BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), due to their persistence and bioconcentration in lipid-rich tissue, bioaccumulate in food chains, resulting in elevated concentrations in humans. This study was performed to determine and compare levels of POPs in human adipose and muscle tissues in the female population of Singapore. In total, 36 human adipose tissues and 8 human muscle tissues were collected from volunteer expectant mothers admitted to the National University Hospital Singapore for cesarean section delivery between August 2003 and January 2005. Samples were analyzed using a validated and quality-assured gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method in conjunction with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Analytes recoveries from certified reference materials, that is, IRMM-446 (polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs] in pork fat) and BCR-430 (organochlorine pesticides in pork fat), were between 70 and 130%, indicating reliable analytical precision for this methodology. MAE efficiency for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was compared to Soxhlet extraction (SE) efficiency and yielded comparable results (variation < 13%). Analytical results indicate that p,p'-DDE of the dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) residues group is the predominant compound in adipose tissue, followed by beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) among HCH isomers, then hexachlorobenzene (HCB) compound and specific PCB and PBDE congeners. Among the 36 adipose tissues, the lipid contents in adipose tissue were in the range of 60% to 95%, while in the 8 muscle tissues, lipids were undetectable. However, the profile of PCBs and pesticide residues present in muscle tissues were similar to those in adipose tissues.

背景与目标： ：持久性有机污染物（POPs）由于其在富含脂质的组织中的持久性和生物浓度而在食物链中生物富集，从而导致人类体内的污染物浓度升高。进行这项研究是为了确定和比较新加坡女性人口中人类脂肪和肌肉组织中的持久性有机污染物水平。在2003年8月至2005年1月间，从新加坡国立大学医院剖宫产的自愿孕妇中收集了36种人体脂肪组织和8种人体肌肉组织。光谱法（GC-MS）与微波辅助萃取（MAE）结合使用。从经认证的参考材料（猪肉脂肪中的多氯联苯[PCB]）和BCR-430（猪肉脂肪中的有机氯农药）中分析物的回收率在70％至130％之间，表明该方法的可靠分析精度。将多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的MAE效率与索氏提取（SE）效率进行比较，得出可比较的结果（差异<13％）。分析结果表明，二氯二苯基三氯乙烷（DDT）残基组的p，p'-DDE是脂肪组织中的主要化合物，其次是HCH异构体中的β-六氯环己烷（beta-HCH），然后是六氯苯（HCB）化合物和特定的PCB和PBDE同系物。在这36个脂肪组织中，脂肪组织中的脂质含量在60％至95％的范围内，而在8个肌肉组织中，脂质却未检出。但是，肌肉组织中存在的多氯联苯和农药残留的情况与脂肪组织中的情况相似。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cefpodoxime proxetil is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic demonstrates pH dependent solubility and is highly soluble only in acidic pH. The purpose of this investigation was to design and develop immediate release tablets of cefpodoxime proxetil by direct compression method and determine the effect of different solid buffers (organic acids) such as fumaric acid (formulations F1-F4), maleic acid (formulations M1-M4) and citric acid (formulations C1-C4) by using cefpodoxime and acid in the ratios of 4:1, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 to achieve pH-independent release of the drug. Physical parameters and assay were found to be within the acceptable range as prescribed in USP 36 / NF 31. In vitro dissolution studies of each formulation were performed in distilled water, USP dissolution medium, HCl buffer solution of pH 1.2, phosphate buffer solutions of pH 4.5 and 6.8 to observe the drug release. The formulations F3, F4, M4 were selected for film coating on the basis of better drug release profile, to protect the drug from chemical degradation through hydrolysis. Film coated formulation F3, F4 and M4 showed a remarkable in vitro release of the drug (72.88±0.43 to 92.67±0.71%) within 30min of observation in all dissolution media and further evaluated by model independent and model dependent approaches. The drug release was found to be best fit to Weibull model as highest r2adjusted (0.924-0.998) and lowest AIC (18.416-54.710) values were obtained in all dissolution media. R Gui® applied for stability studies of F3 and F4 formulations, showing shelf lives of 28 & 27months at ambient and 33 months at accelerated temperatures. Formulation F4 was chosen as best formulation on the basis of physical properties, highest dissolution rate and stability studies.

