BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The consumption of plant-based food is important for health promotion, especially concerning the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Flavonoids are the main bioactive compounds in citrus fruits, with multiple beneficial effects, especially antidiabetic effects. We systematically review the potential antidiabetic action and molecular mechanisms of citrus flavonoids based on in vitro and in vivo studies. A search of the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection databases for articles published since 2010 was carried out using the keywords citrus, flavonoid, and diabetes. All articles identified were analyzed, and data were extracted using a standardized form. The search identified 38 articles, which reported that 19 citrus flavonoids, including 8-prenylnaringenin, cosmosiin, didymin, diosmin, hesperetin, hesperidin, isosiennsetin, naringenin, naringin, neohesperidin, nobiletin, poncirin, quercetin, rhoifolin, rutin, sineesytin, sudachitin, tangeretin, and xanthohumol, have antidiabetic potential. These flavonoids regulated biomarkers of glycemic control, lipid profiles, renal function, hepatic enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes, and modulated signaling pathways related to glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity that are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its related complications. Citrus flavonoids, therefore, are promising antidiabetic candidates, while their antidiabetic effects remain to be verified in forthcoming human studies.

背景与目标： : 食用植物性食品对于促进健康非常重要，尤其是在预防和管理慢性病方面。黄酮类化合物是柑橘类水果中主要的生物活性化合物，具有多种有益作用，尤其是抗糖尿病作用。我们基于体外和体内研究，系统地综述了柑橘类黄酮的潜在抗糖尿病作用和分子机制。使用关键字柑橘，类黄酮和糖尿病对PubMed，EMBASE，Scopus和Web of Science核心收集数据库进行了搜索，以查找2010年发表的文章。对所有识别的文章进行分析，并使用标准化表格提取数据。搜索确定了38篇文章，其中报道了19种柑橘类黄酮，包括8-戊烯基柚皮素，天冬氨酸，地司明，地司明，橙皮素，橙皮素，异水青素，柚皮素，柚皮素，新橙皮素，诺比林，poncirin，槲皮素，金丝素，红叶素，芦丁，丝素，丝皮素，苏达丁，橘皮素和黄嘌呤，具有抗糖尿病的潜力。这些类黄酮调节血糖控制，脂质谱，肾功能，肝酶和抗氧化酶的生物标志物，以及与葡萄糖摄取和胰岛素敏感性有关的调节信号通路，这些信号通路参与糖尿病及其相关并发症的发病机理。因此，柑橘类黄酮是有希望的抗糖尿病候选药物，而其抗糖尿病作用仍有待即将进行的人类研究验证。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Dietary phytochemicals, of which polyphenols form a considerable part, may affect the risk of obesity-associated chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. This article presents an overview on how phytochemicals, especially polyphenols in fruits, vegetables, berries, beverages and herbal medicines, may modify imbalanced lipid and glucose homeostasis thereby reducing the risk of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes complications.

