BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A new optical method is proposed to investigate the reflectance of structurally coloured objects, such as Morpho butterfly wing scales and cholesteric liquid crystals. Using a reflected-light microscope and a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera, we have successfully measured the two-dimensional reflection pattern of individual wing scales of Morpho butterflies. We demonstrate that this method enables us to measure the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). The scattering image observed in the back focal plane of the objective is projected onto the camera sensor by inserting a Bertrand lens in the optical path of the microscope. With monochromatic light illumination, we quantify the angle-dependent reflectance spectra from the wing scales of Morpho rhetenor by retrieving the raw signal from the digital camera sensor. We also demonstrate that the polarization-dependent reflection of individual wing scales is readily observed using this method, using the individual wing scales of Morpho cypris. In an effort to show the generality of the method, we used a chiral nematic fluid to illustrate the angle-dependent reflectance as seen by this method.

背景与目标： ：提出了一种新的光学方法来研究结构上有色物体的反射率，例如Morpho蝴蝶翼鳞和胆甾型液晶。使用反射光显微镜和数字单镜反光（DSLR）相机，我们已经成功地测量了Morpho蝴蝶单个机翼尺度的二维反射图案。我们证明了这种方法使我们能够测量双向反射率分布函数（BRDF）。在物镜的后焦平面上观察到的散射图像通过在显微镜的光路中插入一个Bertrand透镜而投射到相机传感器上。利用单色光照明，我们通过从数码相机传感器中检索原始信号，从Morpho rhetenor的机翼尺度上量化了与角度相关的反射光谱。我们还证明，使用这种方法，使用蓝蝶的单个机翼鳞片，很容易观察到单个机翼鳞片的偏振依赖性反射。为了说明该方法的一般性，我们使用手性向列液来说明该方法所见的角度依赖性反射率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To report the patterns and sites of 18-FDG uptake in patients of presumed ocular tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The clinical and investigational findings of 11 patients were reviewed retrospectively. These included 6 males and 5 females with a mean age of 46.2 years. 21 eyes were included in the data analysis. Clinical presentations include 15 eyes with anterior uveitis, 2 eyes with retinal vasculitis, 2 eyes with panuveitis and 2 eyes with multifocal choroidopathy. RESULTS:Two distinct patterns of systemic uptake emerged. Pattern 1: No detectable systemic uptake (4 patients). Pattern 2: Detectable systemic uptake. a. Chest disease only (2 patients). b. Disseminated pattern, uptake seen at multiple sites (4 patients). c. Extrapulmonary only (1 patient). CONCLUSIONS:Ocular tuberculosis may often be part of a wider disseminated disease.

背景与目标： 目的：报告推测的眼结核患者摄取18-FDG的方式和部位。
材料与方法：回顾性分析11例患者的临床和研究结果。其中包括6名男性和5名女性，平均年龄为46.2岁。数据分析包括21只眼睛。临床表现包括前葡萄膜炎15眼，视网膜血管炎2眼，胰腺炎2眼和多灶性脉络膜病变2眼。
结果：出现了两种不同的全身吸收模式。模式1：未检测到全身吸收（4例患者）。模式2：可检测到的全身吸收。一种。仅胸部疾病（2例）。 b。分布模式，在多个部位可见吸收（4例）。 C。仅肺外（1例患者）。
结论：眼结核通常可能是更广泛传播的疾病的一部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Z-Scan (ZS) technique in the thermal regime has been used to measure the nonlinear optical response of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The ZS technique is carried out in LDL from 40 patients with chronic periodontitis before and after three, six, and 12 months of periodontal treatment. Clinical parameters such as probing depths, bleeding on probing, total and differential white blood cells counts, lipid profiles, cytokine levels, and antibodies against oxidized LDL are also determined and compared over time. Before the treatment, the ZS experimental results reveal that the LDL particles of these patients are heavily modified. Only after 12 months of the periodontal treatment, the ZS results obtained reveal behavioral characteristics of healthy particles. This conclusion is also supported by complementary laboratorial analysis showing that the periodontal treatment induces systemic changes in several inflammatory markers.