背景与目标： ：头孢泊肟酯是第三代头孢菌素抗生素，显示出pH依赖性溶解度，仅在酸性pH值下高度可溶。这项研究的目的是通过直接压缩方法设计和开发头孢泊肟肟酯的速释片，并确定不同的固体缓冲剂（有机酸）如富马酸（配方F1-F4），马来酸（配方M1-M4）的作用）和柠檬酸（配方C1-C4），使用头孢泊肟和酸的比例为4：1、2：1、1：1和1：2，以实现不依赖pH值的药物释放。发现物理参数和测定均在USP 36 / NF 31规定的可接受范围内。每种制剂的体外溶出度研究是在蒸馏水，USP溶出介质，pH 1.2的HCl缓冲溶液，pH 1.2的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中进行的。 4.5和6.8观察药物释放情况。基于更好的药物释放曲线，选择制剂F3，F4，M4进行薄膜包衣，以保护药物免受水解的化学降解。薄膜包衣的制剂F3，F4和M4在观察到的30分钟内在所有溶出介质中均显示出显着的药物体外释放（72.88±0.43至92.67±0.71％），并通过模型独立和模型依赖的方法进行了进一步评估。发现在所有溶出介质中均获得了最高的r2调整值（0.924-0.998）和最低的AIC值（18.416-54.710），从而使药物释放最适合于Weibull模型。 RGui®应用于F3和F4配方的稳定性研究，在室温下的保质期为28和27个月，在加速温度下的保质期为33个月。根据物理性能，最高的溶出速率和稳定性研究，选择配方F4作为最佳配方。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Organic matter amendments are applied to contaminated soil to provide a better habitat for re-vegetation and remediation, and olive mill waste compost (OMWC) has been described as a promising material for this aim. We report here the results of an incubation experiment carried out in flooded conditions to study its influence in As and metal solubility in a trace elements contaminated soil. NPK fertilisation and especially organic amendment application resulted in increased As, Se and Cu concentrations in pore water. Independent of the amendment, dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) was the most abundant As species in solution. The application of OMWC increased pore water dissolved organic-carbon (DOC) concentrations, which may explain the observed mobilisation of As, Cu and Se; phosphate added in NPK could also be in part responsible of the mobilisation caused in As. Therefore, the application of soil amendments in mine soils may be particularly problematic in flooded systems.

背景与目标： ：有机物改良剂用于受污染的土壤，以提供更好的生境和植被修复环境，橄榄磨碎料（OMWC）被描述为实现这一目标的有前途的材料。我们在此报告在淹没条件下进行的孵化实验的结果，以研究其在微量元素污染土壤中的砷和金属溶解度的影响。氮磷钾施肥，尤其是有机改良剂的施用导致孔隙水中砷，硒和铜的浓度增加。独立于修订案，二甲基砷酸（DMA）是溶液中最丰富的As物种。 OMWC的应用增加了孔隙水溶解有机碳（DOC）的浓度，这可以解释观察到的As，Cu和Se的迁移。氮磷钾中添加的磷酸也可能部分负责砷中的动员。因此，在水淹系统中，在土壤中使用土壤改良剂可能特别成问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pleurotus eryngii is a nutritional and medicinal food rich in polysaccharides that enhance the host immune system as a response to various diseases. The present study investigated the effects of P. eryngii extracts (PEE) on the progress of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). We evaluated skin dermatitis severity, ear thickness, histopathological examination, and cytokines level in DNCB-applied mice treated with PEE. Continuous treatment of PEE inhibited the development of the AD-like skin lesions. PEE suppressed DNCB-induced dermatitis severity, serum level of IgE and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and mRNA expression of TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in mice. In addition, PEE reduced thickness of the dermis and dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells and mast cells in histopathological examination. These results indicate that PEE inhibits allergic contact dermatitis through the modulating of T helper (Th)1 and Th2 responses and diminishing the inflammatory cells and mast cells infiltration in the skin lesions in NC/Nga mice.