背景与目标： : 饮食中的植物化学物质 (其中多酚占相当大的一部分) 可能会影响与肥胖相关的慢性疾病 (例如2型糖尿病) 的风险。本文概述了植物化学物质 (尤其是水果，蔬菜，浆果，饮料和草药中的多酚) 如何改变不平衡的脂质和葡萄糖稳态，从而降低代谢综合征和2型糖尿病并发症的风险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Phytochemicals are a significant piece of conventional prescription and have been researched in detail for conceivable consideration in current drug discovery. Medications and plants are firmly identified for traditional prescriptions and ethnomedicines that are basically arranged from plants. Recognizing the medical advantages of phytochemicals is of fundamental advancement in medication and useful sustenance improvement. Secondary metabolites of different plants have been customarily used for the improvement of human wellbeing. The phytochemicals are diets rich, which can upgrade neuroplasticity and protection from neurodegeneration. RESULTS:Phytochemicals keep on entering clinical preliminaries or provide leads for the synthesis of medicinal agents. Phytochemicals are a great extent cancer prevention agents in nature at lower concentrations and under favorable cell conditions that adequately avoid the oxidation of different molecules that have an ability to produce free radicals and thus protect the body. CONCLUSION:The purpose of this review is to describe the use of phytochemicals against cancer and Alzheimer's disease treatment.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The leaves of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) are exploited extensively in West and Central African ethnopharmacy for the treatment of a wide range of conditions, despite this being a non-native species established in the last 50 years. With the objective of seeking bioactive principles, the nonvolatile compounds, an ethanolic (80% v/v) extract was made and fractionated. From the hexane-soluble fraction, three compounds were isolated. Two of these, 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavanone and 2'-hydroxy-4,4',5',6'-tetramethoxychalcone, have previously been identified in C. odorata leaves. The third was fully characterised spectroscopically and found to be 1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)naphthalene (cadalene), not previously isolated from the Asteraceae. All three compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity and anticancer properties. 2'-Hydroxy-4,4',5',6'-tetramethoxychalcone was found to be both cytotoxic and anticlonogenic at 20 µm in cell lines Cal51, MCF7 and MDAMB-468, and to act synergistically with the Bcl2 inhibitor ABT737 to enhance apoptosis in Cal51 breast cancer cells.

背景与目标： : 菊科 (菊科) 的叶子在西非和中非民族中被广泛利用，以治疗多种条件，尽管这是过去50年来建立的非本地物种。为了寻求生物活性原理，非挥发性化合物，制备并分级分离乙醇 (80% v/v) 提取物。从己烷可溶部分中分离出三种化合物。这些中的两个，5-羟基-7,4 '-二甲氧基黄烷酮和2'-hydroxy-4，4 '，5'，6 '-四甲氧基查尔酮，先前已在odorata叶中鉴定。第三种化合物在光谱上被完全表征，发现是1,6-二甲基-4-(1-甲基乙基) 萘 (cadalene)，以前没有从菊科中分离出来。测试了所有三种化合物的细胞毒性和抗癌特性。2 '-Hydroxy-4，4'，5 '，发现6'-四甲氧基查尔酮在20μm的细胞系Cal51，MCF7和MDAMB-468中具有细胞毒性和抗克隆作用，并与Bcl2抑制剂ABT737协同作用以增强Cal51乳腺癌细胞的凋亡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cancer metastasis is a multistep process in which a cancer cell spreads from the site of the primary lesion, passes through the circulatory system, and establishes a secondary tumor at a new nonadjacent organ or part. Inhibition of cancer progression by dietary phytochemicals (DPs) offers significant promise for reducing the incidence and mortality of cancer. Consumption of DPs in the diet has been linked to a decrease in the rate of metastatic cancer in a number of preclinical animal models and human epidemiological studies. DPs have been reported to modulate the numerous biological events including epigenetic events (noncoding micro-RNAs, histone modification, and DNA methylation) and multiple signaling transduction pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Sonic hedgehog, COX-2, EGFR, MAPK-ERK, JAK-STAT, Akt/PI3K/mTOR, NF-κB, AP-1, etc.), which can play a key role in regulation of metastasis cascade. Extensive studies have also been performed to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying antimetastatic activity of DPs, with results indicating that these DPs have significant inhibitory activity at nearly every step of the metastatic cascade. DPs have anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis and by inhibiting cell growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Growing evidence has also shown that these natural agents potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy through the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the variety of molecular mechanisms by which DPs regulate metastatic cascade and highlight the potentials of these DPs as promising therapeutic inhibitors of cancer.

