To understand the potential genetic basis of highland adaptation of fungal pathogenicity, we present here the ~116 Mb de novo assembled high-quality genome of Ophiocordyceps sinensis endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Compared with other plain-dwelling fungi, we find about 3.4-fold inflation of the O. sinensis genome due to a rapid amplification of long terminal repeat retrotransposons that occurred ~38 million years ago in concert with the uplift of the plateau. We also observe massive removal of thousands of genes related to the transport process and energy metabolism. O. sinensis displays considerable lineage-specific expansion of gene families functionally enriched in the adaptability of low-temperature of cold tolerance, fungal pathogenicity and specialized host infection. We detect signals of positive selection for genes involved in peroxidase and hypoxia to enable its highland adaptation. Resequencing and analyzing 31 whole genomes of O. sinensis, representing nearly all of its geographic range, exhibits latitude-based population divergence and nature selection for population inhabitation towards higher altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

译文

:为了了解高原对真菌致病性适应的潜在遗传基础,我们在此介绍了青藏高原特有的中华O虫的〜116 Mb从头组装好的高质量基因组。与其他平原真菌相比,我们发现中华稻的基因组膨胀约为3.4倍,这是由于长末端重复逆转录转座子迅速扩增所致,发生于3,800万年前,与高原的抬高相呼应。我们还观察到大量去除了与运输过程和能量代谢有关的数千个基因。中华稻(O. sinensis)显示出显着的谱系特异性扩展的基因家族,这些家族在功能上丰富了低温耐寒性,真菌致病性和专门宿主感染的适应性。我们检测到参与过氧化物酶和缺氧基因的正选择信号,以使其能够适应高地。重新测序和分析代表中华稻草的几乎全部地理范围的31个全基因组,表现出基于纬度的种群差异和自然选择,适合青藏高原较高海拔地区的种群居住。

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