BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Size perception is known to influence our usual interactions with environment. Numerous studies highlighted that during the visual presentation of an object, the properties of manual actions vary as a function of this object's size. In order to better understand the dynamic variations of relationships between size perception and action, we used an experimental paradigm consisting in two phases. During a previous implicit learning phase, a manual response (right or left) was specifically associated with the appearance of a large or small stimulus. During further test phase, participants were required to prepare a response while discriminating the color of a stimulus (GO/No GO task). We observed that the response execution was faster when the size of the stimulus was congruent with the size that had been associated to this response (during implicit learning phase). These results suggest that when a response usually co-occurs with visual stimuli characterized by a specific size pattern, the response and the size pattern become integrated. Any subsequent preparation and execution of this action are therefore influenced by the reactivation of this visual pattern. This result brings out new insights on how sensorimotor interactions may modulate the ability to anticipate perceptive size variations in the environment.

背景与目标： : 众所周知，大小感知会影响我们通常与环境的互动。大量研究强调，在对象的视觉呈现过程中，手动动作的属性随对象大小的变化而变化。为了更好地理解大小感知和动作之间关系的动态变化，我们使用了一个由两个阶段组成的实验范例。在先前的内隐学习阶段，手动响应 (右或左) 与大或小刺激的出现特别相关。在进一步的测试阶段，要求参与者在区分刺激颜色的同时准备响应 (GO/No GO任务)。我们观察到，当刺激的大小与与该响应相关的大小一致时 (在隐式学习阶段)，响应执行更快。这些结果表明，当响应通常与以特定大小模式为特征的视觉刺激同时发生时，响应和大小模式将成为一体。因此，此操作的任何后续准备和执行都受到此视觉模式重新激活的影响。该结果为感觉运动相互作用如何调节预测环境中感知大小变化的能力带来了新的见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Screening programs can reduce the burden of disease, however, they can be associated with raised levels of anxiety. The risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer is increased in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). There is no prospective evidence to support screening for gynecological disease in HNPCC, however, current recommendations include the use of ultrasound and endometrial biopsy. This study assesses the impact of screening for gynecological cancer on self-reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and perceptions of health. Women from HNPCC families attending gynecological screening (n = 26) completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the ShortForm36v2 questionnaires prior to screening with transvaginal ultrasound, outpatient/office hysteroscopy, endometrial biopsy, and ovarian tumor marker assessment (CA125). The same questionnaires were completed at 3 and 6 months following screening (15/26). Women in HNPCC families attending for gynecological screening did not have excess symptoms of anxiety or depression at baseline in subjective comparison to other populations. The process of screening and false positive screening results had no significant impact on symptoms of anxiety and depression or perceptions of health. We conclude that within the limitations of analysis in this small study group, screening for gynecological disease in HNPCC does not appear to be associated with any psychological morbidity.