背景与目标： ：在热状态下的Z扫描（ZS）技术已用于测量低密度脂蛋白（LDL）的非线性光学响应。 ZS技术是在40名患有慢性牙周炎的LDL患者中，在进行牙周治疗的三个月，六个月和十二个月之前和之后进行的。还确定并比较了诸如探查深度，探查出血，白细胞总数和差异白细胞计数，脂质分布，细胞因子水平以及抗氧化LDL抗体等临床参数。在治疗之前，ZS实验结果表明这些患者的LDL颗粒已被大量修饰。仅在牙周治疗12个月后，获得的ZS结果显示出健康颗粒的行为特征。该结论也得到补充实验室分析的支持，该分析表明牙周治疗可诱导多种炎症标志物的全身性变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To measure the dimensions of aqueous outflow structures and to investigate associations with intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular biometry parameters in an older British population. METHOD:Fifty-two participants from the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk eye study underwent imaging using the Heidelberg Spectralis optical coherence tomographer with an anterior segment module. Pseudophakic participants and those known or suspected to have glaucoma were excluded, leaving 46 participants for analysis. Schwalbe's line (SL), scleral spur (SS), Schlemm's canal (SC) diameter and the trabecular meshwork cross-sectional area (TM cross-sectional area (CSA)) were identified and traced using ImageJ software. IOP was measured using the Ocular Response Analyser. Ocular biometry was measured by partial coherence interferometry. RESULTS:The mean (SD) subject age was 65.7 years (5.6). The SL and SS were identifiable in all nasal and temporal scans. The mean SL-SS distance was 800 μm (104) nasally and 808 μm (102) temporally. Repeatability of SS-SL, SS-SC, SC and TM CSA was good to excellent, and reproducibility fair to good. Nasal SL-SS distance was inversely associated with anterior chamber depth (ACD) (p=0.007, -116 μm per mm ACD, R(2)=0.18). Multiple linear regression showed nasal TM CSA was significantly associated with age and IOP (age: p=0.025, 0.007 mm(2) per decade of age; IOP: p=0.029, -0.0012 mm(2) per mm Hg, R(2)=0.23). CONCLUSIONS:Aqueous outflow structures can be measured by optical coherence tomography, and their dimensions vary significantly with ocular biometric characteristics and IOP. Further investigation is required to determine associations between outflow structure sizes in different populations and pathologies, including ocular hypertension and glaucoma.

背景与目标： 目的：测量年龄较大的英国人群的房水流出结构的尺寸，并调查其与眼内压（IOP）和眼生物测定参数的关系。
方法：来自欧洲-诺福克癌症前瞻性研究的52名参与者使用了带有前段模块的Heidelberg Spectralis光学相干断层扫描仪进行了成像。假晶状体参与者以及已知或怀疑患有青光眼的参与者被排除在外，剩下46名参与者需要进行分析。使用ImageJ软件识别并追踪Schwalbe线（SL），巩膜骨刺（SS），Schlemm根管（SC）直径和小梁网截面积（TM截面积（CSA））。使用眼响应分析仪测量IOP。眼部生物测定法是通过部分相干干涉法测量的。
结果：受试者的平均年龄为65.7岁（5.6）。在所有鼻腔和颞叶扫描中都可以识别出SL和SS。 SL-SS的平均距离鼻侧为800μm（104），颞侧为808μm（102）。 SS-SL，SS-SC，SC和TM CSA的可重复性从优到优，而重现性则从优到优。鼻SL-SS距离与前房深度（ACD）成反比（p = 0.007，-116μm/ mm ACD，R（2）= 0.18）。多元线性回归分析显示，鼻腔TM CSA与年龄和眼压显着相关（年龄：p = 0.025，每十岁年龄组0.007 mm（2）； IOP：p = 0.029，-0.0012 mm（2）每毫米汞柱，R（2） ）= 0.23）。
