BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Thitarodes (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae) is the only genus that hosts to the Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine considered as a powerful medicinal supplement. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two species, T. damxungensis and T. pui, have been sequenced, which are 15,928 bp and 15,362 bp in size respectively, and both contain 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and an AT-rich region. Like other hepialoids, the gene arrangement of the mitogenomes of T. damxungensis and T. pui is identical to the ancestral arrangement but differs from those of other lepidopteran species on account of the different arrangements of trnM, trnI, and trnQ. The size of AT-rich region is 545 bp in T. damxungensis and 1030 bp in T. pui. Tandem repetition in the AT-rich region is responsible for the length difference of the A + T-rich region in both species. In Hepialidae, the phylogenetic study based on the dataset of the sequences that combined the protein-coding genes and RNA genes suggested that the species T. yunnanensis should still belong to the genus Thitarodes rather than Ahamns, which is different from the results based on the traditional phylogeny.

背景与目标： ：Thitarodes（鳞翅目，鳞翅目）是唯一容纳中华绒螯蟹（Ophiocordyceps sinensis）的属，中华绒螯蟹（Ophiocordyceps sinensis）被认为是一种有力的药物补品。在这项研究中，已对两个物种线虫（T. damxungensis）和T. pui的完整线粒体基因组（有丝分裂基因组）进行了测序，大小分别为15,928bp和15,362bp，均包含13个蛋白质编码基因（PCG）， 2个rRNA，22个tRNA和一个富含AT的区域。像其他螺旋体一样，达木雄和普p的有丝分裂基因组的基因排列与祖先排列相同，但由于trnM，trnI和trnQ的排列不同而不同于其他鳞翅目物种。达信木中AT富集区的大小为545bp，而贝母中的AT富集区的大小为1030bp。在两个物种中，富AT区域的串联重复是造成富AT区域的长度差异的原因。在螺旋藻科中，根据结合蛋白质编码基因和RNA基因的序列的数据集进行的系统发育研究表明，云南丁香球菌仍应属于Thitarodes属，而不是Ahamns属，这与基于该基因组的结果有所不同。传统的系统发育。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanol extracts of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (EEOS) on neuroprotective efficacy in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR). The effects of EEOS on mortality rate, neurobehavior, grip strength, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, interleukin (IL)-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. The cerebral infarction was examined through tetrazolium chloride staining. EEOS significantly inhibited IR-induced brain production of IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, ICAM-1, and COX-2. Moreover, EEOS suppressed infiltration of PMN cells. EEOS caused a significant reduction in the infarct size compared with the middle cerebral artery occlusion group. The study demonstrates the neuroprotective potential of EEOS inhibition of IR through anti-inflammatory activity in a rat model of IR.

背景与目标： ：在这项研究中，我们研究了中华O蛇乙醇提取物（EEOS）对局灶性脑缺血/再灌注（IR）大鼠神经保护功效的影响。 EEOS对死亡率，神经行为，抓地力，多形核（PMN）细胞，白介素（IL）-1β，诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS），肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α，细胞内黏附分子1（ICAM- 1）和环氧合酶2（COX-2）通过酶联免疫吸附测定和免疫组化测定。通过氯化四唑鎓染色检查脑梗塞。 EEOS显着抑制IR诱导的大脑中IL-1β，TNF-α，iNOS，ICAM-1和COX-2的产生。此外，EEOS抑制了PMN细胞的浸润。与大脑中动脉闭塞组相比，EEOS导致了梗塞面积的显着减少。该研究证明了在大鼠IR模型中，EEOS通过抗炎活性抑制EEOS对IR的神经保护作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Phomalactone, an antibacterial, insecticidal, and herbicidal compound, was produced by insect pathogenic fungi, Ophiocordyceps communis BCC 1842 and BCC 2763, in bioreactors using different carbon and nitrogen sources. Glucose and fructose were preferable for growth and phomalactone production. The highest specific growth rate (μ) of 0.012 hr(-1), the highest biomass yield (Ysx) of 0.38 g DW g(-1) sugar, the highest volumetric sugar consumption rate (qs) of 0.036 g (L hr)(-1), the maximum phomalactone concentration ([Formula: see text]) of 93.30 mg L(-1) at 127 hr, and the highest volumetric production rate of phomalactone (qp) of 0.46 ± 0.12 mg (L d)(-1) were obtained on glucose and sodium nitrate as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, by O. communis BCC 1842. In contrast, O. communis BCC 2763 gave lower phomalactone production. This mass phomalactone production is useful for the biological synthesis of a precursor for more broad-range potent analogs such as antitumor, antifungal, and others and for its further biological studies.