背景与目标： : 筛查计划可以减轻疾病负担，但是，它们可能与焦虑水平升高有关。遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌 (HNPCC) 发生子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌的风险增加。目前尚无前瞻性证据支持在HNPCC中筛查妇科疾病，但是，目前的建议包括使用超声和子宫内膜活检。这项研究评估了筛查妇科癌症对自我报告的焦虑，抑郁和健康观念的影响。来自HNPCC家庭的女性 (n = 26) 在接受经阴道超声，门诊/办公室宫腔镜检查，子宫内膜活检和卵巢肿瘤标志物评估 (CA125) 进行筛查之前，完成了医院焦虑和抑郁量表和ShortForm36v2问卷。在筛选后的3个月和6个月 (15/26) 完成相同的问卷。与其他人群相比，参加妇科筛查的HNPCC家庭中的女性在基线时没有过度的焦虑或抑郁症状。筛查过程和假阳性筛查结果对焦虑抑郁症状或健康感知无显著影响。我们得出的结论是，在这个小型研究组的分析局限性内，在HNPCC中筛查妇科疾病似乎与任何心理疾病无关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Prosody has a myriad of linguistic functions and involves specific aspects of speech, such as stress, intonation and pauses. The underlying acoustic quantities (amplitude envelope, pitch frequency, and temporal structure) can be processed and transmitted by cochlear implants (CI) only to a limited extent. At present, no adequate tests are available in the German-speaking world for evaluation of the perception of prosodic elements. Different experiments have been conducted to address several prosodic cues, and the results are to be used as a basis for appropriate tests. METHODS:Various prosodic materials were used for the experiments. Discrimination was measured for minimal pairs differing in frequency and/or duration, accents in words and phrases, questions versus statements and phrasing. Measurements were performed in ten normal-hearing subjects and five with cochlear implants. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:In all test modules, the subjects with normal hearing proved to have high discrimination rates of 96-100%. The test of word stresses was problematic because the results were influenced by different confounders. The other measurements did prove to be basically suitable for use in the subjects with implants. Early results revealed that the subjects with CI had few problems with prosodic cues based on the temporal structure, the outcome being similar to that of the subjects with normal hearing in these tests. In contrast, the performance of subjects with CI in perceiving prosodic cues based on amplitude variations and, especially, on alterations in pitch frequency was worse, even though some of them achieved very good results in these tests too. These preliminary tests can form the basis for development of a German-language prosody test battery with a limited number of subtests addressing different prosodic cues.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The time course of ethylene biosynthesis and perception was investigated in ripening peach fruit (Prunus persica) following treatments with the polyamines putrescine (Pu) and spermidine (Sd), and with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). Fruit treatments were performed in planta. Ethylene production was measured by gas chromatography, and polyamine content by high-performance liquid chromatography; expression analyses were performed by Northern blot or real-time polymerase chain reaction. Differential increases in the endogenous polyamine pool in the epicarp and mesocarp were induced by treatments; in both cases, ethylene production, fruit softening and abscission were greatly inhibited. The rise in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (PpACO1) mRNA was counteracted and delayed in polyamine-treated fruit, whereas transcript abundance of ethylene receptors PpETR1 (ethylene receptor 1) and PpERS1 (ethylene sensor 1) was enhanced at harvest. Transcript abundance of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) was transiently reduced in both the epicarp and mesocarp. AVG, here taken as a positive control, exerted highly comparable effects to those of Pu and Sd. Thus, in peach fruit, increasing the endogenous polyamine pool in the epicarp or in the mesocarp strongly interfered, both at a biochemical and at a biomolecular level, with the temporal evolution of the ripening syndrome.

背景与目标： : 在用多胺腐胺 (Pu) 和亚精胺 (Sd) 以及氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸 (AVG) 处理后，研究了成熟桃果实 (Prunus persica) 中乙烯生物合成和感知的时间过程。在植物中进行水果处理。通过气相色谱法测量乙烯产量，通过高效液相色谱法测量多胺含量; 通过Northern印迹或实时聚合酶链反应进行表达分析。处理可诱导外皮和中果皮中内源多胺库的差异增加; 在这两种情况下，乙烯的产生，果实的软化和脱落均受到极大抑制。在多胺处理的水果中，1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸氧化酶 (PpACO1) mRNA的上升被抵消并延迟，而乙烯受体PpETR1 (乙烯受体1) 和pper1 (乙烯传感器1) 的转录物丰度在收获时增强。精氨酸脱羧酶 (ADC) 和S-腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶 (SAMDC) 的转录物丰度在表皮和中果皮中均瞬时降低。AVG作为阳性对照，与Pu和Sd具有高度可比的作用。因此，在桃子果实中，在生化和生物分子水平上，内源性多胺库的增加会强烈干扰成熟综合征的时间演变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess visual perception in 40 patients suffering from migraine with aura (MA), 40 patients suffering from migraine without aura (MO), and 40 controls. BACKGROUND:Visual perception abnormalities are a common feature in both MA and MO. METHODS:We performed luminance and color central perimetry. Black and white pattern reversal visual-evoked potentials were also assessed. RESULTS:Luminance perimetry was similar in patients and controls. Color perimetry instead revealed an impairment in the perception of red ("quantitative perception index") in migraine patients; this impairment was more pronounced in patients with MA (P < .001) than in those with MO (P < .05) and was related to the degree of photophobia recorded before testing. A subgroup of MO patients who had a migraine attack shortly after being tested also displayed a marked impairment in the perception of blue. This subgroup of patients had a statistically significant (P < .001) lower perception of blue than the rest of the MO patients, who had a migraine attack later; they also had a high degree of unpleasant perceptions after testing. Black and white visual evoked potentials were similar in patients and controls. CONCLUSION:The impairment in visual perception of red, which was more marked in MA than in MO patients, may be related to the degree of photophobia recorded before testing. The reduced perception of blue, which only occurred in a subgroup of MO patients in the premonitory phase of the migraine attack, probably occurs through mechanisms that involve dopaminergic function. We cannot exclude the possibility that the visual stimulations induced the migraine attack in this subgroup of MO patients shortly after they were tested.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A bilateral advantage for diotically presented stimuli has been observed for cochlear implant (CI) users and is suggested to be dependent on symmetrical implant performance. Studies using CI simulations have not shown a true "bilateral" advantage, but a "better ear" effect and have demonstrated that performance decreases with increasing basalward shift in insertion depth. This study aimed to determine whether there is a bilateral advantage for CI simulations with interaurally matched insertions and the extent to which performance is affected by interaural insertion depth mismatch. Speech perception in noise and self-reported ease of listening were measured using matched bilateral, mismatched bilateral and unilateral CI simulations over four insertion depths for seventeen normal hearing listeners. Speech scores and ease of listening reduced with increasing basalward shift in (interaurally matched) insertion depth. A bilateral advantage for speech perception was only observed when the insertion depths were interaurally matched and deep. No advantage was observed for small to moderate interaural insertion-depth mismatches, consistent with a better ear effect. Finally, both measures were poorer than expected for a better ear effect for large mismatches, suggesting that misalignment of the electrode arrays may prevent a bilateral advantage and detrimentally affect perception of diotically presented speech.