结论：水流出结构可以通过光学相干断层扫描来测量，其尺寸随眼生物特征和眼压的变化而显着变化。需要进一步调查以确定不同人群和病理（包括高眼压和青光眼）的流出结构大小之间的关联。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ultrasound-mediated analyte diffusion on permeability of normal, benign, and cancerous human lung tissue in vitro and to find more effective sonophoretic (SP) delivery in combination with the optical clearing agents (OCAs) method to distinguish normal and diseased lung tissues. The permeability coefficients of SP in combination with OCAs diffusion in lung tissue were measured with Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT). 30% glucose and SP with a frequency of 1 MHz and an intensity of 0.80  W/cm2 over a 3 cm probe was simultaneously applied for 15 min. Experimental results show that the mean permeability coefficients of 30% glucose/SP were found to be (2.01±0.21)×10(-5)  cm/s from normal lung (NL) tissue, (2.75±0.28)×10(-5)  cm/s from lung benign granulomatosis (LBG) tissue, (4.53±0.49)×10(-5)  cm/s from lung adenocarcinoma tumor (LAT) tissue, and (5.81±0.62)×10(-5)  cm/s from lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) tissue, respectively. The permeability coefficients of 30% glucose/SP increase approximately 36.8%, 125.4%, and 189.1% for the LBG, LAT, and LSCC tissue compared with that for the NL tissue, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in permeability coefficients of 30% glucose/SP between LBG and NL tissue (p<0.05), between LAT and NL tissue (p<0.05), and between LSCC and NL tissue (p<0.05). The results suggest that the OCT functional imaging technique to combine an ultrasound-OCAs combination method could become a powerful tool in early diagnosis and monitoring of changed microstructure of pathologic human lung tissue.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是评估超声介导的分析物扩散对正常，良性和癌性人肺组织的体外渗透性的影响，并与光学清除剂（OCA）结合发现更有效的超声导入（SP）方式）区分正常和患病肺组织的方法。用傅里叶域光学相干断层扫描（FD-OCT）测量SP的渗透系数以及OCA在肺组织中的扩散。同时在3 cm探针上施加30％的葡萄糖和SP，频率为1 MHz，强度为0.80 W / cm2，持续15分钟。实验结果表明，与正常肺组织相比，30％葡萄糖/ SP的平均渗透系数为（2.01±0.21）×10（-5）cm / s，（2.75±0.28）×10（-5）肺良性肉芽肿病（LBG）组织的cm / s，肺腺癌肿瘤（LAT）组织的（4.53±0.49）×10（-5）cm / s和（5.81±0.62）×10（-5）cm /分别来自肺鳞状细胞癌（LSCC）组织。与NL组织相比，LBG，LAT和LSCC组织的30％葡萄糖/ SP的渗透系数分别增加了约36.8％，125.4％和189.1％。 LBG和NL组织之间（p <0.05），LAT和NL组织之间（p <0.05）以及LSCC和NL组织之间（p <0.05）的30％葡萄糖/ SP的通透性系数在统计学上有显着差异。结果表明，OCT功能成像技术结合超声-OCAs组合方法可能成为早期诊断和监测病理性人肺组织微观结构变化的有力工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The molecular basis of nonlinear optical (NLO) chiral effects in the amide I region of type I collagen was investigated using sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy; chiral and achiral tensor elements were separated using different input/output beam polarization conditions. Spectra were obtained from native rat tail tendon (RTT) collagen and from cholesteric liquid crystal-like (LC) type I collagen films. Although RTT and LC collagen both possess long-range order, LC collagen lacks the complex hierarchical organization of RTT collagen. Their spectra were compared to assess the role of such organization in NLO chirality. No significant differences were observed between RTT and LC with respect to chiral or achiral spectra. These findings suggest that amide I NLO chiral effects in type I collagen assemblies arise predominantly from the chiral organization of amide chromophores within individual collagen molecules, rather than from supramolecular structures. The study suggests that sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy may be uniquely valuable in exploring fundamental aspects of chiral nonlinearity in complex macromolecular structures.

