BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) uses the secretion of the chin gland to maintain dominance hierarchies in the wild. Recent work has investigated changes in the secretion when social status is manipulated in the rabbit. When a rabbit becomes dominant, a new compound appears in his secretion, 2-phenoxyethanol. This compound is used as a fixative in the perfume industry. This study investigates whether the compound performs a similar function in the secretion of the rabbit. 2-Phenoxyethanol is not detected olfactorially by rabbits, and slows the release rate of some of the compounds that occur naturally in rabbit chin gland secretion. We suggest that when a rabbit becomes dominant, he adds a fixative to his secretion so that his scent will persist in the environment and not dissipate. He will thus come to dominate the olfactory environment, in much the same way as he does the physical environment.

背景与目标： : 欧洲兔子 (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 在野外使用下巴腺的分泌物来维持优势等级。最近的工作研究了在兔子中操纵社会地位时分泌物的变化。当兔子占主导地位时，他的分泌物中会出现一种新的化合物2-苯氧乙醇。该化合物在香料工业中用作固定剂。这项研究调查了该化合物在兔子的分泌中是否具有相似的功能。2-苯氧乙醇在兔子的嗅觉上没有检测到，并且减慢了兔子下巴腺分泌中天然存在的某些化合物的释放速率。我们建议，当兔子占主导地位时，他会在分泌物中添加固定剂，以使其气味在环境中持续存在而不会消散。因此，他将以与物理环境几乎相同的方式来统治嗅觉环境。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the toxic effects of phenoxyethanol (Phy-Et), which is widely used in cosmetic industry, has been investigated with Allium test by means of physiological, cytogenetic, anatomical and biochemical parameters. To determine the changes in physiological reactions weight gain, relative injury rate, germination percentage and root length were investigated. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathion and catalase levels were analyzed as biochemical parameters for determining the presence of oxidative stress. Mitotic index, micronucleus and chromosomal abnormality frequencies were studied as cytogenetic evaluation and the anatomical changes in root tip cells were investigated by cross sections. Changes in surface polarity and wettability were investigated by taking contact angle measurements of pressed root preparations. The mechanism of toxicity has been tried to be explained by these contact angles and this is the first study using contact angle measurements in toxicity tests. Consequently, exposure to Phy-Et resulted in a decrease in all measured physiological parameters and in mitotic index. In contrast, significant increases in the micronucleus and chromosomal abnormality frequencies were observed and the most significant toxic effect was found in 10 mM Phy-Et treated group. Phy-Et application induced oxidative damage and caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde level and a decrease in glutathione level compared to control group. Also a response occured against oxidative damage in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity and the activities increased in 2.5 mM and 5 mM Phy-Et treated groups and decreased in 10 mM Phy-Et treated groups. Furthermore, Phy-Et treatment resulted in some anatomical damages and changes such as necrosis, cell deformation and thickening of the cortex cell wall in root tip meristem cells of A. cepa. In the contact angle measurements taken against water, it was found that the wettability and hydrophilicity of the root preparations treated with Phy-Et were reduced, and this was the explanation of the growth abnormalities associated with water uptake. As a result, it was found that Phy-Et application caused toxic effects on many viability parameters and A. cepa test material was a reliable biomarker in determining these effects.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，已通过生理，细胞遗传学，解剖和生化参数通过葱试验研究了广泛用于化妆品行业的苯氧乙醇 (phy-et) 的毒性作用。为了确定生理反应的变化，研究了体重增加，相对伤害率，发芽率和根长。分析丙二醛，超氧化物歧化酶，谷胱甘肽和过氧化氢酶水平作为确定氧化应激存在的生化参数。研究了有丝分裂指数，微核和染色体异常频率作为细胞遗传学评估，并通过横截面研究了根尖细胞的解剖变化。通过对压榨的根制剂进行接触角测量，研究了表面极性和润湿性的变化。已尝试通过这些接触角来解释毒性的机理，这是在毒性测试中使用接触角测量的第一项研究。因此，暴露于Phy-Et会导致所有测得的生理参数和有丝分裂指数降低。