背景与目标： : 癌症转移是一个多步骤的过程，其中癌细胞从原发病变部位扩散，通过循环系统，并在新的非相邻器官或部位建立继发性肿瘤。通过饮食植物化学物质 (DPs) 抑制癌症进展为降低癌症的发病率和死亡率提供了重要的希望。在许多临床前动物模型和人类流行病学研究中，饮食中DPs的消耗与转移性癌症的发生率降低有关。据报道，DPs可以调节许多生物学事件，包括表观遗传事件 (非编码微rna，组蛋白修饰和DNA甲基化) 和多种信号转导途径 (Wnt/β-catenin，Notch，Sonic hedgehog，COX-2，EGFR，MAPK-ERK，JAK-STAT，akt/PI3K/mTOR、NF-κ b、AP-1等)，可在转移级联调控中起关键作用。还进行了广泛的研究以确定DPs抗转移活性的分子机制，结果表明这些DPs在转移级联的几乎每个步骤中都具有显着的抑制活性。DPs通过诱导细胞凋亡并抑制细胞生长，迁移，侵袭和血管生成而具有抗癌作用。越来越多的证据表明，这些天然药物通过调节多种信号通路来增强化疗和放疗的功效。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了DPs调节转移性级联反应的多种分子机制，并强调了这些DPs作为有前途的癌症治疗抑制剂的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This work consists of gathering the leaves of ten different South African plants from the local reserve. Black and green tea were sourced commercially. The plants were air dried and polar crude material extracted using deionized water. These crude phytochemicals were used as green chelators to remove metal ions from an aqueous solution. Iron(III), lead(II) and copper(II) ions were competitively removed from an eight metal ion solution with iron(III) being removed at more than 80% followed by lead(II) with greater than 40% removal and copper(II) with removal values of more than 20%. Metal ion removal was shown to be affected by change in pH of the solution, indicating that removal took place via the pH-swing mechanism. As the pH is increased, iron(III) is first removed followed by lead(II) and then copper(II). Iron(III) and lead(II) were selectively removed even at a 10-fold dilution level compared to the other metal ions present. Loading tests showed that iron(III) removal does not change, but for lead(II) and copper(II) there is a noticeable increase in removal with an increase in the amount of crude. The phytochemicals in the crude were identified using Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Some crudes had similar phytochemicals (quercetin) while others had unique compounds. Statement of novelty It is the first time that crude polar phytochemicals from South African plants are used as green chelators. These green chelators selectively remove iron(III), lead(II) and copper(II) from a mix of eight different base metal ions. Iron(III) can be selectively removed at pH as low as 3.00 and, when iron(III) and lead(II) are 10 times more dilute compared to the other metal ions, iron(III) and lead(II) are still selectively removed. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is used to identify some of the phytochemicals present in these plants.

背景与目标： : 这项工作包括从当地保护区收集十种不同的南非植物的叶子。红茶和绿茶是商业采购的。将植物风干，并使用去离子水提取极性粗物质。这些粗植物化学物质用作绿色螯合剂，以从水溶液中去除金属离子。从八种金属离子溶液中竞争性地除去铁 (III) 、铅 (II) 和铜 (II) 离子，其中铁 (III) 以超过80% 除去，接着除去大于40% 的铅 (II) 和除去值大于20% 的铜 (II)。金属离子的去除受到溶液pH变化的影响，表明去除是通过pH摆动机制进行的。随着ph值的增加，首先除去铁 (III)，然后除去铅 (II)，然后除去铜 (II)。与存在的其他金属离子相比，甚至以10倍的稀释水平选择性地去除铁 (III) 和铅 (II)。负载测试表明，铁 (III) 的去除率没有变化，但是对于铅 (II) 和铜 (II)，随着原油量的增加，去除率显着增加。使用液相色谱-串联质谱法 (lc-ms/MS) 鉴定了原油中的植物化学物质。一些原油具有相似的植物化学物质 (槲皮素)，而另一些则具有独特的化合物。新颖性声明这是南非植物的粗极性植物化学物质首次被用作绿色螯合剂。这些绿色螯合剂从八种不同的贱金属离子的混合物中选择性地去除铁 (III)，铅 (II) 和铜 (II)。铁 (III) 可以在低至3.00的pH下被选择性地除去，并且当铁 (III) 和铅 (II) 比其它金属离子稀释10倍时，铁 (III) 和铅 (II) 仍然被选择性地除去。液相色谱-串联质谱 (lc-ms/MS) 用于鉴定这些植物中存在的某些植物化学物质。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Raphanus sativus L. var niger (black radish) is a plant of the cruciferous family with important ethnobotanical uses for the treatment of gallstones in Mexican traditional medicine. It has been established that the juice of black radish decreases cholesterol levels in plasma and dissolves gallstones in mice. Glucosinolates, the main secondary metabolites of black radish, can hydrolyze into its respective isothiocyanates and have already demonstrated antioxidant properties as well as their ability to diminish hepatic cholesterol levels; such therapeutic effects can prevent the formation of cholesterol gallstones. This disease is considered a current problem of public health. In the present review, we analyze and discuss the therapeutic effects of the main glucosinolates of black radish, as well as the effects that this plant has on cholesterol gallstones disease.