背景与目标： ：利用和频产生振动光谱研究了I型胶原的酰胺I区域中非线性光学（NLO）手性效应的分子基础；使用不同的输入/输出光束偏振条件将手性和非手性张量元素分开。光谱是从天然大鼠尾腱（RTT）胶原蛋白和胆甾型液晶样（LC）I型胶原膜中获得的。尽管RTT和LC胶原均具有远距离有序性，但LC胶原缺乏RTT胶原的复杂层次结构。比较它们的光谱以评估这种组织在NLO手性中的作用。在手性或非手性光谱方面，在RTT和LC之间未观察到显着差异。这些发现表明，在I型胶原蛋白组装物中的酰胺I NLO手性作用主要是由单个胶原分子内酰胺发色团的手性组织引起的，而不是由超分子结构引起的。研究表明，和频产生振动光谱法在探索复杂大分子结构中手性非线性的基本方面可能具有独特的价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:Lung volumes and thoracic anatomy were measured from low-dose computed tomography (CT) scans preoperatively and 2 years following thoracoscopic anterior spinal fusion (TASF) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess changes in lung volume after TASF surgical correction. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:AIS patients are known to have decreased pulmonary function as a consequence of their spinal and ribcage deformity. Several studies have evaluated changes in pulmonary function clinically after scoliosis correction surgery showing varied results. To date, there have been no published studies using CT to evaluate lung volume changes following TASF. METHODS:Twenty-three female AIS patients with both pre- and 2 years postoperative low-dose CT scans were selected from an ethically approved, historical databank. Three-dimensional lung volumes were reconstructed to determine anatomical lung volumes. Right and left lung volumes, total lung volume, and right-to-left lung volume ratio were obtained as well as hemithoracic symmetry, to indicate the extent of thorax deformity. Cobb angle, rib hump, levels fused in surgery, and patient height were used for correlation analysis with the lung volume results. RESULTS:Left lung volume, total lung volume, and hemithoracic ratio all increased significantly 2 years after surgery. There was no significant change in right-to-left lung volume ratio (P = 0.36). Statistical regression found significant positive correlation between lung volume changes, reduction in Cobb angle, increase in height, and improvement in hemithoracic symmetry ratio. CONCLUSION:TASF resulted in a statistically significant increase in lung volume following surgery, as well as improvement in the symmetry of the thoracic architecture; however, the postoperative lung volumes remained in the lower 50th percentile relative to females without thoracic deformity. Furthermore, change in lung volume was significantly correlated with changes in Cobb angle, hemithoracic asymmetry, and increased patient height, which are important consequences of thoracic deformity correction surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:3.

背景与目标： 研究设计：在术前和胸腔镜前路脊柱融合术（TASF）治疗后的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）进行低剂量计算机断层扫描（CT）扫描时，测量肺体积和胸腔解剖结构。
目的：本研究旨在评估TASF手术矫正后肺容量的变化。
背景数据摘要：已知由于脊柱和胸腔畸形，AIS患者的肺功能下降。多项研究评估了脊柱侧弯矫正手术后临床上肺功能的变化，结果各不相同。迄今为止，还没有发表使用CT评估TASF后肺容量变化的研究。
方法：从符合道德标准的历史数据库中选择了23例术前和术后2年均进行低剂量CT扫描的女性AIS患者。重建三维肺体积以确定解剖肺体积。获得左右肺体积，总肺体积和左右肺体积比以及半胸对称性，以指示胸廓畸形的程度。将Cobb角，肋骨隆起，手术中的融合水平以及患者身高用于与肺容量结果的相关性分析。
结果：术后2年，左肺容积，总肺容积和半胸腔比率均显着增加。左右肺容积比无明显变化（P = 0.36）。统计回归发现肺体积变化，Cobb角减小，身高增加和半胸对称性比率改善之间存在显着正相关。
结论：TASF导致手术后肺体积显着增加，并改善了胸腔结构的对称性。但是，相对于没有胸椎畸形的女性，术后肺活量仍处于较低的50％。此外，肺容量的变化与Cobb角的变化，半胸廓不对称以及患者身高的增加显着相关，这是胸畸形矫正手术的重要结果。
证据级别：3。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Using a topography-dependent tomographic scheme, the seismic velocity structure of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, including the uplifted Longmenshan (LMS) orogenic belt, is accurately imaged in spite of the extreme topographic relief in the LMS region and thick sedimentary covers in the neighbouring Sichuan Basin. The obtained image shows a high-resolution upper crustal structure on a 500 km-long profile that is perpendicular to the LMS. The image clearly shows that the crystalline basement was uplifted within the LMS orogenic belt, and that the neighbouring Songpan-Ganzi Terrane was covered by a thick flysch belt, with evidence of near-surface thrust faults caused by convergence between Eastern Tibet and the Sichuan Basin. The indication that the lower crust beneath the LMS was folded and pushed upwards and the upper crust was removed by exhumation, supports the concept of a lower crustal channel flow beneath Eastern Tibet. The image also reveals that the destructive Wenchuan earthquake of year 2008 occurred in the upper crust, directly at the structural discontinuity between Eastern Tibet Plateau and the Sichuan Basin.

