BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Experiencing aggressive behaviour has been associated with increased stress and turnover among staff who support adults with intellectual disabilities. Incident perception is a strong predictor of psychological outcomes after trauma but has not been studied in this staff group. This study clustered exposure to aggression and endorsement of emotional difficulties among 386 community residential group home staff and evaluated the contribution of four behavioural topographies to staff-rated perceived severity. Staff exposure varied considerably. Perceived severity correlated with subjective emotional difficulties. High perceived severity was associated with daily exposure, aggression towards others causing injury, and property aggression causing injury or damage. Therefore, the role the staff plays, whether a witness or target, may impact their experience.

背景与目标： : 经历攻击性行为与支持智障成年人的工作人员压力和更替增加有关。事件感知是创伤后心理结果的有力预测指标，但尚未在该员工组中进行研究。这项研究将386社区居民团体家庭工作人员攻击和认可情绪困难的情况集中在一起，并评估了四种行为地形对工作人员感知严重程度的贡献。员工暴露差异很大。感知的严重程度与主观情绪困难相关。高度感知的严重程度与日常暴露，对他人的侵略造成伤害以及财产攻击造成伤害或损害有关。因此，工作人员扮演的角色，无论是证人还是目标，都可能影响他们的经历。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Health surveys, studies on physical symptom reporting, and medical registration of physical complaints find consistent sex differences in symptom reporting, with women having the higher rates. By and large, this female excess of physical symptoms is independent from the symptom measure, response format and time frame used, and the population under study. As most studies concern healthy individuals, the sex difference can not simply be attributed to a greater physical morbidity in women. In this paper we propose a number of explanations for this phenomenon, based on a biopsychosocial perspective on symptom perception. We discuss a symptom perception model that brings together factors and processes from the extant literature which are thought to affect symptom reporting, such as somatic information, selection of information through attention and distraction, attribution of somatic sensations, and the personality factors somatisation and negative affectivity. Finally, we discuss the explanations for sex differences in physical symptoms that arise from the model.

背景与目标： 健康调查，身体症状报告研究和身体不适的医疗登记发现，症状报告中的性别差异一致，女性的比率更高。总的来说，这种女性过度的身体症状与症状度量，反应格式和使用的时间范围以及所研究的人群无关。由于大多数研究都涉及健康个体，因此性别差异不能简单地归因于女性的身体发病率更高。在本文中，我们基于症状感知的生物心理社会观点，对这种现象提出了许多解释。我们讨论了一种症状感知模型，该模型将现有文献中的因素和过程汇集在一起，这些因素和过程被认为会影响症状报告，例如躯体信息，通过注意力和分心选择信息，躯体感觉的归因以及人格因素躯体化和负面情感。最后，我们讨论了模型引起的身体症状性别差异的解释。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although 70% of people with epilepsy (PWE) achieve seizure freedom following an appropriate antiepileptic drug (AED) regime, evidence suggests that adherence to AEDs by PWE is suboptimal. Nonadherence to AEDs is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations, with reduced adherence also correlating to a lower quality of life, decreased productivity, and loss of employment. Furthermore, research indicates that medication errors which are widespread in chronic disease are less well studied in epilepsy but are likely also to contribute to avoidable disease morbidity and mortality. The goals of this project were to determine rates of medication adherence by self-reported questionnaire and its links to perceived medication error in a cohort of PWE attending a general epilepsy outpatient clinic. Following a plan-do-study-act cycle, it was found that the most appropriate methodology for conducting was in the form of a bespoke 9-item self-administered questionnaire. One hundred eighty-six PWE completed a nine-question questionnaire asking patients about their own medication adherence habits and their perception that they were previously exposed to medication error. This study found that 41% of respondents reported suboptimal adherence to AED therapy, while 28.5% of respondents self-reported that they unintentionally do not take their AED medication on an occasional, regular, or frequent basis. A 5.9% of respondents self-reported that they intentionally do not take their medication as prescribed. A 6% of respondents self-reported that they are both unintentionally and intentionally nonadherent to their AED therapy. No significant associations were demonstrated between age, sex, perceived effectiveness of medication, feelings of stigma/embarrassment, adverse effects or additional neurological comorbidities, and unintentional or intentional nonadherence. A 28.5% of respondents to the questionnaire reported that they perceived themselves to have been subjected to medication error. Prescribing errors were the most common form of perceived medication error, followed by dispensing errors, then administration errors. Significant associations were found between ineffective medication and feelings of stigma or embarrassment about epilepsy with perceived prescribing errors. Intentional nonadherence to medication was significantly associated with perceived dispensing errors.