背景与目标： 苯甲内酯是一种抗菌，杀虫和除草的化合物，由昆虫病原性真菌Ophiocordyceps communis BCC 1842和BCC 2763在生物反应器中使用不同的碳源和氮源生产。葡萄糖和果糖对于生长和磷内酯的产生是优选的。比生长率最高（μ）为0.012 hr（-1），最高生物量产量（Ysx）为0.38 g DW g（-1）糖，最高体积糖消耗率（qs）为0.036 g（L hr） （-1），在127 hr时最大的膦内酯浓度（[公式：参见文字]）为93.30 mg L（-1），最大的膦内酯体积生成量（qp）为0.46±0.12 mg（L d） -1。）是由O. communis BCC 1842分别在葡萄糖和硝酸钠上作为唯一的碳源和氮源获得的。相反，O。communis BCC 2763产生的磷内酯较低。大量的磷内酯产生可用于前体的生物合成，以用于更广泛有效的类似物，例如抗肿瘤，抗真菌等，并用于进一步的生物学研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is widespread in arthropods. Recently, possibilities of novel Wolbachia-mediated hosts, their distribution, and natural rate have been anticipated, and the coconut leaf beetle Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which has garnered attention as a serious pest of palms, was subjected to this interrogation. By adopting Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) and multilocus sequence type (MLST) genotypic systems, we determined the Wolbachia infection density within host developmental stages, body parts, and tissues, and the results revealed that all the tested samples of B. longissima were infected with the same Wolbachia strain (wLog), suggesting complete vertical transmission. The MLST profile elucidated two new alleles (ftsZ-234 and coxA-266) that define a new sequence type (ST-483), which indicates the particular genotypic association of B. longissima and Wolbachia. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed a higher infection density in the eggs and adult stage, followed by the abdomen and reproductive tissues, respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in the infection density between sexes. Moreover, the wsp and concatenated MLST alignment analysis of this study with other known Wolbachia-mediated arthropods revealed similar clustering with distinct monophyletic supergroup B. This is the first comprehensive report on the prevalence, infection dynamics, and phylogeny of the Wolbachia endosymbiont in B. longissima, which demonstrated that Wolbachia is ubiquitous across all developmental stages and distributed in the entire body of B. longissima. Understanding the Wolbachia infection dynamics would provide useful insight to build a framework for future investigations, understand its impacts on host physiology, and exploit it as a potential biocontrol agent.