背景与目标： 杏鲍菇（Pururotus eryngii）是一种营养和药用食品，富含多糖，可增强宿主的免疫系统，以应对各种疾病。本研究调查了杏鲍菇提取物（PEE）对2,4-二硝基氯苯（DNCB）诱导的NC / Nga小鼠特应性皮炎（AD）样皮肤病变进展的影响。我们评估了用PEE治疗的DNCB应用小鼠的皮肤皮炎严重程度，耳朵厚度，组织病理学检查和细胞因子水平。 PEE的持续治疗抑制了AD样皮肤病变的发展。 PEE抑制了DNCB引起的皮炎的严重性，小鼠的IgE和胸腺的血清水平以及激活调节的趋化因子（TARC）以及TNF-α，INF-γ，IL-4，IL-5和IL-13的mRNA表达。另外，在组织病理学检查中，PEE减少了真皮的厚度以及炎性细胞和肥大细胞的真皮浸润。这些结果表明，PEE通过调节T辅助（Th）1和Th2反应并减少NC / Nga小鼠皮肤病变中的炎症细胞和肥大细胞浸润来抑制过敏性接触性皮炎。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) favours cholesterol loading in macrophages and formation of "foam cells", typical of the early atheroma lesions. LDL cholesterol oxidation generates oxysterols, extremely cytotoxic molecular species with diverse biological activities. Vegetable polyphenols are dietary components of pharmacological interest for their anti-oxidant properties. Ginkgo biloba L. (Gingkoaceae) leaves and Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae) fruits are known for their beneficial effects in the treatment of various diseases involving free radicals and oxidative damage to biological lipids. In this study we investigated the effect of Ginkgo biloba L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. extracts on the formation of cholesterol oxides during the photo induced oxidation of human LDL. The results demonstrate a concentration dependent inhibition of oxysterol formation in the presence of both extracts. Protection against oxidation was confirmed by the partial restoration of the normal electrophoretic mobility of LDL, which has been influenced by the UV irradiation. These effects extend knowledge of the therapeutic action of Ginkgo biloba L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. as agents in anti-atherosclerotic regimens.

背景与目标： 低密度脂蛋白（LDL）的氧化有助于巨噬细胞中的胆固醇负载和形成“泡沫细胞”，这是早期动脉粥样硬化病变的典型表现。 LDL胆固醇的氧化产生氧固醇，这是具有多种生物活性的极具细胞毒性的分子物种。植物多酚因其抗氧化性能而成为具有药理学意义的饮食成分。银杏叶（Gingkoaceae）叶和牛痘越桔（Ericaceae）水果因其在治疗多种疾病中的有益作用而广为人知，这些疾病涉及自由基和对生物脂质的氧化损伤。在这项研究中，我们研究了银杏叶提取物和牛痘越桔提取物在光诱导人LDL氧化过程中对胆固醇氧化物形成的影响。结果表明在两种提取物存在下，浓度依赖性抑制氧固醇的形成。 LDL的正常电泳迁移率已部分恢复，这证实了抗氧化的作用，该迁移率已受到紫外线辐射的影响。这些作用扩展了银杏叶和越桔越桔作为抗动脉粥样硬化治疗剂的治疗作用的知识。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Amendments of olive orchard soil with two different preparations of olive mill solid waste (OMWMs) at the rate of 9tonha(-1) per year for five years in two different plots were compared with an industry standard soil amendment using urea. Both the OMWMs amendments showed significant increases in total organic carbon and humic substances in soil of approximately 40% and 58%, respectively, without negative effects on tree growth and yield. This work has shown that olive oil mill waste (OMW) can be recycled safely using the bioremediation system used in this study. We suggest that this system is particularly beneficial to organic farming and is an alternative solution to direct spreading of raw OMW on farm lands.