背景与目标： ：尽管地形复杂，地形复杂，沉积物覆盖层厚，但采用地形依赖的断层成像方案，仍可以准确地成像出包括隆起的龙门山造山带在内的青藏高原东部的地震速度结构。四川盆地。所获得的图像在垂直于LMS的500？km长的剖面上显示了高分辨率的上地壳结构。该图像清楚地表明，LMS造山带内的晶体基底隆起，并且相邻的松潘-甘孜地貌被厚厚的复理带覆盖，并显示了西藏东部和四川盆地之间的辐合引起的近地表逆冲断层。 。 LMS下方的下部地壳已被折叠并向上推，而尸体被掘出后被去除了，这表明了藏东地区下部地壳通道流动的概念。该图还显示，2008年汶川特大地震发生在上地壳上，直接发生在青藏高原东部与四川盆地之间的构造不连续处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Early detection and staging of lung cancer is important in initiating rapid treatment and improving prognosis. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging have a high resolution and are able to reveal structural abnormalities, but still have problems differentiating benign from malignant lesions. Lesion size is used as a distinguishing parameter but definite diagnosis still relies on invasive procedures. Positron emission tomography (PET) is based on imaging of biochemical processes in vivo. PET is unique by disclosing metabolic differences between benign and malignant disease, e.g. glucose utilization. Here, the role of PET in diagnosis and (re)-staging of lung cancer as well as monitoring of therapy response will be reviewed.

背景与目标： 肺癌的早期发现和分期对于启动快速治疗和改善预后至关重要。计算机断层扫描（CT）和磁共振（MR）成像具有高分辨率，能够揭示结构异常，但仍然存在区分良性和恶性病变的问题。病变大小被用作区分参数，但明确的诊断仍依赖于侵入性手术。正电子发射断层扫描（PET）基于体内生物化学过程的成像。 PET通过揭示良性和恶性疾病之间的代谢差异（例如葡萄糖利用率。在此，将对PET在肺癌的诊断和（重新）分期以及监测治疗反应中的作用进行综述。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as conventional imaging modalities, are the preferred methodology for tumor, nodal and systemic metastasis (TNM) staging. However, all the noninvasive techniques in current use are not sufficiently able to identify primary tumors and even unable to define the extent of metastatic spread. In addition, relying exclusively on macromorphological characteristics to make a conclusion runs the risk of misdiagnosis due mainly to the intrinsic limitations of the imaging modalities themselves. Solely based on the macromorphological characteristics of cancer, one cannot give an appropriate assessment of the biological characteristics of tumors. Currently, positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT) are more and more widely available and their application with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) in oncology has become one of the standard imaging modalities in diagnosing and staging of tumors, and monitoring the therapeutic efficacy in hepatic malignancies. Recently, investigators have measured glucose utilization in liver tumors using (18)F-FDG, PET and PET/CT in order to establish diagnosis of tumors, assess their biologic characteristics and predict therapeutic effects on hepatic malignancies. PET/CT with (18)F-FDG as a radiotracer may further enhance the hepatic malignancy diagnostic algorithm by accurate diagnosis, staging, restaging and evaluating its biological characteristics, which can benefit the patients suffering from hepatic metastases, hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.

