BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated the antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of seed extracts from three grape cultivars grown in Iran. Folin Ciocalteu method was used for the determination of the total phenolic contents and GC-MS was used for the analysis of phenolic compositions. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. The highest and the lowest total phenolic contents of seed extract were found in the black and green grape, respectively. The content of individual phenols such as Frulic acid, Gentistic acid, Syringic acid, (+) Catechin, Chlorogenic acid and (-)- Epicatchin gallate was cultivars dependent. The antioxidant activity of the seed extracts ranged from 34.03% (Green) to 53.63% (Black). Generally, the Black grape seed extract with the total phenolic content (3 ± 0.01 mg tannic acid/g DM), DPPH (53.63 ± 0.34%), IC50 and AEAC (7.41 and 16.92 mg/mL) showed the highest level of total antioxidant capacity.

背景与目标： : 本研究调查了伊朗种植的三个葡萄品种种子提取物的抗氧化活性和酚类成分。Folin Ciocalteu方法用于测定总酚含量，gc-ms用于分析酚类成分。1,1-二苯基-2-吡啶肼基 (DPPH) 方法用于评估抗氧化活性。在黑色和绿色葡萄中，种子提取物的总酚含量最高和最低。单个酚的含量，例如fruic酸，龙胆酸，丁香酸，() 儿茶素，绿原酸和 (-)-表卡钦没食子酸酯。种子提取物的抗氧化活性范围为34.03% (绿色) 至53.63% (黑色)。总酚含量 (3 ± 0.01 mg单宁酸/g DM)，DPPH (53.63 ± 0.34%)，IC50和AEAC (7.41和16.92 mg/ml) 的黑葡萄籽提取物的总抗氧化能力最高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Radicals from the flavonoids quercetin, (+)-catechin, (+/-)-taxifolin and luteolin, and from all-rac-alpha-tocopherol have been generated electrochemically by one-electron oxidation in deaerated dimethylformamide (DMF), and characterised by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) after spin-trapping by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). Simulations of the ESR spectrum based on estimated coupling constants of the spin-trapped quercetin radical, confirmed that this antioxidant radical is oxygen-centered. The complex mixture of radicals, quinoid intermediates and stable two-electron oxidation products, were for each antioxidant allowed to react with each of the four other antioxidants, and the progression of reaction followed by ESR after addition of DMPO, and the product solution further analysed by HPLC. All-rac-alpha-tocopherol was found to be most efficient in regenerating each of the other antioxidants from their oxidation products with a regeneration index (defined as moles regenerated of the oxidised phenolic antioxidant divided with moles of all-rac-alpha-tocopherol consumed) of 0.90+/-0.16 for quercetin, 0.48+/-0.11 for (+)-catechin, 0.48+/-0.06 for (+/-)-taxifolin and 0.50+/-0.10 for luteolin in equimolar 1.00 mM solution. Quercetin was found to have the highest regeneration index among the flavonoids: 0.88+/-0.13 for (+/-)-catechin, 0.41+/-0.03 for (+/-)-taxifolin and 0.41+/-0.02 for luteolin. The antioxidant hierarchy based on the reduction potentials determined by cyclic voltammetry under similar conditions (0.93 V for all-rac-alpha-tocopherol, 1.07 V for quercetin, 1.15 V for luteolin, 1.16V for (+)-catechin and 1.20 V for (+/-)-taxifolin) is compared with the observed over-all regeneration (34% for quercetin, 34% for (+)-catechin, 52% for (+/-)-taxifolin and 43% for luteolin by all-rac-alpha-tocopherol).