背景与目标： ：细胞内细菌Wolbachia pipientis广泛分布于节肢动物中。近来，已经预期了新型的由沃尔巴克氏体介导的寄主的可能性，它们的分布和自然发生率，并且已经引起椰子叶甲虫Brontispa longissima（Gestro）（鞘翅目：金眼科）的关注，该植物作为一种严重的棕榈害虫而受到关注。这个讯问。通过采用Wolbachia表面蛋白（wsp）和多基因座序列类型（MLST）基因型系统，我们确定了宿主发育阶段，身体部位和组织内的Wolbachia感染密度，结果表明所有被测试的B. longissima样品均被感染。具有相同的Wolbachia菌株（wLog），表明完全垂直传播。 MLST谱阐明了两个新的等位基因（ftsZ-234和coxA-266），它们定义了一个新的序列类型（ST-483），表明长双歧杆菌和Wolbachia的特定基因型关联。实时定量PCR分析表明，卵和成年阶段的感染密度较高，其次是腹部和生殖组织。但是，在两性之间的感染密度上没有观察到明显差异。此外，这项研究与其他已知的Wolbachia介导的节肢动物的wsp和连锁MLST比对分析揭示了具有相似的簇，且具有不同的单系统超群B.这是关于Wolbachia内共生菌在B中的患病率，感染动力学和系统发育的第一份综合报道。 longissima，表明Wolbachia在所有发育阶段无处不在，并分布在B. longissima的整个体内。了解沃尔巴克氏菌感染的动态将提供有用的见解，以为将来的研究建立一个框架，了解其对宿主生理的影响，并将其用作潜在的生物防治剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Herbal medicines are efficient to reduce side effects in the fight against glioblastoma, which plays a critical role within brain cancer species. The recent studies designated for testing the effects of lichens that have shown numerous anticancer activities on glioblastoma so far. In the present study, different concentrations of water extract obtained from Usnea longissima Ach. were used in order to determine cytotoxic (via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase tests), antioxidant (via total antioxidant capacity test), pro-oxidant (via total oxidant status test) and genotoxic (via 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine test) effects of them on human U87MG-glioblastoma cancer cell lines. Primary mixed glial-neuronal non-cancerous cells from Sprague-Dawley rats were also utilized to measure the effects of treatments on non-cancerous cells. Based on median inhibitory concentration values, the data belonged to non-cancerous cells (2486.71 mg/L) showed distinct towering compared to U87MG (80.93 mg/L) cells. The viability of non-cancerous and U87MG cells exposed to extract is decreased in a dose dependent manner. It was also showed that low concentrations of extract notably increased total antioxidant capacity on non-cancerous cells. In addition, various phenolic compounds in extract were detected through high-performance liquid chromatography. The recent results encourage that extract will be able to have therapeutic potential against glioblastoma.

背景与目标： 草药可有效减少对抗胶质母细胞瘤的副作用，而胶质母细胞瘤在脑癌物种中起着至关重要的作用。最近的研究指定用于测试地衣的作用，迄今为止，这些作用已显示出对胶质母细胞瘤许多抗癌活性。在本研究中，不同浓度的水提取物得自长松松萝（Usnea longissima Ach）。为了测定细胞毒性（通过3-（4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基）-2,5-二苯基四唑溴化物和乳酸脱氢酶测试），抗氧化剂（通过总抗氧化剂容量测试），促氧化剂（通过总氧化剂状态测试）和遗传毒性（通过8-羟基-2'-脱氧鸟苷测试）对人U87MG-胶质母细胞瘤癌细胞系的影响。来自Sprague-Dawley大鼠的原代神经胶质-神经元非癌细胞也被用于测量治疗对非癌细胞的影响。根据中值抑制浓度值，与U87MG（80.93 mg / L）细胞相比，属于非癌细胞（2486.71 mg / L）的数据显示出明显的参差。暴露于提取物中的非癌细胞和U87MG细胞的活力以剂量依赖性方式降低。还显示出低浓度的提取物显着增加了对非癌细胞的总抗氧化能力。此外，通过高效液相色谱法检测到了提取物中的各种酚类化合物。最近的结果鼓励该提取物将具有抗胶质母细胞瘤的治疗潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: This paper reports cloning and characterisation of four novel low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) genes (designated as TzLMW-m2, TzLMW-m1, TdLMW-m1 and AlLMW-m2) from the genomic DNA of Triticum dicoccoides, T. zhukovskyi and Aegilops longissima. The coding regions of TzLMW-m2, TzLMW-m1, TdLMW-m1 and AlLMW-m2 were 1056 bp, 903 bp, 1056 bp and 1050 bp in length, encoding 350, 300, 350 and 348 amino acid residues, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences showed that the four novel genes were classified as LMW-m types and the comparison results indicated that the four genes had a more similar structure and a higher level of homology with the LMW-m genes than the LMW-s and -i types genes. However, the first cysteine residue's positions of TzLMW-m2, TdLMW-m1 and AlLMW-m2 were different from the others. Moreover, AlLMW-m2, TdLMW-m1 and TzLMW-m2 all possessed a longer repetitive domain, which was considered to be associated with good quality of wheat. The secondary structure prediction revealed that the content of beta-strand in AlLMW-m2 and TdLMW-m1 exceeded the positive control, suggesting that AlLMW-m2 and TdLMW-m1 should be considered as candidate genes that may have positive effect on dough quality. In order to investigate the evolutionary relationship of the novel genes with the other LMW-GSs, a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The results lead to a speculation that AlLMW-m2, TdLMW-m1 and TzLMW-m2 may be the middle types during the evolution of LMW-m and LMW-s.

