BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The outstanding amount of phenolics and pectins of okra seeds and seedless pods, respectively, is well-known. However, their impact on bread nutritional quality, and particularly on slowing down α-amylase activity during crumb digestion, has never been studied. In this work, the phenolic and carbohydrate fractions of developed fine and coarse flours from okra seeds (OS) and seedless pods (OP) were investigated as well as their impact on wheat bread physical and nutritional quality. The use of okra flours dramatically increased the amount of extractable (EPP) and non-extractable hydrolyzable phenolics (HPP) of wheat breads, attaining up to 210.8 and 2944.8 mg/100 g of EPP and HPP, respectively, with only a 5% replacement with OS. Interestingly, breads made with fine OS and OP exhibited a second digestion rate upon 50 min of digestion, indicating a time-dependence hypoglycemic effect of okra constituents whereby OS-breads presented the slowest digestion rate and extension among all breads.

背景与目标： : 秋葵种子和无籽豆荚的酚类和果胶含量分别是众所周知的。然而，从未研究过它们对面包营养质量的影响，尤其是对降低面包屑消化过程中 α-淀粉酶活性的影响。在这项工作中，研究了来自秋葵种子 (OS) 和无籽豆荚 (OP) 的细粉和粗粉的酚类和碳水化合物部分，以及它们对小麦面包物理和营养质量的影响。秋葵面粉的使用极大地增加了小麦面包的可提取 (EPP) 和不可提取的可水解酚类 (HPP) 的量，分别达到高达210.8和2944.8 mg/100g的EPP和HPP，仅用OS 5% 替代。有趣的是，用细OS和OP制成的面包在消化50分钟后表现出第二次消化速率，表明秋葵成分具有时间依赖性的降血糖作用，因此OS-面包在所有面包中表现出最慢的消化速率和延伸。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Overgrowth of aquatic plants, such as water chestnut, has been reported as a regional problem in various areas. We proposed cascade utilization of water chestnut through the recovery of phenolics, phosphorus, and sugars. Phenolics were extracted using 50 g (wet weight) of biomass with 300 mL of acetone, methanol, or hot water, and the yields of total phenolics were 80.2, 56.2, and 49.7 mg g(-1) dry weight of native biomass, respectively. The rate of eluted phosphorus in the phenolic extraction step was 8.6, 14.8, and 45.3 % of that in the native biomass, respectively, indicating that the use of polar organic solvents suppressed phosphorus elution at the phenolic extraction step. Extraction of phosphorus following the phenolic extraction was combined with alkaline pretreatment (1 % NaOH solution) of biomass for saccharification; 64.1 and 51.0 % of phosphorus in the native biomass were extracted using acetone and methanol for the phenolic extraction, respectively. Saccharification following the alkaline pretreatment showed that the glucose recovery rates were significantly increased (p<0.05) with the phenolic extraction step compared to alkaline pretreatment alone. This finding indicates that extraction of phenolics not only provides another useful material but also facilitates enzymatic saccharification.