背景与目标： ：计算机断层扫描（CT）和磁共振成像（MRI）作为常规成像方式，是肿瘤，淋巴结转移和全身转移（TNM）分期的首选方法。然而，当前使用的所有非侵入性技术还不足以识别原发性肿瘤，甚至无法确定转移性扩散的程度。此外，仅依靠宏观形态学特征来得出结论还存在误诊的风险，这主要是由于成像方式本身的固有局限性所致。仅基于癌症的宏观形态学特征，就不能对肿瘤的生物学特征进行适当的评估。当前，正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描（PET / CT）越来越广泛，其与（18）F-氟脱氧葡萄糖（（18）F-FDG）在肿瘤学中的应用已成为诊断和诊断中的标准成像方式之一。分期，并监测肝恶性肿瘤的治疗效果。最近，研究人员使用（18）F-FDG，PET和PET / CT测量了肝脏肿瘤中的葡萄糖利用，以建立肿瘤的诊断，评估其生物学特性并预测对肝恶性肿瘤的治疗效果。以（18）F-FDG为放射性示踪剂的PET / CT可以通过准确诊断，分期，重新分期和评估其生物学特征来进一步增强肝恶性诊断算法，从而可以使患有肝转移，肝细胞癌和胆管癌的患者受益。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:New diagnostic tools such as the retinal thickness analyzer (RTA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and topographic angiography (TAG) were introduced into clinical ophthalmology during the last years giving the examiner new insights into anatomical and functional aspects of macular disease. In this study, advantages and disadvantages of the new imaging methods have been evaluated in patients with serous (sPED) and fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachments (fPED) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS:TAG, using fluorescein angiography (FA), provides a three-dimensional profile of the fluorescein pattern based on the analysis of a set of 32 confocal images over a depth of 4 mm. RTA and OCT provide cross-sectional images of the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium-choriocapillary complex as well as retinal thickness data encoded in a false color map. We compared and evaluated these modalities in 15 patients with fPED and 15 patients with sPED secondary to AMD. RESULTS:In patients with classic fPED, TAG detected neovascular structures and delineated their configuration. In sPEDs, pooling of extravascular fluid was detected in a dome-shaped configuration. OCT provided detailed information on the neurosensory retina's structures but failed to detect the neovascular membrane in fPED. Mapping the retinal thickness, RTA and OCT both failed to detect the PED and showed typical algorithm error-based patterns. CONCLUSION:TAG OCT and RTA are useful imaging modalities in the evaluation of AMD cases. TAG visualizes the vascular configuration, dynamic perfusion, and leakage changes. OCT and RTA are able to complementarily document intra-, subretinal, and sub-RPE fluid accumulation secondary to CNV. However, OCT seems to be more efficient in imaging AMD-related pathologies than RTA, as this modality is often compromised by intra- or subretinal structural abnormalities. Nevertheless, all modalities may provide further valuable insight into AMD pathogenesis, enhance diagnostic quality, and improve the assessment of therapeutic effects.

背景与目标： 简介：最近几年，新的诊断工具，例如视网膜厚度分析仪（RTA），光学相干断层扫描（OCT）和地形血管造影（TAG）被引入临床眼科，为检查者提供了对黄斑疾病的解剖学和功能方面的新见解。在这项研究中，新的影像学方法的优缺点已经在患有年龄相关性黄斑变性（AMD）的浆液性（sPED）和纤维血管色素上皮脱离（fPED）的患者中进行了评估。
方法：TAG使用荧光素血管造影（FA），基于在4 mm深度上对一组32个共焦图像的分析，提供了荧光素图案的三维轮廓。 RTA和OCT提供了神经感觉视网膜和视网膜色素上皮-脉络膜毛细血管复合体的横截面图像，以及以伪彩色图编码的视网膜厚度数据。我们对15名fPED患者和15名sPED继发于AMD的患者进行了比较和评估。
结果：在经典fPED患者中，TAG检测出新血管结构并描绘出其构型。在sPED中，以圆顶形配置检测到了血管外积液。 OCT提供了有关神经感觉视网膜结构的详细信息，但未能检测到fPED中的新生血管膜。绘制视网膜厚度，RTA和OCT都无法检测到PED，并显示了典型的基于错误的算法模式。