背景与目标： : 黄酮类化合物槲皮素，(+)-儿茶素，(+/-)-紫杉素和木犀草素以及全rac-α-生育酚的自由基是通过脱气二甲基甲酰胺 (DMF) 中的单电子氧化而产生的，并以5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯啉-n-氧化物 (DMPO) 自旋俘获后的电子自旋共振谱 (ESR) 为特征。基于自旋捕获的槲皮素自由基的估计耦合常数的ESR光谱模拟，证实了该抗氧化剂自由基是以氧为中心的。自由基，醌中间体和稳定的两电子氧化产物的复杂混合物，使每种抗氧化剂与其他四种抗氧化剂中的每一种反应，并在反应过程中加入DMPO后进行ESR，并将产物溶液进一步通过HPLC分析。发现全rac-α-生育酚最有效地从其氧化产物中再生其他抗氧化剂，其再生指数 (定义为氧化的酚类抗氧化剂再生的摩尔数与消耗的全rac-α-生育酚的摩尔数) 为槲皮素的0.90 +/-0.16，在等摩尔1.00 mM溶液中，()-儿茶素的0.48/-0.11，(/-)-紫杉素的0.48/-0.06和木犀草素的0.50/-0.10。发现槲皮素在类黄酮中具有最高的再生指数: (/-)-儿茶素为0.88/-0.13，(/-)-紫杉素为0.41/-0.03，木犀草素为0.41/-0.02。基于在相似条件下通过循环伏安法确定的还原电位的抗氧化剂等级 (全rac-α-生育酚为0.93 V，槲皮素为1.07 V，木犀草素为1.15 V，(+)-儿茶素1.16V，(+/-)-紫杉素1.20 V) 与观察到的整体再生 (槲皮素34%，(+)-儿茶素34%，(+/-)-紫杉素的52% 和木犀草素的43%)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Although continuous research has been conducted on the biological activities of myrtle and the characterisation of its essential oil, few studies have focused on its phenolic composition despite major beneficial properties. OBJECTIVE:To carry out a comprehensive characterisation of infusion and methanolic extract from myrtle leaves by UPLC-QTOF/MS. METHODS:Myrtle-leaf infusions, prepared using deionised water, and the methanolic extracts were analysed by reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI/QTOF/MS). The MS and MS/MS experiments were conducted using the negative-ionisation mode, in order to provide molecular-mass information and production spectra of the compounds for structural elucidation. RESULTS:The analytical method applied enabled the characterisation of several compounds such as gallic acid and galloyl derivatives, ellagic acid and derivatives, hexahydroxydiphenolyl and derivatives, flavonoids, lignans and gallomyrtucommulones. Flavonoids, ellagic acid and its derivatives and gallic acid and its derivatives formed the major fractions. CONCLUSION:UPLC combined with QTOF/MS is a powerful analytical method for characterising infusions and alcoholic extracts from myrtle leaves.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Five new phenolic glycosides, hedyotosides A-E (1-5), including a new cyanogenic glycoside (1), along with 10 known compounds (6-15) were isolated from the whole plants of Hedyotis scandens. The structures of compounds 1-5 were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses and acid hydrolysis. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) with cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. Compounds 6 and 15 showed anti-RSV effects with IC(50) values of 20 and 25 μg/mL, respectively.

背景与目标： : 从Hedyotis scandens的整个植物中分离出五种新的酚类糖苷，hedyotosides A-E (1-5)，包括一种新的氰基糖苷 (1) 以及10种已知化合物 (6-15)。通过广泛的光谱分析和酸水解建立了化合物1-5的结构。用细胞病变效应 (CPE) 还原试验评估所有分离的化合物对呼吸道合胞病毒 (RSV) 的体外抗病毒活性。化合物6和15表现出抗RSV作用，IC(50) 值分别为20和25 μ g/mL。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Chishao, CS) and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Chuanxiong, CX) were widely used as a drug pair in Chinese Medicine, and the combination of CS and CX showed a more significant inhibition on neuronal apoptosis in our previous study. In the present study, total paeony glycosides (TPGs) from CS and total ligustici phenolic acids (TLPAs) from CX were combined to evaluate the synergistic effects against focal cerebral ischemia both in vitro and in vivo. The combination of TPGs and TLPAs at 7:3 had the best anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effect on OGD-induced HUVEC. Additionally, the infarction area proportion and neuron apoptosis of rats by TPGs:TLPAs (7:3) was significantly lower than their alone in MCAO rats. Moreover, TPGs: TLPAs of 7:3 showed a more significant effect on decreasing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and increasing the protein expression or mRNA level of TIMP-1 than other combinations. The optimal ratio of TPGs and TLPAs at 7:3 could bring more remarkable protective effects against focal cerebral ischemia in MCAO rats by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammatory and neuronal apoptosis to protect the blood-brain barrier. Overall, the present study provided benefical evidence for clinical application of CS and CX as a "drug pair".