背景与目标： : 尽管有70% 的癫痫患者在适当的抗癫痫药物 (AED) 治疗后获得了癫痫发作的自由，但有证据表明，对PWE对AED的依从性是次优的。不遵守aed与发病率，死亡率，急诊就诊和住院有关，依从性降低还与生活质量降低，生产力下降和失业有关。此外，研究表明，在慢性病中普遍存在的药物错误在癫痫中的研究较少，但也可能导致可避免的疾病发病率和死亡率。该项目的目标是通过自我报告的问卷来确定药物依从性的比率，并确定其与参加普通癫痫门诊的PWE队列中感知到的药物错误的联系。在计划-做-研究-行动周期之后，发现最合适的方法是定制的9项自我管理问卷的形式。一百八十六个pww完成了一个九个问题的问卷调查，询问患者自己的药物依从性习惯以及他们以前曾暴露于药物错误的感觉。这项研究发现，41% 的受访者报告对AED治疗的依从性不佳，而28.5% 的受访者自我报告说，他们无意地不定期，定期或频繁地服用AED药物。5.9% 受访者自我报告说，他们故意不按规定服用药物。6% 受访者自我报告说，他们无意地和有意地不遵守AED疗法。年龄，性别，药物治疗的有效性，耻辱感/尴尬感，不良反应或其他神经系统合并症以及无意或有意的不依从性之间没有显着关联。问卷调查的28.5% 受访者报告说，他们认为自己遭受了用药错误。处方错误是感知到的药物错误的最常见形式，其次是配药错误，然后是给药错误。发现无效药物与对癫痫的污名或尴尬感与处方错误之间存在显着关联。故意不坚持用药与感知到的配药错误显着相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An ongoing exploratory development program on visual perception and control in high-speed low-altitude flight is being conducted by the Human Engineering Division of the Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. This paper begins with a discussion of the necessity of vision for low-altitude flight; proceeds to an analysis of objectives, strategies, and issues in designing a comprehensive research program; presents an overview of several experiments in support of the effort; and ends with a discussion of perceptual information. One of the simulator experiments involves the use of a non-mimetic task, flying at a zero altitude in the presence of strong gusts, in an effort to maximize adaptation to the low-altitude environment. Implications for simulator use are discussed.

背景与目标： : 阿姆斯特朗航空航天医学研究实验室的人类工程部正在进行一项有关高速低空飞行中视觉感知和控制的探索性开发计划。本文首先讨论了低空飞行的视觉必要性; 继续分析设计综合研究计划的目标，策略和问题; 概述了支持这项工作的几个实验; 最后讨论了感知信息。其中一个模拟器实验涉及使用非模拟任务，在强烈阵风的情况下以零高度飞行，以最大程度地适应低空环境。讨论了模拟器使用的含义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Surgery for spinal stenosis is a frequent procedure in elderly patients. Presentation, hospital course, and outcome of disease including pain perception may vary among patients of different ethnic origin. OBJECTIVES:To evaluate whether differences in various medical indicators can explain differences in pain perception between two ethnic groups. METHODS:We conducted a case-control study on the experience of two spinal units treating a mixed Arab and Jewish population, and compared the data on 85 Arab and 189 Jewish patients undergoing spinal lumbar surgery. RESULTS:Arab patients were younger (P = 0.027), less educated (P < 0.001), had a higher body mass index (P = 0.004) and included a higher proportion of diabetics (P = 0.013). Preoperative pain intensity (P = 0.023) and functional disability (P = 0.005) were more prominent, and factors associated with pre- or postoperative pain perception differed between the two ethnic groups. Despite these differences, results on follow-up were similar with respect to pain perception and level of disability. CONCLUSIONS:A better understanding of ethnic differences is crucial for predicting surgery outcomes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Outrage factors are perceived characteristics of risk that provoke emotional responses and influence risk perception by individuals. We investigated outrage factors that are associated with risk perception regarding fine dust. A nationwide online survey (N = 1,000) measured the magnitude of 14 perceived outrage factors and media use in a South Korean population. As a result, the hypothetical three outrage factors of personal stake, dread, and moral nature were found to be influential. The risk perception increased when people perceived that the environmental hazard has personal implications or is associated with fearful images and irresponsible government/corporate actions. The risk perception was also heightened when fine dust was thought to cause large-scale damage to many people simultaneously. Those using news media frequently showed higher risk perception than those using it less frequently. However, heavy media users were affected to a lesser degree by the outrage effects voluntariness and effects on children. The implications of the direct and indirect outrage effect are discussed in light of risk perception studies.