背景与目标： : Raphanus sativus L. var niger (黑萝卜) 是十字花科植物，具有重要的民族植物学用途，用于治疗墨西哥传统医学中的胆结石。已经确定黑萝卜的汁液可降低血浆中的胆固醇水平并溶解小鼠的胆结石。芥子油苷是黑萝卜的主要次级代谢产物，可以水解成其各自的异硫氰酸盐，并且已经证明了抗氧化特性以及降低肝胆固醇水平的能力; 这种治疗作用可以防止胆固醇胆结石的形成。这种疾病被认为是当前公共卫生的问题。在本综述中，我们分析并讨论了黑萝卜主要芥子油苷的治疗作用，以及该植物对胆固醇胆结石病的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Wild rice (Zizania spp.), an important aquatic cereal grain in North America and East Asia, has attracted interest worldwide because of its antioxidant activities and health-promoting effects. Wild rice is high in protein, minerals, and vitamins but is low in fat. The phytochemical content (phytosterols, γ-oryzanol, γ-aminobutyric acid, phenolic acids, and flavonoids) of wild rice warrants its development as a functional food. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals from Zizania plants have pronounced antioxidant properties, which are associated with prevention of chronic diseases. The health-promoting effects of Zizania plants include alleviation of insulin resistance and lipotoxicity, atherosclerosis prevention, and anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-hypertensive, and immunomodulatory effects. Here, we provide an overview of Zizania research up to April 2020, focusing on the nutritional constituents, phytochemicals, antioxidant activities, and health-promoting effects of Zizania plants. This review has important implications for further investigations and applications of Zizania plants in medicine and as functional foods.

背景与目标： : 野生稻 (Zizania spp。) 是北美和东亚重要的水生谷物，由于其抗氧化活性和促进健康的作用而引起了全世界的关注。野生稻富含蛋白质，矿物质和维生素，但脂肪含量低。野生稻的植物化学含量 (植物甾醇，γ-谷维素，γ-氨基丁酸，酚酸和类黄酮) 保证了其作为功能性食品的发展。Zizania植物的酚酸，类黄酮和其他植物化学物质具有明显的抗氧化特性，与预防慢性疾病有关。Zizania植物的健康促进作用包括减轻胰岛素抵抗和脂毒性，预防动脉粥样硬化以及抗炎，抗过敏，抗高血压和免疫调节作用。在这里，我们概述了直到2020年4月的Zizania研究，重点是Zizania植物的营养成分，植物化学物质，抗氧化活性和促进健康的作用。这篇综述对Zizania植物在医学和功能性食品中的进一步研究和应用具有重要意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cancer is caused by a variety of pathways, involving numerous types of enzymes. Among them three enzymes i.e. Cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK-2), Human topoisomerase IIα, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) are three of the most common enzymes that are involved in the cancer development. Although many chemical drugs are already available in the market for cancer treatment, plant sources are known to contain a wide variety of agents that are proved to possess potential anticancer activity. In this experiment, total thirty phytochemicals were analyzed against the mentioned three enzymes using different tools of bioinformatics and in silico biology like molecular docking study, drug likeness property experiment, ADME/T test, PASS prediction, and P450 site of metabolism prediction as well as DFT calculation to determine the three best ligands among them that have the capability to inhibit the mentioned enzymes. From the experiment, Epigallocatechin gallate was found to be the best ligand to inhibit CDK-2, Daidzein showed the best inhibitory activities towards the Human topoisomerase IIα, and Quercetin was predicted to be the best agent against VEGFR-2. They were also predicted to be quite safe and effective agents to treat cancer. However, more in vivo and in vitro analyses are required to finally confirm their safety and efficacy in this regard.