背景与目标： : 芍药的根。(Chishao，CS) 和川芎。(川芎，CX) 在中药中被广泛用作药物对，在我们先前的研究中，CS和CX的组合对神经元凋亡表现出更明显的抑制作用。在本研究中，将来自CS的总pa苷 (TPGs) 和来自CX的总ligustici酚酸 (TLPAs) 组合在一起，以评估体外和体内对局灶性脑缺血的协同作用。7:3时TPGs和TLPAs的组合对OGD诱导的HUVEC具有最佳的抗氧化应激和抗炎作用。此外，在MCAO大鼠中，TPGs: tlpa (7:3) 对大鼠的梗死面积比例和神经元凋亡显着低于单独使用。此外，与其他组合相比，7:3的TPGs: tlpa在降低MMP-2和MMP-9的表达以及增加TIMP-1的蛋白表达或mRNA水平方面显示出更显着的作用。7:3 TPGs和TLPAs的最佳比例可以通过减轻氧化应激，炎症和神经元凋亡来保护血脑屏障，从而对MCAO大鼠局灶性脑缺血产生更明显的保护作用。总体而言，本研究为CS和CX作为 “药物对” 的临床应用提供了有益的证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Two new sempervirol type diterpenes, inumakiols A, B, and six new totarol type diterpenes, inumakiols C-H, were isolated from a methanolic extract of bark of Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae), along with one known abietane, two known totarol type diterpenes, and one known totarol type diterpene dimer. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by the spectroscopic methods. Some of them possessed antibacterial activity against oral pathogenic microorganisms with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 3.1 to 25 ppm.

背景与目标： : 从罗汉松 (Podocarpaceae) 的树皮的甲醇提取物中分离出两种新的sempervirol型二萜inumakiols A，B和六种新的totarol型二萜inumakiols c-h，以及一种已知的abietane，两种已知的totarol型二萜和一种已知的totarol型二萜二聚体。通过光谱方法阐明了新化合物的结构。它们中的一些具有对口腔病原微生物的抗菌活性，其最小抑菌浓度 (MIC) 值为3.1至25 ppm。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fernblock, an aqueous extract of the aerial parts of the fern Polypodium leucotomos, used as raw material for topical and oral photoprotective formulations, was fractioned by HPLC and the main components with antioxidant capability were identified by means of UV spectra, electrochemical detection, and MSn. Phenolic compounds were identified as 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-quinic acid, ferulic acid, and five chlorogenic acid isomers. Total ferric antioxidant capacity (FRAP) of HPLC eluted fractions was measured. The results suggest that the herein identified compounds support, at least partially, the antioxidant and radical scavenging capacities of Fernblock.

背景与目标： : Fernblock是一种蕨类植物多裙化物的地上部分的水提取物，用作局部和口服光保护制剂的原料，通过HPLC分馏，并通过UV光谱鉴定具有抗氧化能力的主要成分，电化学检测和MSn。酚类化合物被鉴定为3,4-二羟基苯甲酸，4-羟基苯甲酸，香草酸，咖啡酸，4-羟基肉桂酸，4-羟基肉桂酸基奎宁酸，阿魏酸和五种绿原酸异构体。测量HPLC洗脱级分的总铁抗氧化能力 (FRAP)。结果表明，本文鉴定的化合物至少部分支持Fernblock的抗氧化剂和自由基清除能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study was designed to determine the radioprotective effect of two phytochemicals, namely, quinic acid and chlorogenic acid, against X-ray irradiation-induced genomic instability in non-tumorigenic human blood lymphocytes. The protective ability of two phenolic acids against radiation-induced DNA damage was assessed using the alkaline comet assay in human blood lymphocytes isolated from two healthy human donors. A Siemens Mevatron MD2 (Siemens AG, USA, 1994) linear accelerator was used for irradiation. The results of the alkaline comet assay revealed that quinic acid and chlorogenic acid decreased the DNA damage induced by X-ray irradiation and provided a significant radioprotective effect. Quinic acid decreased the presence of irradiation-induced DNA damage by 5.99-53.57% and chlorogenic acid by 4.49-48.15%, as determined by the alkaline comet assay. The results show that quinic acid and chlorogenic acid may act as radioprotective compounds. Future studies should focus on determining the mechanism by which these phenolic acids provide radioprotection.