结论：TAG OCT和RTA是评估AMD病例的有用影像学手段。 TAG可视化血管结构，动态灌注和渗漏变化。 OCT和RTA能够补充记录CNV继发的视网膜内，视网膜下和亚RPE液积聚。但是，OCT似乎比RTA更能有效地成像AMD相关的病变，因为这种方式通常会受到视网膜内或视网膜下结构异常的损害。尽管如此，所有方式都可能提供有关AMD发病机理的进一步有价值的见解，提高诊断质量，并改善对治疗效果的评估。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To use the improved resolution available with 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in vivo to localize the cochlear implant electrode array within the basal turn. STUDY DESIGN:Sixty-four-slice MDCT examinations of the temporal bones were retrospectively reviewed in 17 patients. Twenty-three implants were evaluated. SETTING:Tertiary referral facility. PATIENTS:All patients with previous cochlear implantation evaluated at our center between January 2004 and March 2006 were offered a computed tomographic examination as part of the study. In addition, preoperative computed tomographic examinations in patients being evaluated for a second bilateral device were included. INTERVENTION:Sixty-four-slice MDCT examination of the temporal bones. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:Localization of the electrode array within the basal turn from multiplanar reconstructions of the cochlea. RESULTS:Twenty-three implants were imaged in 17 patients. We were able to localize the electrode array within the scala tympani within the basal turn in 10 implants. In 3 implants, the electrode array was localized to the scala vestibuli. Migration of the electrode array from scala tympani to scala vestibuli was observed in three implants. Of the 7 implants in which localization of the electrode array was indeterminate, all had disease entities that obscured the definition of the normal cochlear anatomy. CONCLUSIONS:Sixty-four-slice MDCT with multiplanar reconstructions of the postoperative cochlea after cochlear implantation allows for accurate localization of the electrode array within the basal turn where normal cochlear anatomy is not obscured by the underlying disease process. Correlating the position of the electrode in the basal turn with surgical technique and implant design could be helpful in improving outcomes.

背景与目标： 目的：利用体内64层多探测器计算机断层扫描（MDCT）可获得的改进分辨率，将耳蜗植入物电极阵列定位在基底转弯内。
研究设计：回顾性分析17例患者的颞骨64层MDCT检查。评估了23个植入物。
地点：大专推荐机构。
患者：2004年1月至2006年3月在我们中心对所有先前进行过人工耳蜗植入的患者进行了计算机断层扫描检查，作为研究的一部分。此外，还包括接受第二次双侧器械评估的患者的术前计算机体层摄影检查。
干预：颞骨的64层MDCT检查。
主要观察指标：通过耳蜗的多平面重建，将电极阵列定位在基底匝内。
结果：在17例患者中对23个植入物进行了成像。我们能够在10个植入物的基底回旋中定位于鼓膜内的电极阵列。在3颗植入物中，电极阵列定位在前庭sc骨上。在三个植入物中观察到电极阵列从鼓ala到迁移到前庭。在电极阵列定位不确定的7种植入物中，所有植入物均具有掩盖正常耳蜗解剖结构定义的疾病实体。
结论：64层MDCT植入人工耳蜗后，对术后耳蜗进行多平面重建，可将电极阵列准确定位在基底转弯内，而基础的疾病过程不会掩盖正常的耳蜗解剖结构。将电极在基部转弯中的位置与手术技术和植入物设计进行关联可能有助于改善治疗效果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Iterative reconstruction has a wide spectrum of proven advantages in the field of conventional X-ray absorption-based computed tomography (CT). In this paper, we report on an algebraic iterative reconstruction technique for grating-based differential phase-contrast CT (DPC-CT). Due to the differential nature of DPC-CT projections, a differential operator and a smoothing operator are added to the iterative reconstruction, compared to the one commonly used for absorption-based CT data. This work comprises a numerical study of the algorithm and its experimental verification using a dataset measured at a two-grating interferometer setup. Since the algorithm is easy to implement and allows for the extension to various regularization possibilities, we expect a significant impact of the method for improving future medical and industrial DPC-CT applications.