背景与目标： 本文报道了来自小麦小麦（Ticticum dicoccoides）T基因组DNA的四个新的低分子量谷蛋白亚基（LMW-GS）基因（分别命名为TzLMW-m2，TzLMW-m1，TdLMW-m1和AlLMW-m2）的克隆和表征。 zhukovskyi和Aegilops longissima。 TzLMW-m2，TzLMW-m1，TdLMW-m1和AlLMW-m2的编码区长度分别为1056 bp，903 bp，1056 bp和1050 bp，分别编码350、300、350和348个氨基酸残基。推导的氨基酸序列表明，这四个新基因被分类为LMW-m类型，并且比较结果表明，这四个基因与LMW-s和LMW-m基因相比具有更相似的结构和与LMW-m基因更高的同源性。 -i输入基因。然而，TzLMW-m2，TdLMW-m1和AlLMW-m2的第一个半胱氨酸残基的位置彼此不同。此外，AlLMW-m2，TdLMW-m1和TzLMW-m2均具有较长的重复域，这被认为与小麦的优质品质有关。二级结构预测表明，AlLMW-m2和TdLMW-m1中β链的含量超过了阳性对照，这表明AlLMW-m2和TdLMW-m1应被视为可能对面团质量产生积极影响的候选基因。为了研究新基因与其他LMW-GS的进化关系，构建了系统进化树。结果导致人们推测AlLMW-m2，TdLMW-m1和TzLMW-m2可能是LMW-m和LMW-s进化的中间类型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A systematic study on the metabolome differences between wild Ophiocordyceps sinensis and artificial cultured Cordyceps militaris was conducted using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis and orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis results showed that C. militaris grown on solid rice medium (R-CM) and C. militaris grown on tussah pupa (T-CM) evidently separated and individually separated from wild O. sinensis, indicating metabolome difference among wild O. sinensis, R-CM and T-CM. The metabolome differences between R-CM and T-CM indicated that C. militaris could accommodate to culture medium by differential metabolic regulation. Hierarchical clustering analysis was further performed to cluster the differential metabolites and samples based on their metabolic similarity. The higher content of amino acids (pyroglutamic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, phenylalanine and arginine), unsaturated fatty acid (linolenic acid and linoleic acid), peptides, mannitol, adenosine and succinoadenosine in O. sinensis make it as an excellent choice as a traditional Chinese medicine for invigoration or nutritional supplementation. Similar compositions with O. sinensis and easy cultivation make artificially cultured C. militaris a possible alternative to O. sinensis.