背景与目标： : 愤怒因素是引起个人情绪反应并影响风险感知的风险感知特征。我们调查了与细尘的风险感知相关的愤怒因素。一项全国性的在线调查 (N = 1,000) 测量了韩国人口中14种感知到的愤怒因素和媒体使用的程度。结果，假设的个人利益，恐惧和道德本质这三个愤怒因素被发现具有影响力。当人们意识到环境危害具有个人影响或与可怕的图像和不负责任的政府/公司行为有关时，风险意识会增加。当细尘被认为会同时对许多人造成大规模损害时，风险意识也得到了提高。与使用新闻媒体的人相比，使用新闻媒体的人经常表现出更高的风险感知。但是，大量媒体用户受到的愤怒影响较小，对自愿性和对儿童的影响较小。根据风险感知研究讨论了直接和间接愤怒效应的含义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of variation in speaking rate on relative nasal airflow (percent nasal flow) and on the perception of nasality were examined. In addition, the effects of gender and speech rate elicitation techniques (metronome-controlled, self-controlled) were examined. Nineteen normal speakers each produced a stimulus phrase containing nonnasal sounds. Oral and nasal airflows were measured using the Rothenberg aerodynamic system. Results indicated that percent nasal flow and perception of nasality were both greater at slow speaking rates compared to normal and fast rates. Males were perceived as more nasal than females. The metronome-controlled rates were associated with greater nasality than the self-controlled rates. Discussion focuses on physiological correlates to these findings.

背景与目标： : 检查了说话率的变化对相对鼻气流 (鼻气流百分比) 和对鼻知觉的影响。此外，还检查了性别和言语速率激发技术 (节拍器控制，自我控制) 的影响。19名普通演讲者各自产生一个包含非鼻音的刺激短语。使用Rothenberg空气动力学系统测量口腔和鼻气流。结果表明，与正常和快速速度相比，慢速说话时的鼻流量百分比和鼻感觉均更高。男性被认为比女性更鼻音。节拍器控制率比自我控制率更高。讨论的重点是与这些发现相关的生理学。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With the ending of the Cold War, the Department of Energy (DOE) is evaluating mission, future land use and stewardship of departmental facilities. This paper compares the environmental concerns and future use preferences of 351 people interviewed at Lewiston, Idaho, about the Hanford Site and Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), two of DOE's largest sites. Although most subjects lived closer to Hanford than INEEL, most resided in the same state as INEEL. Therefore their economic interests might be more closely allied with INEEL, while their health concerns might be more related to Hanford. Few lived close enough to either site to be directly affected economically. We test the null hypotheses that there are no differences in environmental concerns and future land-use preferences as a function of DOE site, sex, age and education. When asked to list their major concerns about the sites, more people listed human health and safety, and environmental concerns about Hanford compared to INEEL. When asked to list their preferred future land uses, 49% of subjects did not have any for INEEL, whereas only 35% did not know for Hanford. The highest preferred land uses for both sites were as a National Environmental Research Park (NERP), and for camping, hunting, hiking, and fishing. Except for returning the land to the tribes and increased nuclear storage, subjects rated all future uses as more preferred at INEEL than Hanford. Taken together, these data suggest that the people interviewed know more about Hanford, are more concerned about Hanford, rate recreational uses and NERP as their highest preferred land use, and feel that INEEL is more suited for most land uses than Handford. Overall rankings for future land uses were remarkably similar between the sites, indicating that for these stakeholders, DOE lands should be preserved for research and recreation. These preferences should be taken into account when planning for long-term stewardship at these two DOE sites.