背景与目标： : 癌症是由多种途径引起的，涉及多种类型的酶。其中三种酶，即细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶2 (CDK-2)，人拓扑异构酶ii α 和血管内皮生长因子受体2 (VEGFR-2) 是参与癌症发展的三种最常见的酶。尽管市场上已经有许多化学药物可用于癌症治疗，但已知植物来源包含多种药物，这些药物被证明具有潜在的抗癌活性。在本实验中，使用不同的生物信息学工具和计算机生物学工具 (如分子对接研究，药物相似性实验，ADME/t检验，PASS预测，和代谢预测的P450位点以及DFT计算，以确定其中具有抑制上述酶能力的三个最佳配体。从实验中发现，表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯是抑制CDK-2的最佳配体，大豆苷元对人拓扑异构酶ii α 的抑制活性最佳，槲皮素被认为是对抗VEGFR-2的最佳药物。他们也被预测是相当安全和有效的药物治疗癌症。但是，需要更多的体内和体外分析才能最终确认其在这方面的安全性和有效性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The phytochemical constituents of apple waste were established as potential antifungal agents against four crops pathogens, specifically, Botrytis sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Petriella setifera, and Neosartorya fischeri. Crude, purified extracts and fractions of apple pomace were tested in vitro to evaluate their antifungal and antioxidant properties. The phytochemical constituents of the tested materials were mainly represented by phloridzin and quercetin derivatives, as well as previously undescribed in apples, monoterpene-pinnatifidanoside D. Its structure was confirmed by 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses. The fraction containing quercetin pentosides possessed the highest antioxidant activity, while the strongest antifungal activity was exerted by a fraction containing phloridzin. Sugar moieties differentiated the antifungal activity of quercetin glycosides. Quercetin hexosides possessed stronger antifungal activity than quercetin pentosides.

背景与目标： : 苹果废料的植物化学成分被确定为针对四种农作物病原体的潜在抗真菌剂，特别是葡萄孢菌，尖孢镰刀菌，Petriella setifera和neossartorya fischeri。在体外测试了苹果渣的粗，纯化提取物和馏分，以评估其抗真菌和抗氧化性能。被测材料的植物化学成分主要由根皮苷和槲皮素衍生物代表，以及以前在苹果中未描述的单萜-羽状花苷D。通过1D和2d核磁共振 (NMR) 光谱分析确认了其结构。含有槲皮素pentosides的馏分具有最高的抗氧化活性，而含有phloridzin的馏分具有最强的抗真菌活性。糖部分区分了槲皮素糖苷的抗真菌活性。槲皮素六苷比槲皮素五苷具有更强的抗真菌活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease caused by a long-term imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. The discovery of three different shades of adipose tissues has implications in terms of understanding the pathogenesis and potential interventions for obesity and its related complications. Fat browning, as well as activation of brown adipocytes and new beige adipocytes differentiated from adipogenic progenitor cells, are emerging as interesting and promising methods to curb obesity because of their unique capacity to upregulate non-shivering thermogenesis. This capacity is due to catabolism of stored energy to generate heat through the best characterized thermogenic effector uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). A variety of phytochemicals have been shown in the literature to contribute to thermogenesis by acting as chemical uncouplers, UCP1 inducers or regulators of fat differentiation and browning. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms and strategies for targeting adipose-mediated thermogenesis and highlight the role of phytochemicals in targeting adipose thermogenesis to fight against obesity. We also discuss proposed targets for how these phytochemical molecules promote BAT activity, WAT browning and beige cell development, thereby offering novel insights into interventional strategies of how phytochemicals may help prevent and manage obesity via adipose thermogenesis.