背景与目标： : 水生植物 (例如菱角) 的过度生长已被报道为各个地区的区域性问题。我们建议通过回收酚类，磷和糖来级联利用菱角。使用50g (湿重) 生物质和300 mL丙酮、甲醇或热水提取酚类物质，总酚类物质的产率分别为80.2、56.2和49.7 mg·g(-1) 干重的天然生物质。在酚提取步骤中洗脱的磷的速率分别是天然生物质中的8.6、14.8和45.3%，表明使用极性有机溶剂抑制了酚提取步骤中的磷洗脱。将酚提取后的磷的提取与生物质的碱性预处理 (1% NaOH溶液) 相结合用于糖化; 分别使用丙酮和甲醇提取天然生物质中磷的64.1和51.0% 用于酚提取。碱性预处理后的糖化反应表明，与单独的碱性预处理相比，酚类提取步骤的葡萄糖回收率显著提高 (p<0.05)。该发现表明，酚类物质的提取不仅提供了另一种有用的材料，而且还促进了酶促糖化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to determine the polyphenols, glucosinolates and ascorbic acid content as well as antioxidant activity of beverages on the base of apple juice with addition of frozen and freeze-dried curly kale leaves. Upon enrichment with frozen (13%) and freeze-dried curly kale (3%), the naturally cloudy apple juice was characterized by an increase in phenolic compounds by 2.7 and 3.3-times, accordingly. The antioxidant activity of beverages with the addition of curly kale ranged from 6.6 to 9.4μmol Trolox/mL. The obtained beverages were characterized glucosinolates content at 117.6-167.6mg/L and ascorbic acid content at 4,1-31,9mg/L. The results of sensory evaluation of colour, taste and consistency of apple juice and beverages with the addition of kale did not differ significantly prior to pasteurization (P≤0.05), whereas after the pasteurization the evaluated factors decreased significantly.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是在苹果汁的基础上，添加冷冻和冷冻干燥的羽衣甘蓝叶，确定饮料的多酚，芥子油苷和抗坏血酸含量以及抗氧化活性。在用冷冻 (13%) 和冷冻干燥的卷曲羽衣甘蓝 (3%) 富集后，自然混浊的苹果汁的特征在于酚类化合物增加了2.7和3.3倍。添加卷曲羽衣甘蓝的饮料的抗氧化活性范围为6.6至9.4 μ mol Trolox/mL。所得饮料的硫代葡萄糖苷含量为117.6-167.6mg/L，抗坏血酸含量为4,1-31，9mg/L。添加羽衣甘蓝的苹果汁和饮料的颜色，味道和稠度的感官评估结果在巴氏杀菌之前没有显着差异 (p ≤ 0.05)，而在巴氏杀菌之后，评估因素显着降低。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The potential effects of flavonoids, phenylethanoid and neolignan glycosides from the aerial parts of Verbascum salviifolium Boiss. were studied in the p-benzoquinone-induced writhing reflex, for the assessment of the antinociceptive activity, and in carrageenan- and PGE1-induced hind paw edema and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema models in mice, for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory activity. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures ten compounds from the aqueous extract of the plant, luteolin 7-O-glucoside (1), luteolin 3'-O-glucoside (2), apigenin 7-O-glucoside (3), chrysoeriol 7-O-glucoside (4), beta-hydroxyacteoside (5), martynoside (6), forsythoside B (7), angoroside A (8), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9) and dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10), were isolated and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. Results have shown that 1, 2, 3 and 5 significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema at a 200 mg/kg dose, while 1, 2 and 5 also displayed anti-inflammatory activity against the PGE1-induced hind paw edema model. However, all the compounds showed no effect in the TPA-induced ear edema model. The compounds 1 and 2 also exhibited significant antinociceptive activity.

背景与目标： : 在对苯醌诱导的扭体反射中研究了来自Verbascum salviifoium Boiss地上部分的类黄酮，苯乙醇和neolignan糖苷的潜在作用，以评估抗伤害感受活性，并在卡拉胶和PGE1-induced后爪水肿和12 O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA) 诱导的小鼠耳水肿模型中，用于评估抗炎活性。通过生物测定指导的分馏隔离程序，从植物的水提取物中分离出十种化合物，木犀草素7-o-葡萄糖苷 (1)，木犀草素3 '-O-葡萄糖苷 (2)，芹菜素7-o-葡萄糖苷 (3)，金黄醇7-o葡萄糖苷 (4)，β-羟基葡萄糖苷 (5)，martynoside (6)，分离了连翘苷B (7)，angoroside A (8)，脱氢二硝基醇-9'-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 (9) 和脱氢二硝基alcohol-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10)，并通过光谱技术阐明了它们的结构。结果表明，1、2、3和5在200 mg/kg剂量下可显着抑制角叉菜胶引起的爪子水肿，而1、2和5也显示出对PGE1-induced后爪子水肿模型的抗炎活性。但是，所有化合物在TPA诱导的耳水肿模型中都没有效果。化合物1和2也表现出明显的抗伤害感受活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present study, the effect of microwave-assisted extraction conditions on the simultaneous recovery of pectin and phenolic compounds from sour cherry pomace (SCP) was optimized. The results showed that maximum yield of pectin (14.65 ± 0.39%) and phenolic compounds (14.36 ± 0.29%) was obtained under microwave power of 800 W, irradiation time of 300 s, pH of 1.00 and LSR of 20 v/w. The resulting pectin under the mentioned conditions had the moisture, ash and protein content, and also total carbohydrates of ~8.32, ~3.73, ~1.41 and ~26.43%, respectively. Also, the obtained pectin with the molecular weight of 472.977 kDa and total phenol content of 91.54 ± 2.92 mg GAE/g pectin had a high purity (galacturonic acid content of ~72.86%) and suitable thermal stability (degradation temperature of 252.15 °C) and also could be classified as HMP (DE of 68.37 ± 2.78%). The FTIR, 1H NMR and XRD analysis indicated that the obtained sample was rich in esterified poly-galacturonic acid and had an amorphous structure. The phenolic compounds analysis showed that the SCP extract had a concentration-dependent antioxidant effect that was comparable with ascorbic acid and BHA at high concentrations.