背景与目标： : 随着冷战的结束，能源部 (DOE) 正在评估任务，未来土地使用和部门设施的管理。本文比较了在爱达荷州刘易斯顿接受采访的351人对汉福德遗址和爱达荷州国家工程与环境实验室 (INEEL) 的环境问题和未来使用偏好，这是能源部最大的两个遗址。尽管大多数受试者比INEEL居住在汉福德附近，但大多数人与INEEL居住在同一州。因此，他们的经济利益可能与INEEL紧密相关，而他们的健康问题可能与Hanford更相关。很少有人住在离这两个地点足够近的地方，直接受到经济影响。我们检验了零假设，即环境问题和未来土地使用偏好与DOE地点，性别，年龄和教育程度无关。当被要求列出他们对这些地点的主要担忧时，与INEEL相比，更多的人列出了人类健康和安全以及对汉福德的环境担忧。当被要求列出他们未来的首选土地用途时，49% 的受试者没有INEEL，而只有35% 不知道Hanford。这两个地点的最高首选土地用途是作为国家环境研究公园 (NERP)，以及露营，狩猎，远足和钓鱼。除了将土地归还给部落和增加核储存外，受试者认为INEEL的所有未来用途都比Hanford更受欢迎。综上所述，这些数据表明，接受采访的人更了解汉福德，更关心汉福德，将娱乐用途和NERP视为他们最喜欢的土地用途，并且认为INEEL比Handford更适合大多数土地用途。这些地点之间未来土地用途的总体排名非常相似，这表明对于这些利益相关者，应保留能源部土地以进行研究和娱乐。在这两个DOE站点进行长期管理时，应考虑这些偏好。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The question of whether perceived sensation correlates with medical tests was examined using data from the ProKlimA project (1994-1999) in which sensory perception and medical examination of Sick Building Syndrome related complaints were examined in 14 office buildings across Germany. Within the ProKlimA study, a subsample of 817 persons participated in ophthalmological examinations; dermatological tests were conducted on 925 persons using serni quantitative dermatological methods. Participants of both sub-samples responded to a questionnaire assessing sensory perception over 6 sub-scales (eyes, skin nose, mouth, throat and nervous systems) consisting of 9 to 11 items per sub-scale. Non-parametric analysis revealed a significant association between medical tests of symptoms and self-reported complaints regarding skin/eyes. Break up time, a measure of tear film stability, appeared to be the best indicator for self-reported eye complaints. In terms of skin symptoms, low sebaceous secretion and/or low stratum corneum hydration was associated significantly with increased skin complaints. But not all items of the sensory perception modules reflected the medical diagnoses in the same way. For instance the items "rough skin" and "dry skin" described the medical diagnosis "low sebum content" better than "irritated skin", "rash" or "spotty skin". However, sensory perception modules differed in their relationship to medical tests, so that questionnaires may be used as indicators not as substitutes for medical test data. The choice of method has to be determined by the purpose of the research project.

背景与目标： : 使用ProKlimA项目 (1994-1999) 的数据检查了感知感觉是否与医学测试相关的问题，该项目在德国的14座办公楼中检查了与病态建筑综合症相关的投诉的感觉感知和医学检查。在ProKlimA研究中，817人的子样本参加了眼科检查; 使用serni定量皮肤病学方法对925人进行了皮肤病学测试。两个子样本的参与者都回答了一份问卷，该问卷评估了6个子量表 (眼睛，皮肤鼻子，嘴巴，喉咙和神经系统) 的感官感知，每个子量表由9至11个项目组成。非参数分析显示，症状的医学测试与自我报告的皮肤/眼睛投诉之间存在显着关联。破裂时间 (一种衡量泪膜稳定性的指标) 似乎是自我报告的眼部不适的最佳指标。就皮肤症状而言，皮脂腺分泌低和/或角质层水合低与皮肤不适增加显着相关。但是，并非所有感官感知模块的项目都以相同的方式反映了医学诊断。例如，“皮肤粗糙” 和 “皮肤干燥” 项目描述的医学诊断 “皮脂含量低” 比 “受刺激的皮肤”，“皮疹” 或 “斑点皮肤” 更好。但是，感觉感知模块与医学测试的关系有所不同，因此问卷可以用作指标，而不是替代医学测试数据。方法的选择必须由研究项目的目的决定。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The influences of different action-outcome scenarios on children's evaluative judgments and inferences of outcome intentionality were assessed. One hundred forty-five kindergartners, 2nd graders, and 4th graders heard 4 stories about child actors who engaged in 1 action or 3 equifinal actions and caused a positive or negative outcome. The stories made no mention of the actors' anticipated outcome so that we could assess the children's inferences of whether the actors wanted and had tried to cause the outcome. Children also rated their liking for the actors and the actors' morality. Children's moral and liking judgments were not significantly differentiated by action condition. However, actors who caused positive outcomes received favorable liking and moral judgments, and actors who caused negative outcomes received neutral liking and moral judgments. Children's intentionality inferences varied by the actors' actions and were moderated by outcome valence. The authors discuss children's apparent use of the valence rule when inferring intentionality and their reluctance to judge harshly actors who cause negative outcomes when not privy to the actors' intentions.