背景与目标： ：利用液相色谱-质谱法对野生中华phi虫草和人工培养的Cord虫草之间的代谢组差异进行了系统研究。主成分分析和正交投影对潜在结构的判别分析结果表明，在固态水稻培养基（R-CM）上生长的C虫和在蚕（T-CM）上生长的C虫明显与野生O分离并单独分离。中华,，说明野生中华。，R-CM和T-CM之间的代谢组差异。 R-CM和T-CM之间的代谢组差异表明，游衣藻可以通过差异代谢调节适应培养基。进一步进行了层次聚类分析，以基于差异代谢物和样品的代谢相似性进行聚类。中华绒螯蟹中较高的氨基酸（焦谷氨酸，谷氨酸，组氨酸，苯丙氨酸和精氨酸），不饱和脂肪酸（亚油酸和亚油酸），肽，甘露醇，腺苷和琥珀腺苷含量高，使它成为中华绒螯蟹的极佳选择。补气或营养补品的中药。与中华稻草相似的成分和易于栽培使得人工培养的中华C草可能成为中华稻草的替代品。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ophiocordyceps sinensis has a long history of use in Tibetan traditional medicine and traditional Chinese medicine as a powerful tonic and aphrodisiac. The species is inextricably linked to the trade of medicinal and aromatic plants in East Asia. Its demand has increased substantially in the international market, and its collection and trade have significantly improved the socioeconomic status of the people in some regions. Nonetheless, in Sikkim this resource is still untapped formally, but it is traded illegally. Formal legalization and the community's involvement will ensure the conservation and sustainability of the species, as well as proper management of harvesting areas and monitoring of pressure on Yartsa Gunbu to exploit it.

背景与目标： ：Ophiocordyceps sinensis在藏族传统医学和中药中作为强大的补品和壮阳药已有很长的历史。该物种与东亚的药用和芳香植物贸易有着千丝万缕的联系。它在国际市场上的需求已大大增加，其收集和贸易大大改善了某些地区人民的社会经济地位。尽管如此，在锡金，该资源仍未正式开发，但已被非法交易。正式的合法化和社区的参与将确保该物种的保护和可持续性，以及对采伐区的适当管理以及对Yartsa Gunbu开发该物种的压力进行监测。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The influence of nutritional and physical stress on sporulation, conidial germination and vegetative biomass of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, one of the most important medicinal fungi in China and now globally, was evaluated using a two-stage culture method. All the treatments, except nutrient deprivation, enhanced conidial production and vegetative biomass to some extent. However, conidia produced under stress showed decreased germination in comparison with those continuously cultured on the enriched potato dextrose agar (PDA; as the control). Among 10 treatments tested, the physical stress of frozen-shock produced the largest number of conidia, 7.5 times higher than that of the control, followed by heat-shock treatment. These results demonstrate that the fungus has strong physiological adaptations to environmental stress that may have evolved because it is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau. This report will be relevant to the study of the pathogenicity and artificial cultivation of this endangered fungus.

背景与目标： 营养和身体压力对中华绒螯蟹（Ophiocordyceps sinensis）（中国乃至全球目前最重要的药用真菌之一）的孢子形成，分生孢子萌发和营养生物量的影响，采用两阶段培养法进行了评估。除营养剥夺外，所有处理均在一定程度上提高了分生孢子的产生和营养生物量。然而，与在浓缩的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂（PDA；作为对照）上连续培养的分生孢子相比，在压力下产生的分生孢子显示出降低的发芽。在所测试的10种处理方法中，冷冻冲击的物理应力产生的分生孢子数量最多，比对照高7.5倍，然后进行热冲击处理。这些结果表明，这种真菌对青藏高原特有的环境压力具有很强的生理适应性。该报告将与该濒危真菌的致病性和人工栽培研究有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Ophiocordyceps sinensis is an important traditional Chinese medicine for its comprehensive active ingredients, such as cordycepin, cordycepic acid, and Cordyceps polysaccharide. O. sinensis zjut, a special strain isolated from O. sinensis, has similar pharmacological functions to wild O. sinensis. Currently, O. sinensis with artificial cultivation has been widely studied, but systematic fundamental research at protein levels has not been determined. RESULTS:Proteomes of O. sinensis zjut at different culture periods (growth period, 3rd day; pre-stable period, 6th day; and stable period, 9th day) were relatively quantified by relative isotope markers and absolute quantitative technology. In total, 4005 proteins were obtained and further annotated with Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Based on the result of the annotations, metabolic pathways of active ingredients, amino acids and fatty acid were constructed, and the related enzymes were exhibited. Subsequently, comparative proteomics of O. sinensis zjut identified the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) by growth in different culture periods, to find the important proteins involved in metabolic pathways of active ingredients. 605 DEPs between 6d-VS-3d, 1188 DEPs between 9d-VS-3d, and 428 DEPs between 9d-VS-6d were obtained, respectively. CONCLUSION:This work provided scientific basis to study protein profile and comparison of protein expression levels of O. sinensis zjut, and it will be helpful for metabolic engineering works to active ingredients for exploration, application and improvement of this fungus.