背景与目标： ：在两种不同的土地上，以每年9tonha（-1）的速率在两种不同的土地上对两种不同的橄榄磨固体废物（OMWMs）进行的橄榄果园土壤改良，与使用尿素的工业标准土壤改良剂进行了比较。两项OMWM修正案均显示土壤中的总有机碳和腐殖质分别显着增加了约40％和58％，而对树木的生长和产量没有负面影响。这项工作表明，使用本研究中使用的生物修复系统可以安全地回收橄榄油厂废料（OMW）。我们建议该系统特别有利于有机耕作，是直接将原始OMW散布在农田上的替代解决方案。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Regulatory agencies and photochemical models of ozone rely on self-reported industrial emission rates of organic gases. Incorrect self-reported emissions can severely impact on air quality models and regulatory decisions. We compared self-reported emissions of organic gases in Houston, Texas, to measurements at a receptor site near the Houston ship channel, a major petrochemical complex. We analyzed hourly observations of total nonmethane organic carbon and 54 hydrocarbon compounds from C-2 to C-9 for the period June through November, 1993. We were able to demonstrate severe inconsistencies between reported emissions and major sources as derived from the data using a multivariate receptor model. The composition and the location of the sources as deduced from the data are not consistent with the reported industrial emissions. On the other hand, our observationally based methods did correctly identify the location and composition of a relatively small nearby chemical plant. This paper provides strong empirical evidence that regulatory agencies and photochemical models are making predictions based on inaccurate industrial emissions.

背景与目标： ：臭氧的管理机构和光化学模型依赖于自我报告的工业有机气体排放率。不正确的自我报告排放会严重影响空气质量模型和法规决策。我们将得克萨斯州休斯敦的自报有机气体排放量与主要石化综合体休斯敦船舶航道附近的接收站的测量结果进行了比较。我们分析了1993年6月至1993年11月从C-2到C-9的总非甲烷有机碳和54种碳氢化合物的小时观测值。多元受体模型。从数据推论出的源的组成和位置与所报告的工业排放量不一致。另一方面，我们的基于观测的方法确实能够正确识别附近相对较小的化工厂的位置和组成。本文提供了有力的经验证据，表明监管机构和光化学模型正在基于不准确的工业排放量做出预测。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The chemistry and biology of organic natural guanidines are reviewed, including the isolation, structure determination, synthesis, biosynthesis and biological activities of alkaloids, non-ribosomal peptides, guanidine-bearing terpenes, polyketides and shikimic acid derivatives from natural sources.

背景与目标： ：综述了有机天然胍的化学和生物学，包括天然来源生物碱，非核糖体肽，带胍基的萜烯，聚酮化合物和iki草酸衍生物的分离，结构测定，合成，生物合成和生物活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Black tea is consumed worldwide and is believed to play a role in cancer prevention. Xerophilic aflatoxigenic fungi are highly hazardous contaminants of tea since they are associated with tea quality impairment and human health risk. The present study reports isolation of such xerophilic and aflatoxigenic fungi associated with marketed tea. Twenty different tea samples collected from the local markets of Tamilnadu, India were investigated for fungal contamination. The results indicated contamination by 0.38% Aspergillus flavus. Other common contaminant fungi including Penicillium spp. (0.30%), Pacelomyces spp. (0.14%), and Mucor spp. (0.19%) were also isolated. Amongst the fungi isolated Aspergillus niger ML01 and A. flavus ML02 were found to be xerophilic aflatoxigenic mycoflora. Phylogenetic analysis based on 28S rRNA revealed their close ancestry. The chloroform and acetone extracts of spices Elettaria cardamomum and Syzygium aromaticum exhibited antifungal inhibitory activity on growth and toxin elaboration of both these xerophilic tea contaminants A. niger ML01 and A. flavus ML02. The results advocate the use of these spices plant or their extracts as novel antimicrobials which may add preservation and flavour in marketed tea.