背景与目标： : 对于人工耳蜗 (CI) 使用者，已经观察到双向呈现刺激的双边优势，并且建议这取决于对称的植入性能。使用CI模拟的研究并未显示出真正的 “双边” 优势，而是 “更好的耳朵” 效果，并且表明性能会随着插入深度的玄武向偏移而降低。这项研究旨在确定使用耳间匹配插入的CI模拟是否具有双边优势，以及耳间插入深度不匹配对性能的影响程度。使用匹配的双侧，不匹配的双侧和单侧CI模拟，对17名正常听力听众在四个插入深度上测量了噪声中的语音感知和自我报告的听力难易程度。随着 (耳间匹配) 插入深度的basalward偏移的增加，语音分数和听力的难易程度会降低。仅当插入深度在耳间匹配且较深时，才观察到语音感知的双边优势。对于小到中等的耳间插入深度不匹配，没有观察到优势，这与更好的耳朵效果一致。最后，这两种措施都比预期的要差，因为对于较大的不匹配，耳朵效果更好，这表明电极阵列的不对准可能会阻止双边优势，并不利地影响对语音呈现的感知。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Membrane rigidification could be the first step of cold perception in poikilotherms. We have investigated its implication in diacylglycerol kinase (DAGK) activation by cold stress in suspension cells from Arabidopsis mutants altered in desaturase activities. By lateral diffusion assay, we showed that plasma membrane rigidification with temperature decrease was steeper in cells deficient in oleate desaturase than in wild type cells and in cells overexpressing linoleate desaturase. The threshold for the activation of the DAGK pathway in each type of cells correlated with this order of rigidification rate, suggesting that cold induced-membrane rigidification is upstream of DAGK pathway activation.

背景与目标： : 膜硬化可能是poikilotherms中冷知觉的第一步。我们已经研究了其在拟南芥突变体的悬浮细胞中冷胁迫对二酰基甘油激酶 (DAGK) 激活的影响去饱和酶活性改变。通过横向扩散试验，我们发现，缺乏油酸去饱和酶的细胞的质膜硬化比野生型细胞和过表达亚油酸去饱和酶的细胞更陡峭。每种类型细胞中DAGK途径激活的阈值与该硬化速率的顺序相关，这表明冷诱导的膜硬化是DAGK途径激活的上游。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Experiencing aggressive behaviour has been associated with increased stress and turnover among staff who support adults with intellectual disabilities. Incident perception is a strong predictor of psychological outcomes after trauma but has not been studied in this staff group. This study clustered exposure to aggression and endorsement of emotional difficulties among 386 community residential group home staff and evaluated the contribution of four behavioural topographies to staff-rated perceived severity. Staff exposure varied considerably. Perceived severity correlated with subjective emotional difficulties. High perceived severity was associated with daily exposure, aggression towards others causing injury, and property aggression causing injury or damage. Therefore, the role the staff plays, whether a witness or target, may impact their experience.