背景与目标： : 在本研究中，优化了微波辅助提取条件对从酸樱桃果渣 (SCP) 中同时回收果胶和酚类化合物的影响。结果表明，在微波功率为800 W，辐照时间为300 s，1.00 pH和LSR为20 v/w的条件下，果胶和酚类化合物的最大产量为 (14.65 ± 0.39%) 和14.36 ± 0.29%。在上述条件下得到的果胶的水分、灰分和蛋白质含量以及总碳水化合物分别为 ~ 8.32、 ~ 3.73、 ~ 1.41和 ~ 26.43%。此外，所获得的果胶分子量为472.977 kDa，总酚含量为91.54 ± 2.92 mg GAE/g果胶具有高纯度 (半乳糖醛酸含量为〜72.86%) 和合适的热稳定性 (降解温度为252.15 °C)，也可以归类为HMP (DE为68.37 ± 2.78%)。FTIR，1H NMR和XRD分析表明，所得样品富含酯化的聚半乳糖醛酸，具有无定形结构。酚类化合物分析表明，SCP提取物具有浓度依赖性的抗氧化作用，在高浓度下与抗坏血酸和BHA相当。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To investigate the effect of phenolics in mulberry leaves (mulberry leaf phenolics; MLP) on hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in HepG2 cells; we treated HepG2 with glucose [5.5 (N-Glc) or 50 mmol/L (Hi-Glc)] with or without MLP at 10 or 100 µmol/L gallic acid equivalents and assessed level of reactive oxidant species (ROS), ΔΨm, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation. Hi-Glc-induced oxidative damage was demonstrated by a series of increase in superoxides (560%, 0.5 h), MDA (400%, 24 h), NF-κB activation (474%, 4 h) and a wild fluctuation of ΔΨm relative to the control cells (p ≤ 0.05). MLP treatments ameliorate Hi-Glc-induced negative effects by a 40% reduction in ROS production, 34-44% reduction in MDA production, over 35% inhibition of NF-κB activation, as well as exert protective effect on HepG2 cells from change in ΔΨm. Our data show that MLP in vitro can protect hepatoctyes from hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damages.

背景与目标： : 探讨桑叶酚类物质 (mulberry leaf phenolics; MLP) 对高血糖诱导的HepG2细胞氧化应激和线粒体膜电位 (Δ Ψ m) 的影响; 我们用葡萄糖 [5.5 (N-Glc) 或50 mmol/L (Hi-Glc)] 处理HepG2，含或不含10或100 µµ mol/L没食子酸当量的MLP，并评估反应性氧化剂 (ROS)，Δ Ψ m，丙二醛 (MDA) 和核因子-κ b (NF-κ b) 激活。Hi-Glc诱导的氧化损伤通过一系列超氧化物 (560%，0.5  h) 、MDA (400%，24  h) 、NF-κ b活化 (474%，4  h) 和相对于对照细胞的 Δ Ψ m的野生波动 (p  ≤   0.05) 来证明。MLP处理通过40% 减少ROS产生，34-44% 减少MDA产生，35% 抑制NF-κ b活化来改善Hi-Glc诱导的负面作用，以及对HepG2细胞的保护作用，使其免受 Δ Ψ m的变化。我们的数据表明，体外MLP可以保护肝细胞免受高血糖引起的氧化损伤。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Twelve known sesquiterpene lactones and the new guaianolide 10beta-methoxy-1alpha, 11beta,13-tetrahydrolactucin (10), together with three known phenolic acid esters were isolated from roots of Cichorium endivia var. crispum. The compounds were characterized by spectral methods.