背景与目标： ：红茶在全球范围内消费，被认为在预防癌症中起作用。嗜黄曲霉毒素真菌是茶的高度有害污染物，因为它们与茶质量受损和人类健康风险相关。本研究报道了与市售茶相关的这种嗜干性和黄曲霉性真菌的分离。调查了从印度泰米尔纳德邦当地市场收集的20种不同茶叶样品中的真菌污染情况。结果表明被0.38％的黄曲霉污染。其他常见的污染真菌包括青霉菌。 （0.30％），Pacelomyces spp。 （0.14％）和Mucor spp。也分离出（0.19％）。在分离出的真菌中，发现黑曲霉ML01和黄曲霉ML02是嗜干性的黄曲霉毒素性分枝杆菌。基于28S rRNA的系统发育分析揭示了它们的近缘。香料小豆蔻（Elettaria cardamomum）和芳香蒲（Syzygiumaromaticum）的氯仿和丙酮提取物对这些干性茶污染物黑曲霉ML01和黄曲霉ML02的生长和毒素加工均表现出抗真菌抑制活性。结果提倡将这些香料植物或其提取物用作新型抗菌剂，这些抗菌剂可能会增加市售茶的保鲜性和风味。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Three bacteria namely Bacillus luciferensis K2, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K12 and Bacillus subtilis BioCWB possessing plant growth promotion and biocontrol potential against phytopathogens and rice leaf folder were identified from organic soils of Sikkim, India. The results revealed significant higher production of phytohormones IAA (97.1 μg mL-1) and GA3 (10.6 μg mL-1) was found in K2, whereas BioCWB had higher phosphate solubilization (570.0 μg mL-1) efficacy and also possessed nitrogen fixation ability (5.34 log copy number mL-1 culture). All these bacteria had higher antagonistic activities against phytopathogens viz. Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium proliferatum, Athelia rolfsii and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and also had higher larvicidal activity against rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenne) under in vitro conditions. Molecular insights into the antagonistic mechanisms of Bacillus strains deciphered the presence of several antimicrobial peptides (ericin, subtilin, surfactin, iturin, bacilysin, subtilosin, fengycin and bacillomycin), volatiles (dimethyl disulphide, methyl-Furan, acetic acid, Z-1,3-pentadiene and 3-hexyn-2-ol) and soluble metabolites (9-octadecenamide, E-15-heptadecenal, E-3-eicosene and 5-octadecene). Furthermore, liquid microbial inoculum prepared using the bacterial strains (K2, K12 and BioCWB) were evaluated under glass house (rice) and field condition (capsicum), which significantly enhanced plant growth in rice and yield in capsicum compared to control. The present study revealed the combination of Bacillus spp. (K2, K12 and BioCWB) can be used as bio-inoculants for improving agricultural production in Sikkim. Moreover, for the first time, we demonstrated plant growth promoting (PGP) traits, antifungal and insecticidal properties of B. luciferensis.

背景与目标： ：从印度锡金的有机土壤中鉴定出了三种荧光素细菌，它们分别是萤光芽孢杆菌K2，解淀粉芽孢杆菌K12和枯草芽孢杆菌BioCWB，它们具有促进植物生长，对植物病原菌和稻谷折叠的生物防治潜力。结果表明，在K2中发现植物激素IAA（97.1μgmL-1）和GA3（10.6μgmL-1）的产量更高，而BioCWB具有更高的磷酸盐溶解（570.0μgmL-1）功效并且还具有固氮能力（5.34日志副本数mL-1培养）。所有这些细菌对植物病原体具有更高的拮抗活性。在体外培养条件下，茄枯萎菌，枯萎镰刀菌，罗非鱼（Athelia rolfsii）和炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）均具有较高的杀幼虫活性。对芽孢杆菌菌株拮抗机制的分子洞察力揭示了几种抗菌肽（草酸，枯草杆菌素，表面活性素，伊图林，杆菌肽，枯草杆菌蛋白酶，丰霉素和杆菌霉素），挥发物（二甲基二硫化物，甲基呋喃，乙酸，Z-1， 3-戊二烯和3-己炔-2-醇）和可溶性代谢产物（9-十八烯酰胺，E-15-庚烯醛，E-3-二十碳烯和5-十八烯）。此外，在温室（大米）和田间条件（辣椒）下评估了使用细菌菌株（K2，K12和BioCWB）制备的液体微生物接种物，与对照相比，这大大提高了水稻的植物生长和辣椒的产量。本研究揭示了芽孢杆菌属的组合。 （K2，K12和BioCWB）可以用作生物制剂，以改善锡金的农业生产。此外，我们首次展示了萤光芽孢杆菌的植物生长促进（PGP）特性，抗真菌和杀虫特性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chewing of areca nuts is quite popular in various regions worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated the pharmacological and toxicological effects of fresh areca nuts. However, processed areca nuts, which are popular in the Hunan province of China, have not been extensively studied for its biological effect. This study aimed at investigating the impact of the acrea nut extracts (ANE) prepared from the raw material, the semi-product, and the final product on the immune system and inflammation-related markers in the Kunming mice. The mice were assigned to seven different groups and administered different ANE at two concentrations (1X and 5X) for four weeks. Total body weight gain and organ coefficient of the liver, spleen, and kidney, as well as the immune system and inflammation-related markers were evaluated. The results revealed that processed areca nuts have a much milder effect on the mice immune system and some inflammatory markers than fresh areca nut in the Kunming mice. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Chewing various forms of areca nuts is popular in China, Southeast Asia, and other regions. People from Hunan, China prefer to chew a processed areca nut, which has rarely been studied. This manuscript explores the effects of three kinds of areca nut extracts on the immune system- and inflammation-related indicators in Kunming mice. The obtained results revealed that processed areca nuts had significantly milder effects than the raw nut/nut extract, particularly on the body weight, immune responses, and inflammatory markers. The results of the present study provide some new directions for the areca nut industry and raise public awareness for the undesirable effects of areca nuts.