背景与目标： : 评估了不同行动结果情景对儿童评价判断和结果意图推断的影响。一百四十五名幼儿园，二年级学生和四年级学生听到了4个关于儿童演员的故事，这些儿童演员参与了1个动作或3个等值动作，并产生了积极或消极的结果。这些故事没有提及演员的预期结果，因此我们可以评估孩子们对演员是否想要并试图导致结果的推断。孩子们还对演员和演员的道德水平进行了评价。儿童的道德和喜好判断在行动条件下没有显着区别。但是，造成积极结果的演员获得了有利的喜好和道德判断，造成消极结果的演员获得了中立的喜好和道德判断。儿童的故意推断因演员的行为而异，并受结果价的调节。作者讨论了儿童在推断故意性时明显使用价规则的情况，以及他们不愿评判严厉的演员，这些演员在不考虑演员的意图时会导致负面结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Lightness perception has mainly been studied with static scenes so far. This study presents four experiments investigating lightness perception under dynamic illumination conditions. We asked participants for lightness matches of a virtual three-dimensional target moving through a light field while their eye movements were recorded. We found that the target appeared differently, depending on the direction of motion in the light field and its precise position in the light field. Lightness was also strongly affected by the choice of fixation positions with the spatiotemporal image sequence. Overall, lightness constancy was improved when observers could freely view the object, over when they were forced to fixate certain regions. Our results show that dynamic scenes and nonuniform light fields are particularly challenging for our visual system. Eye movements in such scenarios are chosen to improve lightness constancy.