背景与目标： : 从菊苣的根中分离出十二种已知的倍半萜内酯和新的愈创果内酯10β-甲氧基-1α，11β，13-四氢lactucin (10) 以及三种已知的酚酸酯。crispum。通过光谱方法对化合物进行表征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In winemaking, a large amount of grape pomace is produced that is rich in polyphenolics and highly beneficial for human health, as phenols are useful for skin ultraviolet (UV) protection. In this investigation, we evaluated the safety and clinical efficacy of a sunscreen system containing a grape pomace extract from Vitis vinifera L. as a bioactive ingredient. The recovery of phenolics in the waste was performed by percolation. Nine emulsions were developed using a factorial design and two were evaluated clinically: Formulation E, containing only UV filters (butylmethoxydibenzoyl methane, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA), and F, with the extract at 10.0% w/w + UV filters. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH assay and the in vitro efficacy was established by sun protection factor (SPF) measurements (Labsphere UV-2000S). Clinical tests were performed to determine safety (human repeated insult patch test) and to confirm efficacy (photoprotective effectiveness in participants). The results showed a synergistic effect between the sunscreen system and the extract on UVB protection and antioxidant activity. Both samples were considered safe. Formulation F was 20.59% more efficient in protecting skin against UVB radiation, taking approximately 21% more time to induce erythema compared to the extract-free sample.

背景与目标： : 在酿酒中，产生了大量富含多酚类物质并对人体健康非常有益的葡萄渣，因为酚可用于皮肤紫外线 (UV) 保护。在这项研究中，我们评估了含有葡萄葡萄果渣提取物作为生物活性成分的防晒系统的安全性和临床功效。废物中酚类物质的回收是通过渗滤进行的。使用析因设计开发了九种乳液，并在临床上评估了两种: 配方E，仅包含UV滤光片 (丁基甲氧基二苯甲酰甲烷、乙基己基甲氧基肉桂酸酯和乙基己基二甲基PABA)，以及F，其中提取物为10.0% w/w + UV滤光片。通过DPPH测定确定抗氧化活性，并通过防晒因子 (SPF) 测量 (Labsphere UV-2000S) 确定体外功效。进行临床试验以确定安全性 (人类重复侮辱斑贴试验) 并确认疗效 (参与者的光保护效果)。结果表明，防晒系统与提取物之间对UVB保护和抗氧化活性具有协同作用。两个样本都被认为是安全的。制剂F在保护皮肤免受UVB辐射方面20.59% 更有效，与无提取物样品相比，花费大约21% 多的时间来诱发红斑。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Qualitative and quantitative estimation of phenolic compounds was done through reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) from different parts (leaf, stem, and root) of rice plants after inoculation with two rhizobial strains, RRE6 (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli) and ANU 843 (R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii) and infection by Rhizoctonia solani. On the basis of their retention time, the major phenolic acids detected in HPLC analysis were gallic, tannic, ferulic, and cinnamic acids. Furthermore, in all Rhizobium-inoculated rice plants, synthesis of phenolic compounds was more consistently enhanced than in control (uninoculated plants), where the maximum accumulation of phenolic compounds was observed in plants inoculated with RRE6 and infection with R. solani. Under pathogenic stress, RRE6 performed better because a relatively higher amount of phenolics was induced as compared with plants treated with ANU 843. Phenolic acids mediate induced systemic resistance and provide bioprotection to plants during pathogenic stresses. In addition, both rhizobial strains promote growth and productivity of rice plants in greenhouse conditions. This report on Rhizobium-mediated defense responses and growth promotion of nonlegume (such as rice) provides a novel paradigm of symbiotic plant-microbe interaction.