背景与目标： : 本研究旨在确定两种植物化学物质，即奎宁酸和绿原酸，对x射线辐射诱导的非致瘤人血淋巴细胞基因组不稳定性的辐射防护作用。使用碱性彗星测定法在从两个健康的人类供体分离的人类血液淋巴细胞中评估了两种酚酸对辐射诱导的DNA损伤的保护能力。使用Siemens Mevatron MD2 (Siemens AG，USA，1994) 直线加速器进行辐照。碱性彗星试验结果表明，奎宁酸和绿原酸降低了x射线照射引起的DNA损伤，具有明显的放射防护作用。如通过碱性彗星测定所确定的，奎宁酸减少了5.99-53.57% 引起的辐射诱导的DNA损伤和4.49-48.15% 引起的绿原酸的存在。结果表明，奎宁酸和绿原酸可能是放射性防护化合物。未来的研究应集中在确定这些酚酸提供放射防护的机理上。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Phenolic compounds are contaminants frequently found in water and soils. In the last years, some technologies such as phytoremediation have emerged to remediate contaminated sites. Plants alone are unable to completely degrade some pollutants; therefore, their association with rhizospheric bacteria has been proposed to increase phytoremediation potential, an approach called rhizoremediation. In this work, the ability of two rhizobacteria, Burkholderia kururiensis KP 23 and Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA 9402, to tolerate and degrade phenolic compounds was evaluated. Both microorganisms were capable of tolerating high concentrations of phenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), guaiacol, or pentachlorophenol (PCP), and degrading different concentrations of phenol and 2,4-DCP. Association of these bacterial strains with B. napus hairy roots, as model plant system, showed that the presence of both rhizospheric microorganisms, along with B. napus hairy roots, enhanced phenol degradation compared to B. napus hairy roots alone. These findings are interesting for future applications of these strains in phenol rhizoremediation processes, with whole plants, providing an efficient, economic, and sustainable remediation technology.

背景与目标： : 酚类化合物是经常在水和土壤中发现的污染物。在过去的几年中，出现了一些技术，例如植物修复技术，以修复受污染的场所。仅植物无法完全降解某些污染物; 因此，已经提出了它们与根际细菌的结合，以提高植物修复的潜力，一种称为根际修复的方法。在这项工作中，评估了两种根瘤菌Burkholderia kururiensis KP 23和发根农杆菌LBA 9402耐受和降解酚类化合物的能力。两种微生物均能够耐受高浓度的苯酚，2,4-二氯苯酚 (2,4-dcp)，愈创木酚或五氯苯酚 (PCP)，并降解不同浓度的苯酚和2,4-dcp。这些细菌菌株与油菜B毛状根的关联 (作为模型植物系统) 表明，与单独的油菜B毛状根相比，根际微生物以及油菜B毛状根的存在增强了苯酚降解。这些发现对于这些菌株在整个植物的苯酚根际修复过程中的未来应用非常有趣，从而提供了一种有效，经济和可持续的修复技术。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chemoresistance and development of relapses are ascribable to a rare cell population of tumour mass: cancer stem cells (CSCs). Targeting CSCs could increase patients' survival rate and it is important to identify molecules that can act on the main pathways of these cells. Natural bioactive compounds, of which Manuka honey (MH) is rich, could be a good opportunity to target them. This work aims to evaluate the effect of MH on CSCs-like from human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116 cell line) enriched through the in vitro sphere-forming assay. The results showed that MH reduced the volume of the entire culture of spheroids, affecting also their morphological parameters and induced apoptosis and ROS intracellular accumulation in CSCs-like. In addition, MH decreased the mRNA expression of one of ABC transporters (ABCG2) and affected self-renewal ability through the downregulation of the mRNA expression of one of the receptor membranes of Wnt/β-catenin pathway (Frizzled 7).

背景与目标： : 化学耐药性和复发的发展归因于罕见的肿瘤细胞群: 癌症干细胞 (CSCs)。靶向CSCs可以提高患者的生存率，因此确定可以作用于这些细胞主要途径的分子非常重要。富含麦卢卡蜂蜜 (MH) 的天然生物活性化合物可能是靶向它们的好机会。这项工作旨在评估MH对通过体外球体形成试验富集的人结直肠癌 (HCT-116细胞系) 的CSCs样的影响。结果表明，MH减少了球状体的整个培养物的体积，也影响了它们的形态参数，并诱导了CSCs样细胞的凋亡和ROS细胞内积累。此外，MH降低了一种ABC转运蛋白 (ABCG2) 的mRNA表达，并通过下调Wnt/β-catenin途径之一的受体膜 (Frizzled 7) 的mRNA表达来影响自我更新能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: From the leaves and branches of Morinda coreia, six compounds [yopaaosides A-C, 10-O-acetylmonotropein, 6-O-acetylscandoside and 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl 1-O-beta-apiofuranosyl (1"-->6')-beta-glucopyranoside] have been isolated together with five known compounds. Structural elucidations were based on analyses of physical and spectroscopic data.