背景与目标： : 到目前为止，亮度感知主要是用静态场景来研究的。这项研究提出了四个实验，研究了动态照明条件下的亮度感知。我们要求参与者在记录他们的眼球运动时，通过光场移动的虚拟三维目标的亮度匹配。我们发现目标的出现方式有所不同，这取决于光场中运动的方向及其在光场中的精确位置。亮度也受到时空图像序列固定位置选择的强烈影响。总体而言，当观察者可以自由观看物体时，比被迫固定某些区域时，亮度恒定性得到了改善。我们的结果表明，动态场景和不均匀的光场对我们的视觉系统特别具有挑战性。选择这种情况下的眼球运动来提高亮度恒定性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect 3-8% of febrile children annually, but correctly diagnosing UTI in young children can present a challenge. Diagnosis requires a non-contaminated urine sample, which requires catheterization or suprapubic aspiration in infants and young children that have not completed toilet training. To improve adherence to these guidelines, it is critical to understand the barriers to urine testing and catheterization. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to investigate parental perception of pediatric UTI evaluation to better understand factors that impede urine testing prior to treatment of suspected UTI. STUDY DESIGN:We conducted an electronic, cross-sectional survey via social media targeting parents of children with a history of UTI. Participants were queried regarding demographics, urine specimen collection method, factors influencing urine collection method, and perception of the experience. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with catheterization distress and urine testing. RESULTS:Of 2726 survey respondents, > 80% were female and White; 74% of the children with a history of UTI were female. Fifty-six percent of parents perceived extreme distress with catheterization. Among parents whose child was catheterized, extreme distress was less likely perceived if the parent was White (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9) or if the child was circumcised (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.4-0.98). Among those whose child was not catheterized, extreme distress was more likely if parents had a college education (OR 3.2, 95% CI 2.2-4.5) and the child was more than 1 year old (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.5). Catheterization was less likely to be withheld if parents had a college education (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.1-0.2), and if the child was circumcised (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.8) or had only one UTI (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.8) (Table). DISCUSSION:Parental education level, child age, and circumcision status play an important role in the subjective distress associated with catheterization. This highlights the substantial impact of parental factors on adherence to guidelines for children suspected of UTI. For example, college-educated parents were more likely to be offered catheterization. However, these parents are also more likely to associate the catheterization experience with extreme distress, possibly limiting their likelihood of consent to this procedure. More studies are required to better understand the impact of these factors on catheterization. But, it is clear that parental input has a substantial impact on the evaluation of their child's suspected UTI.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To examine the hypothesis that lifetime suicide attempts in a sample of depressed individuals is greater among those who remember their parents as rejecting or neglecting in childhood. METHOD:Database analyses of patients referred to a public hospital Mood Disorders Unit in Sydney, over a consecutive 10-year period. Patients met DSM-IV criteria for depression, had completed a self-report questionnaire regarding perception of parental rearing, and had responded to a probe question assessing lifetime suicide attempts (n = 343). RESULTS:Female patients who perceived themselves as rejected/neglected by either parent in childhood had a greater chance of making at least one lifetime suicide attempt. No such associations were found for males. CONCLUSION:Perception of rejecting/neglectful parents was associated with lifetime suicide attempts in females only, inviting research explicating any such gender specificity.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The visual and vestibular systems begin functioning early in life. However, it is unclear whether young infants perceive the dynamic world based on the retinal coordinate (egocentric reference frame) or the environmental coordinate (allocentric reference frame) when they encounter incongruence between frames of reference due to changes in body position. In this study, we performed the habituation-dishabituation procedure to assess novelty detection in a visual display, and a change in body position was included between the habituation and dishabituation phases in order to test whether infants dishabituate to the change in stimulus on the retinal or environmental coordinate. Twenty infants aged 3-4 months were placed in the right-side-down position (RSDp) and habituated to an animated human-like character that walked horizontally in the environmental frame of reference. Subsequently, their body position was changed in the roll plane. Ten infants were repositioned to the upright position (UPp) and the rest, to the RSDp after rotation. In the test phase, the displays that were spatially identical to those shown in the habituation phase and 90 degrees rotated displays were alternately presented, and visual preference was examined. The results revealed that infants looked longer at changes in the display on the retinal coordinate than at changes in the display on the environmental coordinate. This suggests that changes in body position from lying to upright produced incongruence of the egocentric and allocentric reference frames for perception of dynamic visual displays and that infants may rely more on the egocentric reference frame.

背景与目标： : 视觉和前庭系统在生命早期开始运作。但是，尚不清楚当婴儿由于身体位置的变化而在参照系之间遇到不一致时，是否基于视网膜坐标 (以自我为中心的参照系) 或环境坐标 (以位置为中心的参照系) 感知动态世界。在这项研究中，我们执行了习惯性-不习惯性程序以评估视觉显示中的新颖性检测，并且在习惯性和不习惯性阶段之间包括了身体位置的变化，以测试婴儿是否不适应视网膜或环境坐标上的刺激变化。将20名3-4个月大的婴儿放在右侧向下的位置 (RSDp)，并习惯于在环境参照系中水平行走的类似动画的人物。随后，它们的身体位置在侧倾平面上发生了变化。旋转后，将10名婴儿重新定位到直立位置 (UPp)，其余的则重新定位到RSDp。在测试阶段，交替呈现与习惯阶段显示的空间相同的显示器和旋转90度的显示器，并检查视觉偏好。结果显示，婴儿在视网膜坐标上显示的变化比在环境坐标上显示的变化更长。这表明，从躺着到直立的身体位置变化会导致以自我为中心和以自我为中心的参考系对动态视觉显示的感知不一致，并且婴儿可能更多地依赖以自我为中心的参考系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We introduce two propositions for understanding top-down effects on perception. First, perception is not a unitary construct but is composed of multiple components. Second, behavior is multiply determined by cognitive processes. We call for a process-oriented research approach to perception and use our own research on moral perception as a "case study of case studies" to examine these issues.

背景与目标： : 我们引入两个命题来理解自上而下对感知的影响。首先，感知不是一个单一的结构，而是由多个组成部分组成。其次，行为是由认知过程决定的。我们呼吁以过程为导向的感知研究方法，并将自己对道德感知的研究作为 “案例研究的案例研究” 来研究这些问题。