背景与目标： : 经历攻击性行为与支持智障成年人的工作人员压力和更替增加有关。事件感知是创伤后心理结果的有力预测指标，但尚未在该员工组中进行研究。这项研究将386社区居民团体家庭工作人员攻击和认可情绪困难的情况集中在一起，并评估了四种行为地形对工作人员感知严重程度的贡献。员工暴露差异很大。感知的严重程度与主观情绪困难相关。高度感知的严重程度与日常暴露，对他人的侵略造成伤害以及财产攻击造成伤害或损害有关。因此，工作人员扮演的角色，无论是证人还是目标，都可能影响他们的经历。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Health surveys, studies on physical symptom reporting, and medical registration of physical complaints find consistent sex differences in symptom reporting, with women having the higher rates. By and large, this female excess of physical symptoms is independent from the symptom measure, response format and time frame used, and the population under study. As most studies concern healthy individuals, the sex difference can not simply be attributed to a greater physical morbidity in women. In this paper we propose a number of explanations for this phenomenon, based on a biopsychosocial perspective on symptom perception. We discuss a symptom perception model that brings together factors and processes from the extant literature which are thought to affect symptom reporting, such as somatic information, selection of information through attention and distraction, attribution of somatic sensations, and the personality factors somatisation and negative affectivity. Finally, we discuss the explanations for sex differences in physical symptoms that arise from the model.

背景与目标： 健康调查，身体症状报告研究和身体不适的医疗登记发现，症状报告中的性别差异一致，女性的比率更高。总的来说，这种女性过度的身体症状与症状度量，反应格式和使用的时间范围以及所研究的人群无关。由于大多数研究都涉及健康个体，因此性别差异不能简单地归因于女性的身体发病率更高。在本文中，我们基于症状感知的生物心理社会观点，对这种现象提出了许多解释。我们讨论了一种症状感知模型，该模型将现有文献中的因素和过程汇集在一起，这些因素和过程被认为会影响症状报告，例如躯体信息，通过注意力和分心选择信息，躯体感觉的归因以及人格因素躯体化和负面情感。最后，我们讨论了模型引起的身体症状性别差异的解释。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although 70% of people with epilepsy (PWE) achieve seizure freedom following an appropriate antiepileptic drug (AED) regime, evidence suggests that adherence to AEDs by PWE is suboptimal. Nonadherence to AEDs is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations, with reduced adherence also correlating to a lower quality of life, decreased productivity, and loss of employment. Furthermore, research indicates that medication errors which are widespread in chronic disease are less well studied in epilepsy but are likely also to contribute to avoidable disease morbidity and mortality. The goals of this project were to determine rates of medication adherence by self-reported questionnaire and its links to perceived medication error in a cohort of PWE attending a general epilepsy outpatient clinic. Following a plan-do-study-act cycle, it was found that the most appropriate methodology for conducting was in the form of a bespoke 9-item self-administered questionnaire. One hundred eighty-six PWE completed a nine-question questionnaire asking patients about their own medication adherence habits and their perception that they were previously exposed to medication error. This study found that 41% of respondents reported suboptimal adherence to AED therapy, while 28.5% of respondents self-reported that they unintentionally do not take their AED medication on an occasional, regular, or frequent basis. A 5.9% of respondents self-reported that they intentionally do not take their medication as prescribed. A 6% of respondents self-reported that they are both unintentionally and intentionally nonadherent to their AED therapy. No significant associations were demonstrated between age, sex, perceived effectiveness of medication, feelings of stigma/embarrassment, adverse effects or additional neurological comorbidities, and unintentional or intentional nonadherence. A 28.5% of respondents to the questionnaire reported that they perceived themselves to have been subjected to medication error. Prescribing errors were the most common form of perceived medication error, followed by dispensing errors, then administration errors. Significant associations were found between ineffective medication and feelings of stigma or embarrassment about epilepsy with perceived prescribing errors. Intentional nonadherence to medication was significantly associated with perceived dispensing errors.