背景与目标： : 在接种了两个根瘤菌菌株后，通过反相高效液相色谱 (rp-hplc) 从水稻植物的不同部位 (叶，茎和根) 进行酚类化合物的定性和定量估计，RRE6 (豆科根瘤菌) 和ANU 843 (豆科根瘤菌) 和茄科根瘤菌的感染。根据保留时间，HPLC分析中检测到的主要酚酸为没食子酸，鞣酸，阿魏酸和肉桂酸。此外，在所有接种根瘤菌的水稻植物中，酚类化合物的合成比对照 (未接种植物) 更一致地增强，在对照中，在接种RRE6和感染R. solani的植物中观察到酚类化合物的最大积累。在致病性胁迫下，RRE6表现更好，因为与用ANU 843处理的植物相比，诱导了相对更高量的酚类物质。酚酸介导诱导的系统抗性，并在致病胁迫期间为植物提供生物保护。此外，在温室条件下，两种根瘤菌菌株均可促进水稻植物的生长和生产力。这份关于根瘤菌介导的防御反应和非豆类 (如水稻) 的生长促进的报告提供了一种共生植物-微生物相互作用的新范式。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Different drying methods and blanching were investigated as to their effects on antioxidant and oxidase activities of Thunbergia laurifolia leaves. Results showed that oven-drying had the highest degradation of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity at >85%, while freeze-drying had the lowest at <20%. However, inactivation of oxidase enzymes by blanching at 100°C resulted in a lesser decrease in TPC for oven-drying at 50 and 100°C (51% and 65%, respectively), indicating the importance of inactivating the oxidase enzymes for lower degradation of phenolics on drying. The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that its major antioxidant, rosmarinic acid, degraded tremendously in the presence of oxidase enzymes, but only degraded slightly upon inactivation of oxidase enzymes. Hence, this work showed that by controlling the enzymatic activity, the preservation of phenolics with specific bioactivity in herbal tea leaves can be achieved. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Thunbergia laurifolia leaves have been frequently consumed in the form of a tea or pill due to its medicinal properties. Processing of fresh herbal plant leaves by drying is required to preserve antioxidant phenolic compounds and quality of the plant leaves. Although the drying effects on the antioxidant properties have been studied, the factors that cause the change in properties have not been investigated in-depth. Controlling the factors that affect the phenolic content can help to preserve the beneficial antioxidants when processing the leaves by drying. The result of this study will be of relevance and beneficial to the herbal tea industry.

背景与目标： : 研究了不同的干燥方法和热烫对月桂花叶片抗氧化和氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明，烘箱干燥在> 85% 时，总酚含量 (TPC) 和抗氧化活性的降解率最高，而冷冻干燥在 <20% 时最低。然而，通过在100 °C下热烫使氧化酶失活导致用于在50 °C和100 °C下烘箱干燥 (分别为51% 和65%) 的TPC的较小降低，这表明使氧化酶失活对于降低干燥时酚类降解的重要性。高效液相色谱分析表明，其主要抗氧化剂迷迭香酸在氧化酶的存在下降解很大，但在氧化酶失活后仅轻微降解。因此，这项工作表明，通过控制酶活性，可以在草本茶叶中保存具有特定生物活性的酚类。实际应用: 月桂叶由于其药用特性，经常以茶或药丸的形式食用。需要通过干燥处理新鲜草本植物叶片，以保持抗氧化酚类化合物和植物叶片的质量。尽管已经研究了干燥对抗氧化性能的影响，但尚未对导致性能变化的因素进行深入研究。控制影响酚含量的因素可以帮助通过干燥处理叶片时保留有益的抗氧化剂。这项研究的结果将对凉茶行业具有现实意义和有益的意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of the present work was to analyze the phenolic extracts from two monofloral Cuban honeys for their in vitro total antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds content and free radical scavenging activity. The phenolic extracts, rich in lipophilic compounds, were tested further for their ability to inhibit AAPH-induced oxidative damage (hemolysis, lipid peroxidation and cytosolic depletion of reduced glutathione and decrease of superoxide dismutase activity) in erythrocytes. Results indicate an important total antioxidant capacity measured by TEAC and ORAC assays, as well as a relevant radical scavenging activity performed by EPR. Moreover, 13 phenolic compounds were identified using HPLC-LC/MS with quercetin as the most abundant flavonoid. The results also show that both extracts were able to inhibit erythrocytes oxidative damage, and that this may likely be due to their incorporation into cell membranes and their ability to cross it and reach the cytosol. In fact, flavonoid uptake by erythrocytes was further confirmed by testing quercetin, which efficiently incorporated into erythrocytes. Overall, this study indicates that honey contains relevant antioxidant compounds responsible, at least in part, for its biological activity and that uptake of its flavonoids may provide defense and promote cell functions in erythrocytes.