背景与目标： ：槟榔的咀嚼在全球各个地区都非常流行。先前的研究表明新鲜槟榔的药理和毒理作用。然而，在中国湖南省很流行的槟榔加工后的坚果由于其生物学作用尚未得到广泛的研究。这项研究的目的是调查由原料，半成品和最终产品制成的鹰嘴豆提取物（ANE）对昆明小鼠免疫系统和炎症相关标记的影响。将小鼠分为七个不同的组，并以两种浓度（1X和5X）施用不同的ANE，持续四个星期。评估了肝脏，脾脏和肾脏的总体重增加和器官系数，以及免疫系统和炎症相关标记。结果表明，与昆明小鼠新鲜槟榔相比，加工后的槟榔对小鼠免疫系统和某些炎症标志物的影响要轻得多。实际应用：咀嚼各种形式的槟榔在中国，东南亚和其他地区非常流行。来自中国湖南的人们更喜欢咀嚼一种加工过的槟榔，这一点鲜有研究。该手稿探讨了三种槟榔提取物对昆明小鼠免疫系统和炎症相关指标的影响。获得的结果表明，加工的槟榔比生坚果/坚果提取物具有明显更温和的作用，特别是在体重，免疫反应和炎症标记上。本研究的结果为槟榔产业提供了一些新的方向，并提高了公众对槟榔的不良影响的认识。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To detect the expression level of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to determine the relationship between OATP1B3 expression, clinicopathological features, and prognosis. METHODS:Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to detect the expression of OATP1B3 in 131 HCC specimens and in 89 adjacent nontumorous tissues. Moreover, the expression levels of OATP1B3 in 30 pairs of tumor and matched adjacent nontumorous tissues were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and 34 pairs of tumor and matched adjacent nontumorous tissues were detected by Western blotting. The χ2 test was applied to analyze the correlation between OATP1B3 expression and the clinical parameters of HCC patients. The prognostic value of OATP1B3 in HCC patients was estimated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the Cox stepwise proportional hazards model. RESULTS:Compared with that in adjacent nontumorous tissues (25.8%, 23/89), OATP1B3 expression was significantly downregulated in tumor tissues (59.5%, 78/131) (P < 0.0001). Moreover, OATP1B3 expression was markedly correlated with tumor size, recurrence, tumor differentiation, and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (P < 0.05 for each). However, age, sex, tumor capsule status, HBsAg, cirrhosis, tumor number, vascular invasion, and serum alpha fetoprotein were not associated with OATP1B3 expression. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of HCC patients who had high expression of OATP1B3 were significantly longer than those of patients with low expression (33.0% vs 12.9%, P = 0.001; 18.8% vs 5.3%, P < 0.0001). Cox multivariate analysis showed that OATP1B3, invasion, and TNM stage (P < 0.05 for each) were independent prognostic factors of OS in HCC patients and that OATP1B3 and TNM stage (both P < 0.05) were independent prognostic factors of DFS in HCC patients. CONCLUSIONS:The expression of OATP1B3 in HCC patients was significantly lower than that in adjacent nontumorous tissues. OATP1B3 expression may be a potential prognostic marker in HCC patients.