背景与目标： 背景：中华O虫草是虫草素，虫草酸，虫草多糖等综合活性成分，是一种重要的中药。 O. sinensis zjut是一种从O. sinensis分离的特殊菌株，具有与野生O. sinensis相似的药理功能。目前，对人工栽培的中华稻进行了广泛的研究，但尚未确定蛋白质水平的系统基础研究。
结果：通过相对同位素标记和绝对定量技术对不同培养时期（生长期第3天；稳定期第6天；稳定期第9天）中华稻的蛋白质组进行了相对定量。总共获得了4005种蛋白质，并用“基因本体论”，“京都基因百科全书和基因组”数据库进一步注释。根据注释结果，构建了活性成分，氨基酸和脂肪酸的代谢途径，并展示了相关的酶。随后，中华绒螯蟹的比较蛋白质组学通过在不同培养时期的生长鉴定出差异表达的蛋白质（DEPs），以发现参与活性成分代谢途径的重要蛋白质。获得了6d-VS-3d之间的605 DEP，9d-VS-3d之间的1188 DEP和9d-VS-6d之间的428 DEP。
结论：这项研究为研究中华稻的蛋白质谱和比较蛋白质表达水平提供了科学依据，将有助于该真菌的有效成分的代谢工程研究，探索，应用和改良。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :As part of a genome sequencing project for Ophiocordyceps sinensis, strain 1229, a complete mitochondrial (mt) genome was assembled as a single circular dsDNA of 157,510 bp, one of the largest reported for fungi. Conserved genes including the large and small rRNA subunits, 27 tRNA and 15 protein-coding genes, were identified. In addition, 58 non-conserved open reading frames (ncORFs) in the intergenic and intronic regions were also identified. Transcription analyses using RNA-Seq validated the expression of most conserved genes and ncORFs. Fifty-two introns (groups I and II) were found within conserved genes, accounting for 68.5% of the genome. Thirty-two homing endonucleases (HEs) with motif patterns LAGLIDADG (21) and GIY-YIG (11) were identified in group I introns. The ncORFs found in group II introns mostly encoded reverse transcriptases (RTs). As in other hypocrealean fungi, gene contents and order were found to be conserved in the mt genome of O. sinensis, but the genome size was enlarged by longer intergenic regions and numerous introns. Intergenic and intronic regions were composed of abundant repetitive sequences usually associated with mobile elements. It is likely that intronic ncORFs, which encode RTs and HEs, may have contributed to the enlarged mt genome of O. sinensis.