背景与目标： : 本工作的目的是分析两种单花古巴蜂蜜的酚类提取物的体外总抗氧化能力，酚类化合物含量和自由基清除活性。进一步测试了富含亲脂性化合物的酚类提取物抑制AAPH诱导的红细胞氧化损伤 (溶血，脂质过氧化和还原型谷胱甘肽的胞质耗竭和超氧化物歧化酶活性降低) 的能力。结果表明，通过TEAC和ORAC测定法测量的重要总抗氧化能力，以及EPR进行的相关自由基清除活性。此外，使用hplc-lc/MS鉴定了13种酚类化合物，槲皮素是最丰富的类黄酮。结果还表明，两种提取物都能够抑制红细胞的氧化损伤，这可能是由于它们掺入细胞膜以及它们穿过细胞膜并到达细胞质的能力所致。实际上，通过测试槲皮素进一步证实了红细胞对类黄酮的吸收，槲皮素有效地掺入了红细胞。总的来说，这项研究表明蜂蜜含有相关的抗氧化剂化合物，至少部分地对其生物活性负责，并且其类黄酮的摄取可能提供防御并促进红细胞中的细胞功能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The immune system is responsible for providing protection to the body against foreign substances. The immune system divides into two types of immune responses to study its mechanisms of protection: 1) Innate and 2) Adaptive. The innate immune response represents the first protective barrier of the organism that also works as a regulator of the adaptive immune response, if evaded the mechanisms of the innate immune response by the foreign substance the adaptive immune response takes action with the consequent antigen neutralization or elimination. The adaptive immune response objective is developing a specific humoral response that consists in the production of soluble proteins known as antibodies capable of specifically recognizing the foreign agent; such protective mechanism is induced artificially through an immunization or vaccination. Unfortunately, the immunogenicity of the antigens is an intrinsic characteristic of the same antigen dependent on several factors. CONCLUSION:Vaccine adjuvants are chemical substances of very varied structure that seek to improve the immunogenicity of antigens. The main four types of adjuvants under investigation are the following: 1) Oil emulsions with an antigen in solution, 2) Pattern recognition receptors activating molecules, 3) Inflammatory stimulatory molecules or activators of the inflammasome complex, and 4) Cytokines. However, this paper addresses the biological plausibility of two phytochemical compounds as vaccine adjuvants: 5) Lectins, and 6) Plant phenolics whose characteristics, mechanisms of action and disadvantages are addressed. Finally, the immunological usefulness of these molecules is discussed through immunological data to estimate effects of plant phenolics and lectins as vaccine adjuvants, and current studies that have implanted these molecules as vaccine adjuvants, demonstrating the results of this immunization.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:Determine whether certain, natural phenolic compounds enhance activity of commercial antifungal drugs against yeast strains of Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans. METHODS AND RESULTS:Twelve natural phenolics were examined for fungicidal activity against nine reference strains of Candida and one of C. neoformans. Six compounds were selected for synergistic enhancement of antifungal drugs, amphotericin B (AMB), fluconazole (FLU) and itraconazole (ITR). Matrix assays of phenolic and drug combinations conducted against one reference strain, each, of Candida albicans and C. neoformans showed cinnamic and benzoic acids, thymol, and 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehydes (-DBA) had synergistic interactions depending upon drug and yeast strain. 2,5-DBA was synergistic with almost all drug and strain combinations. Thymol was synergistic with all drugs against Ca. albicans and with AMB in C. neoformans. Combinations of benzoic acid or thymol with ITR showed highest synergistic activity. Of 36 combinations of natural product and drug tested, none were antagonistic. CONCLUSIONS:Relatively nontoxic natural products can synergistically enhance antifungal drug activity, in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY:This is a proof-of-concept, having clinical implications. Natural chemosensitizing agents could lower dosages needed for effective chemotherapy of invasive mycoses. Further studies against clinical yeast strains and use of animal models are warranted.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Different lactic acid bacteria starters were used to prepare sourdough to make partially-baked frozen wholemeal wheat bread. The sourdough was prepared with a pure culture of Lactobacillus plantarum or with commercial starters containing Lactobacillus brevis combined with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. chevalieri (LV4), Lactobacillus fermentum (PL1), or Lactobacillus fermentum with phytase (PL3). We determined the acetic and lactic acid concentrations in sourdough, bread chemical composition, total phenolics content and glycemic index (GI) in vivo. Depending on the starter, the lactic to acetic acid ratio in the sourdough was significantly different. The GI of control bread without sourdough (70) was significantly higher than that of bread containing sourdough prepared with LV4 starter (50), PL1 starter (56) or PL3 starter (56), but not from bread with L. plantarum sourdough (60). The addition of 10% sourdough with a lower molar ratio of lactic to acetic acid ( ≤ 4) and higher total phenolics content is preferable for generating bread with medium and low GI.