背景与目标： 从巴戟天的叶子和树枝中，六种化合物 [yopaaosides A-C，10-o-乙酰单生素，6-o-乙酰单生糖苷和3,4，5-三甲氧基苯基1-o-β-apiofuranosoyl (1 “->6 ')-β-吡喃葡萄糖苷] 与五种已知化合物一起被分离。结构阐明基于物理和光谱数据的分析。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This work aimed to investigate the evolution of phenolic compounds and elements during the aging of Malbec red wines from different regions of Mendoza (Argentina) and California (United States). The profiles of low molecular weight polyphenols and anthocyanins were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD), and the elemental composition using microwave plasma-Atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES). Through uni- and multivariate statistical analyses, the effects of aging time and region on wine were investigated. It was observed that aging time was a significant factor that affected the phenolic compound profile in the studied Malbec wines studied and that after five years of aging, the wines could be differentiated according to region. The results of this study may impact decisions made regarding the storage of Malbec wines in the future.

背景与目标： : 这项工作旨在研究门多萨 (阿根廷) 和加利福尼亚 (美国) 不同地区马尔贝克红酒陈酿过程中酚类化合物和元素的演变。使用高效液相色谱和二极管阵列检测器 (hplc-dad) 分析低分子量多酚和花青素的分布，并使用微波等离子体原子发射光谱法 (mp-aes) 分析元素组成。通过单一和多元统计分析，研究了陈酿时间和地区对葡萄酒的影响。观察到陈酿时间是影响所研究的马尔贝克葡萄酒中酚类化合物分布的重要因素，并且陈酿五年后，可以根据地区区分葡萄酒。这项研究的结果可能会影响将来有关马尔贝克葡萄酒储存的决定。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The influence of copper sulphate on the regeneration of carrot (Daucus carota L.) androgenic embryos and changes in the levels of phenolic substances and polyamines that might be indicative of the response to oxidative stress were investigated. The cultivation on the regeneration medium supplemented with Cu(2+) at the concentrations 1 and 10 microM for 15 weeks resulted in significant dose-dependent inhibition of the growth and organogenic ability of carrot embryos. The total content of phenolic acids (represented by the sum of all soluble and insoluble fractions) in the Cu(2+)-treated carrot cultures did not change in comparison with the control (0.1 microM Cu(2+)). However, the levels of phenolic acids in the individual fractions showed significant differences. The cultivation in the presence of increased Cu(2+) evoked first of all the rise of free chlorogenic and caffeic acids, and the increase in soluble ester-bound ferulic acid. Marked dose-dependent decline in the amount of ferulic acid incorporated into the cell walls of the Cu(2+)-treated carrot cultures was partly compensated by the increase in the content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Decline in the total polyamine contents in the carrot tissues cultivated in the presence of increased Cu(2+) concentrations was observed. The most abundant polyamine, both in a free and PCA-soluble conjugated forms, was putrescine, the least abundant was spermine, which occurred in free form only. While the levels of free polyamines slightly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the Cu(2+)-treated cultures, those of PCA-soluble conjugates markedly rose (enhancement to 135 and 170% in 1 and 10 microM Cu(2+), respectively, compared with the control). The decline in the total polyamine contents was caused mainly by the decline in the levels of PCA-insoluble conjugates. The decrease observed in this fraction was approximately to 70 and 50% in 1 and 10 microM Cu(2+)-treated cultures, respectively, when compared with the control. The role of phenolic acids and polyamines in preventing Cu(2+)stress in the carrot tissues is discussed.