背景与目标： : 尽管有70% 的癫痫患者在适当的抗癫痫药物 (AED) 治疗后获得了癫痫发作的自由，但有证据表明，对PWE对AED的依从性是次优的。不遵守aed与发病率，死亡率，急诊就诊和住院有关，依从性降低还与生活质量降低，生产力下降和失业有关。此外，研究表明，在慢性病中普遍存在的药物错误在癫痫中的研究较少，但也可能导致可避免的疾病发病率和死亡率。该项目的目标是通过自我报告的问卷来确定药物依从性的比率，并确定其与参加普通癫痫门诊的PWE队列中感知到的药物错误的联系。在计划-做-研究-行动周期之后，发现最合适的方法是定制的9项自我管理问卷的形式。一百八十六个pww完成了一个九个问题的问卷调查，询问患者自己的药物依从性习惯以及他们以前曾暴露于药物错误的感觉。这项研究发现，41% 的受访者报告对AED治疗的依从性不佳，而28.5% 的受访者自我报告说，他们无意地不定期，定期或频繁地服用AED药物。5.9% 受访者自我报告说，他们故意不按规定服用药物。6% 受访者自我报告说，他们无意地和有意地不遵守AED疗法。年龄，性别，药物治疗的有效性，耻辱感/尴尬感，不良反应或其他神经系统合并症以及无意或有意的不依从性之间没有显着关联。问卷调查的28.5% 受访者报告说，他们认为自己遭受了用药错误。处方错误是感知到的药物错误的最常见形式，其次是配药错误，然后是给药错误。发现无效药物与对癫痫的污名或尴尬感与处方错误之间存在显着关联。故意不坚持用药与感知到的配药错误显着相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An ongoing exploratory development program on visual perception and control in high-speed low-altitude flight is being conducted by the Human Engineering Division of the Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. This paper begins with a discussion of the necessity of vision for low-altitude flight; proceeds to an analysis of objectives, strategies, and issues in designing a comprehensive research program; presents an overview of several experiments in support of the effort; and ends with a discussion of perceptual information. One of the simulator experiments involves the use of a non-mimetic task, flying at a zero altitude in the presence of strong gusts, in an effort to maximize adaptation to the low-altitude environment. Implications for simulator use are discussed.

背景与目标： : 阿姆斯特朗航空航天医学研究实验室的人类工程部正在进行一项有关高速低空飞行中视觉感知和控制的探索性开发计划。本文首先讨论了低空飞行的视觉必要性; 继续分析设计综合研究计划的目标，策略和问题; 概述了支持这项工作的几个实验; 最后讨论了感知信息。其中一个模拟器实验涉及使用非模拟任务，在强烈阵风的情况下以零高度飞行，以最大程度地适应低空环境。讨论了模拟器使用的含义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Surgery for spinal stenosis is a frequent procedure in elderly patients. Presentation, hospital course, and outcome of disease including pain perception may vary among patients of different ethnic origin. OBJECTIVES:To evaluate whether differences in various medical indicators can explain differences in pain perception between two ethnic groups. METHODS:We conducted a case-control study on the experience of two spinal units treating a mixed Arab and Jewish population, and compared the data on 85 Arab and 189 Jewish patients undergoing spinal lumbar surgery. RESULTS:Arab patients were younger (P = 0.027), less educated (P < 0.001), had a higher body mass index (P = 0.004) and included a higher proportion of diabetics (P = 0.013). Preoperative pain intensity (P = 0.023) and functional disability (P = 0.005) were more prominent, and factors associated with pre- or postoperative pain perception differed between the two ethnic groups. Despite these differences, results on follow-up were similar with respect to pain perception and level of disability. CONCLUSIONS:A better understanding of ethnic differences is crucial for predicting surgery outcomes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Outrage factors are perceived characteristics of risk that provoke emotional responses and influence risk perception by individuals. We investigated outrage factors that are associated with risk perception regarding fine dust. A nationwide online survey (N = 1,000) measured the magnitude of 14 perceived outrage factors and media use in a South Korean population. As a result, the hypothetical three outrage factors of personal stake, dread, and moral nature were found to be influential. The risk perception increased when people perceived that the environmental hazard has personal implications or is associated with fearful images and irresponsible government/corporate actions. The risk perception was also heightened when fine dust was thought to cause large-scale damage to many people simultaneously. Those using news media frequently showed higher risk perception than those using it less frequently. However, heavy media users were affected to a lesser degree by the outrage effects voluntariness and effects on children. The implications of the direct and indirect outrage effect are discussed in light of risk perception studies.

背景与目标： : 愤怒因素是引起个人情绪反应并影响风险感知的风险感知特征。我们调查了与细尘的风险感知相关的愤怒因素。一项全国性的在线调查 (N = 1,000) 测量了韩国人口中14种感知到的愤怒因素和媒体使用的程度。结果，假设的个人利益，恐惧和道德本质这三个愤怒因素被发现具有影响力。当人们意识到环境危害具有个人影响或与可怕的图像和不负责任的政府/公司行为有关时，风险意识会增加。当细尘被认为会同时对许多人造成大规模损害时，风险意识也得到了提高。与使用新闻媒体的人相比，使用新闻媒体的人经常表现出更高的风险感知。但是，大量媒体用户受到的愤怒影响较小，对自愿性和对儿童的影响较小。根据风险感知研究讨论了直接和间接愤怒效应的含义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of variation in speaking rate on relative nasal airflow (percent nasal flow) and on the perception of nasality were examined. In addition, the effects of gender and speech rate elicitation techniques (metronome-controlled, self-controlled) were examined. Nineteen normal speakers each produced a stimulus phrase containing nonnasal sounds. Oral and nasal airflows were measured using the Rothenberg aerodynamic system. Results indicated that percent nasal flow and perception of nasality were both greater at slow speaking rates compared to normal and fast rates. Males were perceived as more nasal than females. The metronome-controlled rates were associated with greater nasality than the self-controlled rates. Discussion focuses on physiological correlates to these findings.