背景与目标： : 使用不同的乳酸菌发酵剂制备酸面团，以制成部分烘烤的冷冻全麦小麦面包。酸面团是用植物乳杆菌的纯培养物或含有短乳杆菌和酿酒酵母的商业发酵剂制备的。chevalieri (LV4)，发酵乳杆菌 (PL1) 或带有植酸酶的发酵乳杆菌 (PL3)。我们确定了体内酸面团中的乙酸和乳酸浓度，面包化学成分，总酚含量和血糖指数 (GI)。根据发酵剂的不同，酸面团中的乳酸与乙酸的比例显着不同。没有酸面团的对照面包 (70) 的GI显着高于用LV4发酵剂 (50)，PL1发酵剂 (56) 或PL3发酵剂 (56) 制备的含酸面团的面包，但不来自带有L. plantarum酸面团的面包 (60)。添加具有较低的乳酸与乙酸摩尔比 (≤ 4) 和较高的总酚类含量的10% 酸面团对于产生具有中等和低GI的面包是优选的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The elemental/centesimal composition of dried fruits and capsules containing Goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.) was evaluated by ICP OES after two digestion procedures. Furthermore, phenolic acid compounds and flavonoids were quantified by HPLC-UV-DAD. Precision, accuracy, LOD and LOQ were evaluated. The samples showed similar contents of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The metal contents in the samples were found at different levels (minimum-maximum, in mg kg-1), as follows: Ca (181.1-200.2); Cu (1.703-2.145); Fe (7.420-7.852); K (81.78-83.59); Mg (92.58-95.12); Mn (1.630-2.570); Na (587.9-590.7); P (3.124-3.360); Se (2.812-3.345); V (0.055-0.062) and Zn (2.325-2.610). Al, As, Ba Cd, Co, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Sn and Sr showed values below the LOD. Accuracy was assessed by analysis of tomato leaves (NIST 1573a). Eight bioactive phenolic compounds (caffeic, chlorogenic, ellagic, ferulic, gallic, p-coumaric, syringic and vanillic acids) and two flavonoids [(+)-catequin and rutin] were determined, in levels of 55.5-83.700 and 172.3-2982.4 mg kg-1, respectively.

背景与目标： : 经过两次消化程序，通过ICP OES评估了含有枸杞 (枸杞) 的干果和胶囊的元素/百分数组成。此外，酚酸化合物和类黄酮通过hplc-uv-dad进行定量。评估了精度、准确性、LOD和LOQ。样品显示出相似的蛋白质，脂质和碳水化合物含量。样品中的金属含量不同 (最小-最大，单位为mg kg-1)，如下所示: Ca (181.1-200.2); Cu (1.703-2.145); Fe (7.420-7.852); K (81.78-83.59); mg (92.58-95.12); Mn (1.630-2.570); Na (587.9-590.7); P (3.124-3.360); Se (2.812-3.345); V (0.055-0.062) 和Zn (2.325-2.610)。Al，As，Ba Cd，Co，Ni，P，Pb，Sb，Sn和Sr的值低于LOD。通过番茄叶片分析 (NIST 1573a) 评估准确性。测定了八种生物活性酚类化合物 (咖啡酸，绿原酸，鞣花酸，阿魏酸，没食子酸，对香豆酸，丁香酸和香草酸) 和两种类黄酮 [()-儿茶素和芦丁]，分别为55.5-83.700和172.3-2982.4  mg   kg-1。