背景与目标： : 肥胖是一种长期的能量摄入和消耗不平衡所导致的慢性代谢性疾病。发现三种不同阴影的脂肪组织对了解肥胖及其相关并发症的发病机理和潜在干预措施具有重要意义。脂肪褐变，以及从脂肪原细胞分化的棕色脂肪细胞和新的米色脂肪细胞的激活，由于其独特的上调非颤抖的产热能力而成为抑制肥胖的有趣且有前途的方法。这种能力是由于储存能量的分解代谢通过最典型的热效应解偶联蛋白1 (UCP1) 产生热量。文献中已显示出多种植物化学物质通过充当化学解耦剂，UCP1诱导剂或脂肪分化和褐变的调节剂来促进产热。在这篇综述中，我们总结了靶向脂肪介导的产热的机制和策略，并强调了植物化学物质在靶向脂肪产热以对抗肥胖中的作用。我们还讨论了这些植物化学分子如何促进BAT活性，WAT褐变和米色细胞发育的拟议目标，从而为植物化学物质如何通过脂肪产热帮助预防和管理肥胖的干预策略提供了新的见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease, the second deadliest malignancy in men and the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men. Traditional plants have been applied to handle various diseases and to develop new drugs. Medicinal plants are potential sources of natural bioactive compounds that include alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenes, and steroids. Many of these naturally-occurring bioactive constituents possess promising chemopreventive properties. In this sense, the aim of the present review is to provide a detailed overview of the role of plant-derived phytochemicals in prostate cancers, including the contribution of plant extracts and its corresponding isolated compounds.

背景与目标： : 前列腺癌是一种异质性疾病，是男性中第二致命的恶性肿瘤，也是男性中最常被诊断出的癌症。传统植物已被用于处理各种疾病和开发新药。药用植物是天然生物活性化合物的潜在来源，包括生物碱，酚类化合物，萜烯和类固醇。这些天然存在的生物活性成分中的许多具有有希望的化学预防特性。从这个意义上讲，本综述的目的是提供有关植物来源的植物化学物质在前列腺癌中的作用的详细概述，包括植物提取物及其相应的分离化合物的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted great attention due to their outstanding electrical, optical, magnetic, catalytic, and antimicrobial properties. However, there is a need for alternative production methods that use less toxic precursors and reduce their undesirable by-products. Phyto-extracts from the leaves of olive and rosemary plants can be used as reducing agents and (in conjunction with Tollens' reagent) can even enhance AgNP antimicrobial activity. Methods:Conditions for the proposed hybrid synthesis method were optimized for olive leaf extracts (OLEs) and rosemary leaf extracts (RLEs). The resultant AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, an environmental scanning electron microscope, and Dynamic Light Scattering analysis. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to measure AgNP concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the specific functional groups responsible for the reduction of both silver nitrate and capping agents in the leaf extract. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of the synthesized AgNPs were assessed against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), by using both the Kirby-Bauer and broth microdilution methods on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar plates. Results and Discussion:A simple, feasible, and rapid method has been successfully developed for silver nanoparticle synthesis by reducing Tollens' reagent using leaf extracts from olive and rosemary plants (widely available in Jordan). Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the method produces AgNPs with a spherical shape and average core sizes of 45 ± 2 and 38 ± 3 nm for OLE and RLE, respectively. A negative zeta potential (ζ) of -43.15 ± 3.65 mV for OLE-AgNPs and -33.65 ± 2.88mV for RLE-AgNPs proved the stability of silver nanoparticles. FTIR spectra for AgNPs and leaf extracts indicated that the compounds present in the leaf extracts play an important role in the coating/capping of synthesized nanoparticles. The manufactured AgNPs exhibited an antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 9.38 and 4.69 μl/ml for OLE-AgNPs and RLE-AgNPs, respectively. The MIC for Salmonella enterica were 18.75 μl/ml for both OLE-AgNPs and RLE-AgNPs. Furthermore, our results indicated that the RLE-AgNPs exhibited a stronger antibacterial effect than OLE-AgNPs against different bacteria species. These results contribute to the body of knowledge on nanoparticle production using plant-mediated synthesis and performance. They also offer insights into the potential for scaling up this production process for commercial implementation.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Panax quinquefolium L. (American Ginseng, AG) is an herb characteristic for regions of North America and Asia. Due to its beneficial properties it has been extensively investigated for decades. Nowadays, it is one of the most commonly applied medical herbs worldwide. Active compounds of AG are ginsenosides, saponins of the glycosides group that are abundant in roots, leaves, stem, and fruits of the plant. Ginsenosides are suggested to be primarily responsible for health-beneficial effects of AG. AG acts on the nervous system; it was reported to improve the cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, display anxiolytic activity, and neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage resulting from ischemic stroke in animals, demonstrate anxiolytic activity, and induce neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage in ischemic stroke in animals. Administration of AG leads to inhibition of hypertrophy in heart failure by regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mice as well as depletion of cardiac contractile function in rats. It also has an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity potential as it increases insulin sensitivity and inhibits formation of adipose tissue. AG displays anti-cancer effect by induction of apoptosis of cancer cells and reducing local inflammation. It exerts antimicrobial effects against several pathogenic strains of bacteria. Therefore, AG presents a high potential to induce beneficial health effects in humans and should be further explored to formulate precise nutritional recommendations, as well as to assess its value in prevention and therapy of some disorders, including cancer.

