关系中拥有权力时，他们实施了更多的关系ADA。此外，处于较长关系中的女性在伴侣之间没有被视为平等分享权力的情况下，她们报告了更高的身体ADA行为。最后，对于男性和女性，更长的关系的特征是对伴侣的ADA水平更高。研究结果强调了研究ADA实施中权力失衡与关系持续时间之间相互作用的重要性，并提供了了解ADA在浪漫关系中可能发挥作用的方法。