相反，在10 mm Phy-Et治疗组中观察到微核和染色体异常频率显着增加，并且发现最显着的毒性作用。与对照组相比，Phy-Et应用可诱导氧化损伤，并导致丙二醛水平显着增加，谷胱甘肽水平降低。超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性也发生了抗氧化损伤的反应，2.5  mM和5  mM Phy-Et处理组的活性增加，而10  mM Phy-Et处理组的活性降低。此外，phy-et处理导致了cepa根尖分生组织细胞的一些解剖学损伤和变化，例如坏死，细胞变形和皮质细胞壁增厚。在对水进行的接触角测量中，发现用Phy-Et处理的根制剂的润湿性和亲水性降低了，这解释了与吸水相关的生长异常。结果发现，phy-et应用对许多生存力参数产生毒性作用，而a.cepa测试材料是确定这些作用的可靠生物标志物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE) as an anesthetic in great sturgeon under two experiments. First, fish were exposed to 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 mL/L 2-PE, and time to induction (deep anesthesia) and recovery from anesthesia were measured. At concentration of 0.1 mL/L, 2-PE failed to induce deep anesthesia in fish, whereas at concentrations of 0.7 and 0.9 mL/L, all the fish were anaesthetized within 3 min of exposure. For assessing the impact of effective concentrations of 2-PE on physiological responses of great sturgeon, hematological indices, plasma metabolites, electrolytes, enzymes and cortisol levels were measured. The use of 2-PE induces a significant increase in RBC values at 0.3 mL/L concentration and a parallel increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit values. 2-PE anesthesia had no effect on WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC levels when compared to control group. Serum glucose, cholesterol and cortisol levels were significantly high in 0.3 and 0.5 mL/L 2-PE. Moreover, AST levels were increased in fish exposed to the 0.3 mL/L 2-PE comparing with the control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum levels of total protein, triglycerides, ALP, ALT, Cl(-), Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). In this study, alteration in hematological and serum biochemical indices was time-dependent. This study demonstrates that rapid induction of deep anesthesia with a relatively high concentration of 2-PE (0.7 and 0.9 mL/L) was associated with the lowest effects on the hematological and serum biochemical indices in great sturgeon and therefore would be recommended as eligible doses for hematological studies in this species.

背景与目标： : 该研究的目的是在两个实验中评估2-苯氧乙醇 (2-PE) 作为大st鱼麻醉剂的功效。首先，将fish暴露于0.1，0.3，0.5，0.7和0.9 mL/L 2-PE中，并测量诱导 (深度麻醉) 和麻醉恢复的时间。在浓度为0.1 mL/L时，2-PE未能在鱼中诱导深度麻醉，而在浓度为0.7和0.9 mL/L时，所有鱼在暴露后3分钟内均被麻醉。为了评估有效浓度的2-PE对大st鱼生理反应的影响，测量了血液学指标，血浆代谢产物，电解质，酶和皮质醇水平。使用2-PE诱导在0.3 mL/L浓度下RBC值的显着增加，并且血红蛋白和血细胞比容值的平行增加。与对照组相比，2-PE麻醉对WBC，MCV，MCH和MCHC水平没有影响。0.3和0.5 mL/L 2-PE的血清葡萄糖，胆固醇和皮质醇水平显着升高。此外，与对照组相比，暴露于0.3 mL/L 2-PE的鱼的AST水平增加 (P <0.05)。血清总蛋白，甘油三酸酯，ALP，ALT，Cl(-)，Na ()，K ()，Ca(2) 和Mg(2) 的水平无显着差异。在这项研究中，血液学和血清生化指标的变化与时间有关。这项研究表明，以相对高浓度的2-PE (0.7和0.9 mL/L) 快速诱导深度麻醉与对大st鱼的血液学和血清生化指标的最低影响相关，因此将被推荐为该物种血液学研究的合格剂量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 2-phenoxyethanol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 2-Phenoxyethanol is a member of the fragrance structural group Aryl Alkyl Alcohols and is a primary alcohol. The AAAs are a structurally diverse class of fragrance ingredients that includes primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl alcohols covalently bonded to an aryl (Ar) group, which may be either a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring. The common structural element for the AAA fragrance ingredients is an alcohol group -C-(R1)(R2)OH and generically the AAA fragrances can be represented as an Ar-C-(R1)(R2)OH or Ar-Alkyl-C-(R1)(R2)OH group. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 2-phenoxyethanol were evaluated then summarized and includes physical properties, acute toxicity, skin irritation, mucous membrane (eye) irritation, skin sensitization, elicitation, phototoxicity, photoallergy, toxicokinetics, repeated dose, and reproductive toxicity data. A safety assessment of the entire Aryl Alkyl Alcohols will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (2012) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all Aryl Alkyl Alcohols in fragrances.