背景与目标： ：作为中华O虫（Ophiocordyceps sinensis）菌株1229的基因组测序项目的一部分，完整的线粒体（mt）基因组以157,510 bp的单个环状dsDNA组装，这是报道的最大的真菌之一。确定了保守基因，包括大和小的rRNA亚基，27个tRNA和15个蛋白质编码基因。此外，还鉴定了基因间和内含子区域的58个非保守的开放阅读框（ncORF）。使用RNA-Seq进行的转录分析验证了大多数保守基因和ncORF的表达。在保守基因中发现了52个内含子（I和II组），占基因组的68.5％。在第I组内含子中鉴定出32个具有基序模式LAGLIDADG（21）和GIY-YIG（11）的归巢核酸内切酶（HEs）。在第二组内含子中发现的ncORFs大多编码逆转录酶（RTs）。与其他降霉菌真菌一样，发现中华稻的mt基因组中的基因含量和顺序是保守的，但是基因组的大小因较长的基因间区域和许多内含子而扩大了。基因间和内含子区域由通常与移动元件相关的大量重复序列组成。编码RTs和HEs的内含子ncORFs可能有助于中华稻的mt基因组的扩大。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To understand the potential genetic basis of highland adaptation of fungal pathogenicity, we present here the ~116 Mb de novo assembled high-quality genome of Ophiocordyceps sinensis endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Compared with other plain-dwelling fungi, we find about 3.4-fold inflation of the O. sinensis genome due to a rapid amplification of long terminal repeat retrotransposons that occurred ~38 million years ago in concert with the uplift of the plateau. We also observe massive removal of thousands of genes related to the transport process and energy metabolism. O. sinensis displays considerable lineage-specific expansion of gene families functionally enriched in the adaptability of low-temperature of cold tolerance, fungal pathogenicity and specialized host infection. We detect signals of positive selection for genes involved in peroxidase and hypoxia to enable its highland adaptation. Resequencing and analyzing 31 whole genomes of O. sinensis, representing nearly all of its geographic range, exhibits latitude-based population divergence and nature selection for population inhabitation towards higher altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

背景与目标： ：为了了解高原对真菌致病性适应的潜在遗传基础，我们在此介绍了青藏高原特有的中华O虫的〜116 Mb从头组装好的高质量基因组。与其他平原真菌相比，我们发现中华稻的基因组膨胀约为3.4倍，这是由于长末端重复逆转录转座子迅速扩增所致，发生于3,800万年前，与高原的抬高相呼应。我们还观察到大量去除了与运输过程和能量代谢有关的数千个基因。中华稻（O. sinensis）显示出显着的谱系特异性扩展的基因家族，这些家族在功能上丰富了低温耐寒性，真菌致病性和专门宿主感染的适应性。我们检测到参与过氧化物酶和缺氧基因的正选择信号，以使其能够适应高地。重新测序和分析代表中华稻草的几乎全部地理范围的31个全基因组，表现出基于纬度的种群差异和自然选择，适合青藏高原较高海拔地区的种群居住。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mushrooms are potential sources of novel natural cosmeceutical ingredients. This study was conducted to evaluate the cosmetic (skincare) benefits of the valuable medicinal species Ophiocordyceps sinensis (=Cordyceps sinensis). The mycelial extracts of 2 O. sinensis strains, Cs-HK1 and Cs-4, prepared sequentially with ethyl acetate, ethanol, and hot water were tested with in vitro assays for tyrosinase-, collagenase-, and elastase-inhibitory activity. The ethyl acetate extracts of both fungal strains showed potent antityrosinase and antielastase activity, with low half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (0.14-0.47 mg/mL) comparable to those of the respective reference compounds (arbutin and epigallocatechin gallate). All mycelial extracts exhibited moderate or significant anticollagenase activity; most extracts showed a significant photoprotective effect with a sun protection factor up to 25. The results from this study show the potential use of O. sinensis as a source of cosmetic ingredients for skincare applications.