背景与目标： 在传统的基于X射线吸收的计算机断层扫描（CT）领域中，迭代重建具有广泛的公认优势。在本文中，我们报告了一种基于光栅的差分相衬CT（DPC-CT）的代数迭代重建技术。由于DPC-CT投影的微分性质，与通常用于基于吸收的CT数据相比，微分算子和平滑算子被添加到迭代重建中。这项工作包括对该算法的数值研究及其使用在两光栅干涉仪设置下测得的数据集进行的实验验证。由于该算法易于实现，并且可以扩展到各种正则化可能性，因此，我们期望该方法对改善未来的医疗和工业DPC-CT应用具有重大影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Factors affecting the registration error (RE) and motion of focal hepatic lesions (FHLs) in image fusion of real-time ultrasonography (US) with computed tomography (CT) images were prospectively assessed by focusing on respiratory movement and FHL location. Real-time US and pre-acquired CT images at end-inspiration were fused with FHLs for 103 patients. Three-dimensional US data containing FHLs were obtained during end-inspiratory/expiratory phases. Multivariate analysis revealed that diaphragm motion (p < 0.001), chronic liver disease (p = 0.02) and the absolute difference in distance between the FHL and the central portal vein (CPV) during respiration (p = 0.03) were the independent factors that revealed the maximum effect on RE. In contrast, diaphragm motion (p < 0.001) and distance between the FHL and CPV at inspiration (p = 0.036) revealed the maximum effect on FHL motion. In conclusion, RE and FHL motion are affected by the degree of respiratory movement and the location of the FHL. Therefore, image fusion with CT images should be used with caution if the degree of respiratory motion is significant or if the FHL is located at the periphery of the liver.

背景与目标： ：前瞻性评估了实时超声检查（US）与计算机断层扫描（CT）图像融合中影响配准误差（RE）和局灶性肝病灶（FHLs）运动的因素，重点研究了呼吸运动和FHL位置。吸气时将实时美国超声和预先采集的CT图像与FHL融合在一起，治疗103例患者。在吸气/呼气末期获得包含FHL的三维US数据。多因素分析显示，呼吸过程中diaphragm肌运动（p <0.001），慢性肝病（p = 0.02）和FHL与门静脉中央静脉（CPV）之间的绝对距离差（p = 0.03）是揭示的独立因素对RE的最大影响。相反，隔膜运动（p <0.001）和吸气时FHL与CPV之间的距离（p = 0.036）揭示了对FHL运动的最大影响。总之，RE和FHL运动受呼吸运动程度和FHL位置的影响。因此，如果呼吸运动的程度很明显或者FHL位于肝脏的周围，则应谨慎使用CT图像融合。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We report development of a direct multi-class spectroscopic diagnostic algorithm for discrimination of high-grade cancerous tissue sites from low-grade as well as precancerous and normal squamous tissue sites of human oral cavity. The algorithm was developed making use of the recently formulated theory of total principal component regression (TPCR). The in vivo autofluorescence spectral data acquired from patients screened for neoplasm of oral cavity at the Government Cancer Hospital, Indore, was used to train and validate the algorithm. The diagnostic algorithm based on TPCR was found to provide satisfactory performance in classifying the tissue sites in four different classes - high-grade squamous cell carcinoma, low-grade squamous cell carcinoma, leukoplakia, and normal squamous tissue. The classification accuracy for these four classes was observed to be approximately 94%, 100%, 100% and 91% for the training data set (based on leave-one-out cross-validation), and was approximately 90%, 90%, 85% and 88%, respectively for the corresponding classes for the independent validation data set.

背景与目标： ：我们报告了一种直接的多类光谱诊断算法的开发，该算法可从人口腔的低级以及癌前和正常鳞状组织部位中区分出高级癌组织部位。该算法是利用最近制定的总主成分回归（TPCR）理论开发的。从在印多尔政府癌症医院筛查口腔肿瘤的患者体内获得的体内自发荧光光谱数据用于训练和验证该算法。发现基于TPCR的诊断算法在将组织部位分类为四种不同的类别-高度鳞状细胞癌，低度鳞状细胞癌，白斑和正常鳞状组织中提供了令人满意的性能。对于训练数据集（基于留一法交叉验证），这四个类别的分类准确度约为94％，100％，100％和91％，约为90％，90％，独立验证数据集的相应类别分别为85％和88％。