背景与目标： 目的：检测有机阴离子转运多肽1B3（OATP1B3）在肝细胞癌（HCC）中的表达水平，并探讨OATP1B3的表达，临床病理特征与预后的关系。
方法：采用免疫组织化学（IHC）染色法检测131例肝癌标本和89例非肿瘤组织中OATP1B3的表达。此外，通过定量实时聚合酶链反应检测30对肿瘤和匹配的邻近非肿瘤组织中OATP1B3的表达水平，并通过Western印迹检测34对肿瘤和匹配的邻近非肿瘤组织中的OATP1B3的表达水平。 χ2检验用于分析OATP1B3表达与肝癌患者临床指标之间的相关性。通过Kaplan-Meier生存分析和Cox逐步比例风险模型评估OATP1B3在HCC患者中的预后价值。
结果：与邻近的非肿瘤组织相比（25.8％，23/89），OATP1B3表达在肿瘤组织中显着下调（59.5％，78/131）（P <0.0001）。此外，OATP1B3的表达与肿瘤的大小，复发，肿瘤的分化和肿瘤结转移（TNM）阶段显着相关（每个P <0.05）。但是，年龄，性别，肿瘤包膜状态，HBsAg，肝硬化，肿瘤数目，血管侵犯和血清甲胎蛋白与OATP1B3表达无关。 OATP1B3高表达的HCC患者的总生存期（OS）和无病生存期（DFS）明显低于低表达的HCC患者（33.0％vs 12.9％，P = 0.001; 18.8％vs 5.3％， P <0.0001）。 Cox多变量分析显示，OATP1B3，侵袭和TNM分期（各P <0.05）是HCC患者OS的独立预后因素，而OATP1B3和TNM分期（均P <0.05）是HCC患者DFS的独立预后因素。
结论：肝癌患者OATP1B3的表达明显低于癌旁组织。 OATP1B3表达可能是肝癌患者的潜在预后标志物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) enables the investigation of protein folding in solution. Herein, a proof-of-concept for obtaining structural information about the folding of a protein in dependency of the amount of an organic cosolvent in the aqueous medium by means of this IMS-MS method is presented. By analyzing the protein with native nano-electrospray ionization IMS-MS, the impact of acetonitrile as a representative organic cosolvent and/or pH values on the folding of an enzyme was successfully evaluated in a fast and straightforward fashion, as exemplified for an ene reductase from Gluconobacter oxydans. The IMS-MS results are in agreement with findings from the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-based spectrophotometric enzyme activity tests under analogous conditions, and thus, also rationalizing these "wet" analytical data. For this ene reductase, a higher tolerance against CH3 CN in the presence of a buffer was observed by both analytical methods. The results suggest that this IMS-MS methodology could be a useful complementary tool to existing methods in process optimization and fine-tuning of solvent conditions for biotransformations.