背景与目标： ：蘑菇是新型天然药妆配料的潜在来源。进行这项研究是为了评估珍贵药用物种中华蛇舌草（=冬虫夏草）的美容（护肤）功效。用体外测定法检测酪氨酸酶，胶原酶和弹性蛋白酶的抑制活性，分别用乙酸乙酯，乙醇和热水依次制备2个中华曲霉菌株Cs-HK1和Cs-4的菌丝体提取物。两种真菌菌株的乙酸乙酯提取物均显示出有效的抗酪氨酸酶和抗弹性蛋白酶活性，具有与相应参考化合物（熊果苷和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯）相当的低半数最大抑制浓度（0.14-0.47 mg / mL）。所有菌丝体提取物均表现出中等或显着的抗胶原酶活性。大多数提取物显示出显着的光保护作用，其防晒系数高达25。这项研究的结果表明，中华稻可能被用作皮肤护理化妆品成分的来源。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Caterpillar fungi have numerous pharmacological and therapeutic applications in traditional medicine, due to a variety of active chemical constituents, such as cordycepin and adenosine. It is imperative to discover new resource for artificial cultivation and biometabolite production since the traditional natural species are endangered. In this study, a new strain HACM 001 was isolated and identified as Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis by rDNA-ITS sequencing. This strain showed the potential of artificial infection to caterpillar larvae leading to mummification, as well as fermentation mycelia in liquid culture and cultivation stromata in solid medium. Eight nucleosides and nucleobases, especially cordycepin and adenosine, were determined and analyzed with HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS/MS technology. Cordycepin was detected in all forms of present O. xuefengensis strain at different contents, among which the highest content (37.1 μg/g) appeared in the stromata cultivated on solid medium. The content of adenosine in mycelia and stromata, respectively, reached 1155 μg/g and 1470 μg/g. Therefore, O. xuefengensis might be an alternative source for obtaining artificial fungus-caterpillar-larvae complex and producing cordycepin and adenosine.

背景与目标： 卡特彼勒真菌由于具有多种活性化学成分，例如虫草素和腺苷，在传统医学中具有许多药理学和治疗学应用。由于传统的自然物种受到威胁，必须找到新的人工种植和生物代谢产物生产资源。在这项研究中，通过rDNA-ITS测序分离了一个新的菌株HACM 001，并将其鉴定为雪风麦草。该菌株显示出对毛虫幼虫的人工感染潜力，导致木乃伊化，以及液体培养中的发酵菌丝体和固体培养基中的培养基质。使用HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS / MS技术测定并分析了八个核苷和核碱基，尤其是虫草素和腺苷。在各种形式的雪松现有菌株中均检测到虫草素含量不同，其中在固体培养基上培养的基质中含量最高（37.1μg/ g）。菌丝体和基质中腺苷的含量分别达到1155μg/ g和1470μg/ g。因此，雪峰稻可能是获得人工真菌-毛虫-幼虫复合物并生产虫草素和腺苷的替代来源。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, formerly known as Cordyceps sinensis, has long been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of many illnesses. In recent years its usage has increased dramatically because of the improvement of people's living standard and the emphasis on health. Such demands have resulted in over-harvesting of this fungus in the wild. Fortunately, scientists have demonstrated that artificially cultured and fermented mycelial products of O. sinensis have similar pharmacological activities to wild O. sinensis. The availability of laboratory cultures will likely to further expand its usage for the treatment of various illnesses. In this review, we summarize recent results on the pharmacological activities of the components of O. sinensis and their putative mechanisms of actions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

背景与目标： 昆虫病原菌：中华线虫草（Ophiocordyceps sinensis），以前被称为冬虫夏草（Cordyeps sinensis），长期以来一直被用作治疗多种疾病的传统中药。近年来，由于人们生活水平的提高和对健康的重视，其使用量急剧增加。这样的需求导致了这种真菌在野外的过度收获。幸运的是，科学家们已经证明，人工种植和发酵的中华稻草菌丝体产品具有与野生中华稻草相似的药理活性。实验室培养物的可获得性将可能进一步扩大其在治疗各种疾病中的用途。在这篇综述中，我们总结了有关中华稻草成分的药理活性及其可能的作用机理的最新研究结果。版权所有©2016 John Wiley＆Sons，Ltd.