背景与目标： : 介绍了2-苯氧乙醇用作香料成分时的毒理学和皮肤病学综述。2-苯氧乙醇是芳香结构基团芳基烷基醇的成员，是伯醇。AAAs是结构上不同的香料成分，包括与芳基 (Ar) 共价键合的伯，仲和叔烷基醇，芳基 (Ar) 可以是取代的或未取代的苯环。AAA香料成分的常见结构元素是醇基-C-(R1)(R2)OH，通常AAA香料可以表示为Ar-C-(R1)(R2)OH或Ar-烷基-C-(R1)(R2)OH基团。这篇评论包含所有可用的毒理学和皮肤病学论文的详细摘要，这些论文与这种单独的香料成分有关，并且不打算作为独立的文件。然后对2-苯氧乙醇的可用数据进行了总结，包括物理特性，急性毒性，皮肤刺激，粘膜 (眼) 刺激，皮肤致敏，激发，光毒性，光过敏，毒代动力学，重复剂量和生殖毒性数据。整个芳基烷基醇的安全性评估将与本文件同时公布; 关于该材料和所有芳基烷基醇在香料中的安全使用的总体评估，请参考Belsito等人 (2012)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel reversed-phase HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 2-phenoxyethanol, methylparaben, ethylparaben and propylparaben preservatives. The method uses a Lichrosorb C8 (150×4.6 mm, 5 µm) column and isocratic elution. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and water (21:13:66, v/v/v), pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The UV detection was set at 258 nm. The method was validated with respect to accuracy, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), specificity, linearity and range. All the parameters examined met the current recommendations for bioanalytical method validation. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of commercially available pharmaceutical gel products for these preservatives. The procedure describes here is simple, selective and reliable for routine quality control analysis and stability tests.

背景与目标： : 已开发出一种新颖的反相HPLC方法，并已用于同时测定2-苯氧乙醇，对羟基苯甲酸甲酯，对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯的防腐剂。该方法使用lichrosorbc8 (150 × 4.6毫米，5μm) 柱和等度洗脱。流动相由乙腈，四氢呋喃和水 (21:13:66，v/v) 的混合物组成，以1毫升/min的流速泵送。UV检测设置在258 nm。该方法在准确性，精密度 (重复性和中间精密度)，特异性，线性和范围方面进行了验证。检查的所有参数均符合当前有关生物分析方法验证的建议。所开发的方法已成功应用于测定这些防腐剂的市售药物凝胶产品。此处描述的程序简单，选择性且可靠，可用于常规质量控制分析和稳定性测试。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A strictly anaerobic gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, strain LuPhet1, was isolated from sewage sludge with phenoxyethanol as sole carbon and energy source, and was assigned to the genus Acetobacterium. The new isolate fermented the alkylaryl ether compound phenoxyethanol stoichiometrically to phenol and acetate, whereas phenoxyacetic acid was not degraded. In cell-free extracts of strain LuPhet1, cleavage of the ether linkage was shown, and acetaldehyde was detected as reaction product. Coenzyme A-dependent acetaldehyde: acceptor oxidoreductase, phosphate acetyltransferase, acetate kinase, and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase were measured in cell-free extracts of this strain. Our results indicate that the ether linkage of phenoxyethanol is cleaved by a shift of the hydroxyl group to the subterminal carbon atom, analogous to a corrinoid-dependent diol dehydratase reaction, to form an unstable hemiacetal that releases phenol and acetaldehyde. Obviously, phenoxyethanol is degraded by the same strategy as in anaerobic degradation of the alkyl ether polyethylene glycol.