背景与目标： : 人参(西洋参，AG) 是北美和亚洲地区的特色草药。由于其有益的特性，它已经被广泛研究了几十年。如今，它是世界上最常用的草药之一。AG的活性化合物是人参皂苷，糖苷组的皂苷，在植物的根，叶，茎和果实中含量丰富。人参皂苷被认为是AG对健康有益的主要原因。AG作用于神经系统; 据报道可改善阿尔茨海默氏病小鼠模型的认知功能，显示抗焦虑活性和对动物缺血性中风引起的神经元损伤的神经保护作用，显示抗焦虑活性，并诱导对动物缺血性中风神经元损伤的神经保护作用。AG的给药可通过调节小鼠的活性氧 (ROS) 以及大鼠心脏收缩功能的耗竭来抑制心力衰竭中的肥大。它还具有抗糖尿病和抗肥胖的潜力，因为它增加胰岛素敏感性并抑制脂肪组织的形成。AG通过诱导癌细胞凋亡和减少局部炎症而显示出抗癌作用。它对几种致病菌具有抗菌作用。因此，AG具有诱导人类有益健康影响的巨大潜力，应进一步探索以制定精确的营养建议，并评估其在预防和治疗某些疾病 (包括癌症) 中的价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, and exercise activate defensive cellular responses such as autophagy, DNA repair, and the induction of antioxidant enzymes. These processes improve health and longevity by protecting cells and organs against damage, mutations, and reactive oxygen species. Consuming a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and mushrooms can also improve health and longevity. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, polyphenols, and terpenoids found in plants and fungi activate the same cellular processes as caloric restriction, fasting, and exercise. Many of the beneficial effects of fruits and vegetables may thus be due to activation of stress resistance pathways by phytochemicals. A better understanding of the mechanisms of action of phytochemicals may provide important insights to delay aging and prevent chronic diseases.

背景与目标： 热量限制，间歇性禁食和运动激活防御性细胞反应，例如自噬，DNA修复和抗氧化酶的诱导。这些过程通过保护细胞和器官免受损伤，突变和活性氧的侵害来改善健康和寿命。食用富含蔬菜，水果和蘑菇的饮食也可以改善健康和寿命。植物和真菌中发现的植物化学物质，例如生物碱，多酚和萜类化合物，可激活与热量限制，禁食和运动相同的细胞过程。因此，水果和蔬菜的许多有益作用可能是由于植物化学物质激活了抗逆性途径。更好地了解植物化学物质的作用机制可能会为延缓衰老和预防慢性疾病提供重要的见解。