背景与目标： : 研究了硫酸铜对胡萝卜 (Daucus carota L.) 雄激素胚再生的影响，以及酚类物质和多胺水平的变化，这些变化可能表明对氧化应激的反应。在添加浓度为1和10微米的Cu(2) 的再生培养基上培养15周，导致显着的剂量依赖性抑制胡萝卜胚的生长和器官发生能力。与对照 (0.1 microM Cu(2)) 相比，Cu(2) 处理的胡萝卜培养物中酚酸的总含量 (由所有可溶性和不溶性组分的总和表示) 没有变化。然而，各个馏分中酚酸的水平显示出显着差异。在Cu(2) 增加的情况下进行的培养首先引起了游离绿原酸和咖啡酸的增加，以及可溶性酯结合阿魏酸的增加。掺入Cu(2) 处理的胡萝卜培养物的细胞壁中的阿魏酸的量明显呈剂量依赖性下降，部分被对羟基苯甲酸含量的增加所补偿。观察到在Cu(2) 浓度增加的情况下培养的胡萝卜组织中总多胺含量下降。游离和PCA可溶共轭形式中最丰富的多胺是腐胺，最丰富的是精胺，仅以游离形式出现。尽管在Cu(2 +) 处理的培养物中游离多胺的水平以剂量依赖性方式略有降低，但PCA可溶性缀合物的水平显着上升 (分别在1和10 microM Cu(2 +) 中增强至135和170%，与对照相比)。总多胺含量的下降主要是由PCA不溶性缀合物水平的下降引起的。与对照相比，在1和10 microM Cu(2 +) 处理的培养物中，在该级分中观察到的降低分别约为70和50%。讨论了酚酸和多胺在防止胡萝卜组织中Cu(2) 胁迫中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative evaluation of some biological properties of methanol and water extracts of leaves of five Juniperus taxa growing in Turkey: J. communis L. var. communis (Jcc), J. communis L. var. saxatilis Pall. (Jcs), J. drupacea Labill. (Jd), J. oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus (Joo), J. oxycedrus L. subsp. macrocarpa (Sibth. & Sm.) Ball. (Jom). The antioxidant properties were examined in vitro; both in the DPPH and in the reducing power tests, Joo methanol extract resulted the most active (IC50 = 0.09 ± 0.01mg/mL and ASE/mL = 2.56 ± 0.06). In the TBA assay, Jcs methanol extract exhibited the highest activity (IC50 = 4.39 ± 0.47 μg/mL). The extracts displayed bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and Jd methanol extract resulted the most effective (MIC = 19.53 μg/mL); no effect on the S. aureus biofilm formation was observed. The extracts resulted non-toxic in the Artemia salina lethality bioassay. Finally, the phenolic profile of the methanol extracts was characterized by HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是对在土耳其生长的五个杜松属分类单元的甲醇和水提取物的某些生物学特性进行比较评估: J. communis L. var. communis (Jcc)，J. communis L. var. saxatilis Pall。(Jcs)，J. drupacea Labill。(Jd)，J. oxycedrus L.亚种。oxycedrus (Joo)，J. oxycedrus L.亚种。macrocarpa (Sibth. & Sm.) 球。(Jom)。体外检测抗氧化性能; 在DPPH和还原能力测试中，Joo甲醇提取物的活性最高 (IC50   =   0.09   ±   0.01 mg/mL和ASE/ml =   2.56   ±   0.06)。在TBA测定中，Jcs甲醇提取物表现出最高的活性 (IC50   =   4.39   ±   0.47  μ g/mL)。提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑菌活性，其中以Jd甲醇提取物最有效 (MIC  =   19.53  μ g/mL)，对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成无影响。提取物在卤虫杀伤力生物测定中无毒。最后，通过hplc-pda/ESI-MS对甲醇提取物的酚类特征进行了表征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nine new compounds, argutinosides A-I (1-9) together with 20 known compounds (10-29), were isolated from the fruits of Actinidia arguta. Using spectral analysis, the structures of the isolated compounds were identified as 10 succinic acid derivatives, 11 quinic acid derivatives, two shikimic acid derivatives and six citric acid derivatives. The NF-κB transcriptional inhibitory activity of the compounds was evaluated using RAW 264.7 macrophages cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Among four groups of different organic acid derivatives, the quinic acid derivatives inhibited NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC50 value of 4.0 μM. Fruit is rich in organic acid and secondary metabolites, which differ depending on the type of fruit. Our present study showed the presence of various organic acids conjugates including nine new 2-methylsuccinic acid phenolic conjugates in kiwiberry and compared their biological activities. This will contribute to application of kiwiberry and also the diversity of different fruits.

背景与目标： : 从猕猴桃果实中分离出9种新化合物，即argutinosides A-I (1-9) 和20种已知化合物 (10-29)。使用光谱分析，分离出的化合物的结构鉴定为10种琥珀酸衍生物，11种奎尼酸衍生物，2种莽草酸衍生物和6种柠檬酸衍生物。使用脂多糖诱导的原始264.7巨噬细胞评估化合物的NF-κ b转录抑制活性。在四组不同的有机酸衍生物中，奎宁酸衍生物抑制NF-κ b转录活性，IC50值为4.0  μ m。水果富含有机酸和次生代谢产物，根据水果的类型而有所不同。我们目前的研究表明，在kiwiberry中存在各种有机酸缀合物，包括9种新的2-甲基琥珀酸酚缀合物，并比较了它们的生物学活性。这将有助于猕猴桃的应用以及不同水果的多样性。