背景与目标： : 以苯氧乙醇作为唯一的碳和能源，从污水污泥中分离出严格厌氧的革兰氏阳性杆状细菌LuPhet1菌株，并将其分配给乙酰细菌属。新分离物将烷基芳基醚化合物苯氧乙醇化学计量发酵为苯酚和乙酸盐，而苯氧乙酸未降解。在LuPhet1菌株的无细胞提取物中，显示了醚键的裂解，并检测到乙醛作为反应产物。在该菌株的无细胞提取物中测量了辅酶a依赖性乙醛: 受体氧化还原酶，磷酸乙酰转移酶，乙酸盐激酶和一氧化碳脱氢酶。我们的结果表明，苯氧乙醇的醚键通过羟基向亚末端碳原子的转移而裂解，类似于corrinoid依赖性二醇脱水酶反应，形成不稳定的半缩醛，释放苯酚和乙醛。显然，苯氧乙醇的降解策略与烷基醚聚乙二醇的厌氧降解策略相同。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To identify the predictive factors for spontaneous bleeding manifestations in Dengue illness in infants and children. METHODS:60 cases of Dengue viral infection with spontaneous skin and or mucosal bleed were compared with 72 cases without spontaneous bleed. The protean bleeding manifestations in dengue infection were recorded. Various clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed using univariate and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Prothombin time was abnormal only in cases with spontancous bleed. A combination of (a) biphasic pattern of fever, (b) hemoconcentration, (c) platelet count less than 50,000/mm3 and (d) elevated ALT had a sensitivity of 79.2%, specificity of 64.7% with a positive predictive value of 70% and a negative predictive value of 75% in predicting spontaneous bleeding in dengue.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Enantiomeric fraction (EF) of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has been used as a signature for tracing the source and following pathways. The chiral analysis was performed for α-HCH and o,p'-DDT in paired soil and grass samples from the Central Tibetan Plateau (CTP), a unique background region. In the case of α-HCH, excess of (-) α-HCH was predominant in 83.3% of soil samples, and 80% of grass samples showed excess of (+) enantiomer. For o,p'-DDT, 90.9% of grass samples showed excess of (-) o,p'-DDT while 50% of soil samples showed excess of the (-) enantiomer. A correlation between EFs of soil and grass was not observed for either compound. The EFs of both compounds were correlated with soil concentration and with change of sampling altitude, within EFs being lower than racemic. However, these trends were not found in grass. Our study provides a database of EFs and signatures for OCPs in the CTP, one background region of the world.

背景与目标： : 有机氯农药 (ocp) 的对映体级分 (EF) 已被用作追踪来源和后续途径的标志。对来自青藏高原中部 (CTP) 的成对土壤和草样品中的 α-HCH和o，p'-DDT进行了手性分析。在 α-六氯环己烷的情况下，(-) α-六氯环己烷的过量在83.3% 土壤样品中占主导地位，而草样品的80% 显示出 () 对映异构体的过量。对于o，p'-DDT，草样品的90.9% 显示过量的 (-) o，p'-DDT，而土壤样品的50% 显示过量的 (-) 对映异构体。对于任何一种化合物，都没有观察到土壤和草的EFs之间的相关性。两种化合物的EFs均与土壤浓度和采样高度的变化相关，其中EFs低于外消旋。然而，这些趋势在草丛中没有发现。我们的研究提供了一个全球背景区域CTP中ocp的EFs和签名数据库。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Sudden cardiac death can be the first clinical presentation of asymptomatic ventricular preexcitation. METHODS AND RESULTS:From 1995 to 2005, we prospectively collected clinical and electrophysiological data among 293 adults with asymptomatic ventricular preexcitation (61.4% males; median age, 36 years; interquartile range [IQR], 28 to 47.5). After electrophysiological testing, patients were prospectively followed, taking no drugs. The primary end point of the study was the occurrence of a first arrhythmic event. Predictors of arrhythmic events were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox models. Over a median follow-up of 67 months (minimum to maximum, 8 to 90), after electrophysiological testing, 262 patients (median age, 37 years; IQR, 30 to 48) did not experience arrhythmic events, remaining totally asymptomatic, whereas 31 patients (median age, 25 years; IQR, 22 to 29; median follow-up, 27 months; minimum to maximum, 8 to 55) had a first arrhythmic event, which was potentially life-threatening in 17 of them (median age, 24 years; IQR, 20 to 28.5; median follow-up, 25 months; minimum to maximum, 9 to 55). Potentially life-threatening tachyarrhythmias resulted in resuscitated cardiac arrest (1 patient), presyncope (7 patients) syncope (4 patients), or dizziness (5 patients). In multivariate analysis age (P=0.004), inducibility (P=0.001) and anterograde effective refractory period of the accessory pathway < or = 250 ms (P=0.001) predicted potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. CONCLUSIONS:These results indicate that prognosis of adults who present with asymptomatic ventricular preexcitation is good, and the risk of a significant event is small. Short anterograde effective refractory period of the accessory pathway and inducibility at baseline are independent predictors of potentially life-threatening arrhythmic events, and the risk decreases with increasing age.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Wastewater treatment under low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions is promising for its low energy consumption. However, the removal process of some organic micropollutants, such as triclosan (TCS), could be inhibited under anaerobic conditions. So, it is worth investigating the TCS removal performance at low-oxygen condition. In this study, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) process, with DO ranging from 0.30 to 0.80 mg L-1, was chosen to investigate. Results showed that the water quality of the effluent was deteriorated after TCS addition at the beginning, with removal efficiency of NH4+-N dropped from almost 100 ± 0.70 to 88.30 ± 0.98% and COD decreased from 95.15 ± 1.55 to 65.81 ± 2.42 %. However, the performance recovered from the 3rd day and almost stabilized on the 14th day with the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N were over 98.00 ± 0.60 %, and COD was above 94.00 ± 1.70 % in effluent. Besides, TCS removal efficiencies were more than 93.00 %, and the contributions for TCS removal by the water effluent, sludge sorption, and other effects including biodegradation were 6.46 ± 2.25, 16.27 ± 3.30, and 77.27 ± 4.45 %, respectively. Although the results of absolute abundances of related genes showed no difference (P > 0.05), Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis presented the variation of microbial community after TCS addition, in which T-45 had the highest Shannon and Simpson diversity index, followed by T-0 and T-2. Relative abundances of alpha and beta-Proteobacteria, which were related to TCS biodegradation, were increased. Compared with Bacteroidetes in T-0, the abundance of Bacteroidetes took up more than 15.6 % in T-45, which should play a more important role under low-oxygen conditions with TCS addition.

背景与目标： : 低溶解氧 (DO) 条件下的废水处理因其低能耗而很有希望。然而，在厌氧条件下，某些有机微污染物 (例如三氯生 (TCS)) 的去除过程可能会受到抑制。因此，值得研究低氧条件下TCS的去除性能。在这项研究中，选择了同时硝化和反硝化 (SND) 过程，其DO L-1为0.30至0.80 mg。结果表明，开始添加TCS后，出水水质恶化，NH4-N的去除效率从几乎100 ± 0.70降至88.30 ± 0.98%，COD从95.15 ± 1.55降至65.81 ± 2.42%。然而，性能从第3天恢复，并在第14天几乎稳定，NH4-N的去除效率超过98.00 ± 0.60%，废水中的COD高于94.00 ± 1.70%。此外，TCS去除效率超过93.00%，出水，污泥吸附和包括生物降解在内的其他作用对TCS去除的贡献分别为6.46 ± 2.25，16.27 ± 3.30和77.27 ± 4.45%。尽管相关基因的绝对丰度结果无差异 (P> 0.05)，但Illumina MiSeq测序分析显示了添加TCS后微生物群落的变异，其中T-45的Shannon和Simpson多样性指数最高，其次是T-0和T-2。与TCS生物降解有关的 α 和 β-变形菌的相对丰度增加。与T-0中的拟杆菌相比，拟杆菌在T-45中的丰度超过15.6%，在低氧条件下添加TCS应发挥更重要的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY OBJECTIVE:Intubation is routinely performed in the emergency department, and rapid, accurate confirmation is essential to avoid potentially serious adverse outcomes. The number of studies assessing ultrasonography for the verification of endotracheal tube placement has expanded rapidly in recent years. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the sensitivity and specificity of transtracheal ultrasonography for the verification of endotracheal tube location. METHODS:PubMed, the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature database, the Cochrane databases, and bibliographies of selected articles were assessed for all prospective and randomized controlled trials evaluating the accuracy of transtracheal ultrasonography for identifying endotracheal tube location. Data were dual extracted into a predefined worksheet and quality analysis was performed with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Data were summarized and a meta-analysis was performed with subgroup analyses by location, specialty, experience, transducer type, and technique. Time to confirmation was assessed as a secondary outcome. RESULTS:This systematic review identified 17 studies (n=1,595 patients). Overall, transtracheal ultrasonography was 98.7% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI] 97.8% to 99.2%) and 97.1% specific (95% CI 92.4% to 99.0%), with a positive likelihood ratio of 34.4 (95% CI 12.7 to 93.1) and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.01 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.02). Subgroup analyses did not demonstrate a significant difference by location, provider specialty, provider experience, transducer type, or technique. Mean time to confirmation was 13.0 seconds. CONCLUSION:Transtracheal sonography is rapid to perform, with an acceptable degree of sensitivity and specificity for the confirmation of endotracheal intubation. Ultrasonography is a valuable adjunct and should be considered when quantitative capnography is unavailable or unreliable.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The growth adaptability to increasing concentration of the biocide 2-phenoxyethanol (PE) was determined in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (P.a.) as part of efforts to understand and control the biocide tolerance and its effect on cross-resistance to other biocides and resistance to antibiotics. After repeated subculturing in media containing increasing sub-minimum-inhibitory PE concentration, P.a. exhibited an adaptive resistance indicated by two-fold increase in MIC at the 10th passage. The resistance was stable and remained after passaging the strain in further 7 successive passages in PE-free growth media. The strain showed cross-resistance towards dissimilar biocides and displayed increased susceptibility to antibiotics, which was not influenced by the presence of the efflux inhibitor 'carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone'. Outer membranes of adapted strain showed altered protein profile when examined by SDS-PAGE.

背景与目标： : 在铜绿假单胞菌PAO1 (P.a.) 中确定了对杀菌剂2-苯氧乙醇 (PE) 浓度增加的生长适应性，这是了解和控制杀菌剂耐受性及其对交叉耐药性的影响的一部分。其他杀菌剂和对抗生素的抗性。在含有增加的亚最小抑制性PE浓度的培养基中重复传代培养后，P.a.表现出适应性抗性，在第10代时MIC增加了两倍。抗性稳定，并在无PE的生长培养基中连续7次传代菌株后保持不变。该菌株显示出对异种杀菌剂的交叉抗性，并显示出对抗生素的敏感性增加，这不受外排抑制剂 “羰基氰化物间氯苯基肼” 的影响。当通过sdds-PAGE检查时，适应菌株的外膜显示出改变的蛋白质谱。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Citizen science can increase the scope of research in the marine environment; however, it suffers from necessitating specialized training and simplified methodologies that reduce research output. This paper presents a simplified, novel survey methodology for citizen scientists, which combines GoPro imagery and structure from motion to construct an ortho-corrected 3D model of habitats for analysis. Results using a coral reef habitat were compared to surveys conducted with traditional snorkelling methods for benthic cover, holothurian counts, and coral health. Results were comparable between the two methods, and structure from motion allows the results to be analysed off-site for any chosen visual analysis. The GoPro method outlined in this study is thus an effective tool for citizen science in the marine environment, especially for comparing changes in coral cover or volume over time.

背景与目标： : 公民科学可以扩大海洋环境的研究范围; 但是，它需要进行专门的培训和简化的方法，从而减少了研究成果。本文为公民科学家提供了一种简化的新颖调查方法，该方法结合了GoPro图像和运动结构，以构建栖息地的正交校正3D模型进行分析。将使用珊瑚礁栖息地的结果与使用传统浮潜方法进行的底栖生物覆盖，海藻计数和珊瑚健康的调查进行了比较。两种方法之间的结果具有可比性，并且来自运动的结构允许对结果进行非现场分析，以进行任何选择的视觉分析。因此，本研究中概述的GoPro方法是海洋环境中公民科学的有效工具，尤其是用于比较珊瑚覆盖率或体积随时间的变化。

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