背景与目标： : 检查了说话率的变化对相对鼻气流 (鼻气流百分比) 和对鼻知觉的影响。此外，还检查了性别和言语速率激发技术 (节拍器控制，自我控制) 的影响。19名普通演讲者各自产生一个包含非鼻音的刺激短语。使用Rothenberg空气动力学系统测量口腔和鼻气流。结果表明，与正常和快速速度相比，慢速说话时的鼻流量百分比和鼻感觉均更高。男性被认为比女性更鼻音。节拍器控制率比自我控制率更高。讨论的重点是与这些发现相关的生理学。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With the ending of the Cold War, the Department of Energy (DOE) is evaluating mission, future land use and stewardship of departmental facilities. This paper compares the environmental concerns and future use preferences of 351 people interviewed at Lewiston, Idaho, about the Hanford Site and Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), two of DOE's largest sites. Although most subjects lived closer to Hanford than INEEL, most resided in the same state as INEEL. Therefore their economic interests might be more closely allied with INEEL, while their health concerns might be more related to Hanford. Few lived close enough to either site to be directly affected economically. We test the null hypotheses that there are no differences in environmental concerns and future land-use preferences as a function of DOE site, sex, age and education. When asked to list their major concerns about the sites, more people listed human health and safety, and environmental concerns about Hanford compared to INEEL. When asked to list their preferred future land uses, 49% of subjects did not have any for INEEL, whereas only 35% did not know for Hanford. The highest preferred land uses for both sites were as a National Environmental Research Park (NERP), and for camping, hunting, hiking, and fishing. Except for returning the land to the tribes and increased nuclear storage, subjects rated all future uses as more preferred at INEEL than Hanford. Taken together, these data suggest that the people interviewed know more about Hanford, are more concerned about Hanford, rate recreational uses and NERP as their highest preferred land use, and feel that INEEL is more suited for most land uses than Handford. Overall rankings for future land uses were remarkably similar between the sites, indicating that for these stakeholders, DOE lands should be preserved for research and recreation. These preferences should be taken into account when planning for long-term stewardship at these two DOE sites.

背景与目标： : 随着冷战的结束，能源部 (DOE) 正在评估任务，未来土地使用和部门设施的管理。本文比较了在爱达荷州刘易斯顿接受采访的351人对汉福德遗址和爱达荷州国家工程与环境实验室 (INEEL) 的环境问题和未来使用偏好，这是能源部最大的两个遗址。尽管大多数受试者比INEEL居住在汉福德附近，但大多数人与INEEL居住在同一州。因此，他们的经济利益可能与INEEL紧密相关，而他们的健康问题可能与Hanford更相关。很少有人住在离这两个地点足够近的地方，直接受到经济影响。我们检验了零假设，即环境问题和未来土地使用偏好与DOE地点，性别，年龄和教育程度无关。当被要求列出他们对这些地点的主要担忧时，与INEEL相比，更多的人列出了人类健康和安全以及对汉福德的环境担忧。当被要求列出他们未来的首选土地用途时，49% 的受试者没有INEEL，而只有35% 不知道Hanford。这两个地点的最高首选土地用途是作为国家环境研究公园 (NERP)，以及露营，狩猎，远足和钓鱼。除了将土地归还给部落和增加核储存外，受试者认为INEEL的所有未来用途都比Hanford更受欢迎。综上所述，这些数据表明，接受采访的人更了解汉福德，更关心汉福德，将娱乐用途和NERP视为他们最喜欢的土地用途，并且认为INEEL比Handford更适合大多数土地用途。这些地点之间未来土地用途的总体排名非常相似，这表明对于这些利益相关者，应保留能源部土地以进行研究和娱乐。在这两个DOE站点进行长期管理时，应考虑这些偏好。