背景与目标： ：离子迁移谱（IMS）与质谱（MS）结合使用，可以研究溶液中的蛋白质折叠。在此，提出了一种概念证明，用于借助于该IMS-MS方法获得关于蛋白质折叠的结构信息，该信息取决于水性介质中有机助溶剂的量。通过使用天然纳米电喷雾电离IMS-MS分析蛋白质，以快速，简单的方式成功评估了乙腈作为代表性的有机助溶剂和/或pH值对酶折叠的影响，例如烯键还原酶来自氧化葡糖杆菌。 IMS-MS的结果与在类似条件下基于烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（NADPH）的分光光度酶活性测试的结果相符，因此也可以合理化这些“湿”分析数据。对于该烯还原酶，通过两种分析方法均观察到在缓冲液存在下对CH 3 CN的更高耐受性。结果表明，该IMS-MS方法可以作为现有方法的有用补充工具，用于工艺优化和生物转化溶剂条件的微调。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The reaction of transesterification between oils (e.g., olive oil) and ascorbic acid in polar anhydrous media (e.g., tert-amyl alcohol) catalyzed by immobilized lipases for the preparation of natural liposoluble antioxidants (e.g., ascorbyl oleate) was studied. Three commercial lipases were tested: Candida antarctica B lipase (CALB), Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) and Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML). Each lipase was immobilized by three different protocols: hydrophobic adsorption, anionic exchange and multipoint covalent attachment. The highest synthetic yields were obtained with CALB adsorbed on hydrophobic supports (e.g., the commercial derivative Novozym 435). The rates and yields of the synthesis of ascorbyl oleate were higher when using the solvent dried with molecular sieves, at high temperatures (e.g. 45°C) and with a small excess of oil (2 mol of oil per mol of ascorbic acid). The coating of CALB derivatives with polyethyleneimine (PEI) improved its catalytic behavior and allowed the achievement of yields of up to 80% of ascorbyl oleate in less than 24h. CALB adsorbed on a hydrophobic support and coated with PEI was 2-fold more stable than a non-coated derivative and one hundred-fold more stable than the best TLL derivative. The best CALB derivative exhibited a half-life of 3 days at 75°C in fully anhydrous media, and this derivative maintained full activity after 28 days at 45°C in dried tert-amyl alcohol.

背景与目标： ：研究了固定化脂肪酶催化的油（例如橄榄油）和抗坏血酸在极性无水介质（例如叔戊醇）之间的酯交换反应，用于制备天然脂溶性抗氧化剂（例如抗坏血酸油酸酯）。测试了三种商业脂肪酶：南极假丝酵母B脂肪酶（CALB），羊毛嗜热霉菌脂肪酶（TLL）和米根根霉脂肪酶（RML）。每种脂肪酶通过三种不同的方法固定：疏水吸附，阴离子交换和多点共价连接。 CALB吸附在疏水性载体（例如商业衍生物Novozym 435）上可获得最高的合成产率。当使用在高温（例如45℃）和少量过量的油（每摩尔抗坏血酸2摩尔油）下用分子筛干燥的溶剂时，抗坏血酸油酸酯的合成速率和产率较高。用聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）包覆CALB衍生物可改善其催化性能，并在不到24小时的时间内即可获得高达80％的抗坏血酸油酸酯的收率。吸附在疏水载体上并涂有PEI的CALB比未涂层的衍生物稳定2倍，比最好的TLL衍生物稳定100倍。最佳的CALB衍生物在完全无水的介质中在75°C下显示3天的半衰期，并且在45°C下在干燥的叔戊醇中28天后，该衍生物保持了全部活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Detection of canines are well-known to be valuable in the location of contraband, such as explosives or narcotics. More recently, canines have been trained and utilized in the detection of concealed mass storage devices that might contain evidence of illegal activity such as child pornography. To lay the analytical foundation for this detection work, research was carried out to determine the volatile organic compounds associated with mass storage devices (MSD) that could be used by trained canines for detection. Headspace analysis of a variety of electronic devices was performed using solid phase microextraction (SPME) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Analyses found several volatile compounds common to SIM and SD cards, as well as USB drives, including 2-propenenitrile, styrene, isophorone, hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, and 2-furanmethanol, tetrahydro. Results indicated that mass storage devices do have a characteristic odor profile making detection with minimal false alerts feasible for trained canines.

背景与目标： ：众所周知，在诸如炸药或麻醉品等违禁品的地方，犬的检测很有价值。最近，已经对犬进行了训练和利用，以检测可能包含非法活动（例如儿童色情制品）证据的隐藏式大容量存储设备。为为该检测工作奠定分析基础，进行了研究以确定与大容量存储设备（MSD）相关的挥发性有机化合物，受训犬可以将其用于检测。使用固相微萃取（SPME）和气相色谱/质谱（GC / MS）对各种电子设备进行顶空分析。分析发现，SIM和SD卡以及USB驱动器共有几种挥发性化合物，包括2-丙烯腈，苯乙烯，异佛尔酮，羟基环己基苯基酮和2-呋喃甲醇，四氢化合物。结果表明，大容量存储设备的确具有特征性的气味特征，使得对受过训练的犬只进行最小限度的虚假警报检测即可。