BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Goat alpha-lactalbumin (GLA) contains four tryptophan (Trp) residues. In order to obtain information on the fluorescence contribution of the individual Trp residues in native GLA, we recorded the fluorescence spectra of four GLA mutants, W26F, W60F, W104F, and W118F, in each of which a single Trp residue was replaced with phenylalanine (Phe). Comparison of the fluorescence spectra of the four mutants with that of wild-type GLA indicated that, in native GLA, three Trp residues (Trp60, Trp104, and Trp118) are strongly quenched and account for the partial indirect quenching of Trp26. As a consequence, the fluorescence of wild-type GLA and of the mutants W60F, W104F, and W118F mainly results from Trp26. An inspection of the crystal structure indicated that, in addition to the disulfide bonds that are in direct contact with the indole groups of Trp60 and Trp118, backbone peptide bonds that are in direct contact with the indole groups of Trp60, Trp104, and Trp118, contribute to the direct quenching effects. Interestingly, the lack of direct quenching of Trp26 explains why the cleavage of disulfide bonds by UV light is mediated more by the highly fluorescent Trp26 than by the less fluorescent Trp104 and Trp118.

背景与目标： ：山羊α-乳清蛋白（GLA）包含四个色氨酸（Trp）残基。为了获得有关天然GLA中单个Trp残基的荧光贡献的信息，我们记录了四个GLA突变体W26F，W60F，W104F和W118F的荧光光谱，其中每个单个Trp残基都被苯丙氨酸取代了（ Phe）。四个突变体与野生型GLA的荧光光谱比较表明，在天然GLA中，三个Trp残基（Trp60，Trp104和Trp118）被强烈淬灭，并说明了Trp26的部分间接淬灭。结果，野生型GLA和突变体W60F，W104F和W118F的荧光主要来自于Trp26。晶体结构的检查表明，除了与Trp60和Trp118的吲哚基团直接接触的二硫键外，与Trp60，Trp104和Trp118的吲哚基团直接接触的主链肽键也有贡献。直接淬火的效果。有趣的是，缺乏对Trp26的直接淬灭解释了为什么紫外光对二硫键的裂解更多地由高荧光的Trp26而不是由较少荧光的Trp104和Trp118介导。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The fluorescence intensity decay of the single tryptophan residue, Trp-187, of free annexin V is described by the sum of three lifetime components (5.4, 1.3, and 0.4 ns), which may be correlated to three ground-state classes of Trp conformers. The two major classes (44 and 48%) are embedded in the protein matrix. When annexin V binds to calcium and liposomes made of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine and dioleoylphosphatidylserine, similar results are obtained whatever the (10-200) lipid ratio. The Trp fluorescence decay is fitted with only two components (6.9-7.2 and 2.0-2.2 ns). Decay-associated spectra reveal that the longest lifetime of bound annexin V can be related to Trp residues (60%) located in a partially polar environment, which could correspond to the protein-membrane interface. The shortest lifetime is attributed to Trp residues (40%) which reside in a hydrophobic surroundingthese Trp residues would penetrate into the phospholipid membrane and contribute to the stabilization of the 2D-array of annexin V molecules.

背景与目标： 游离膜联蛋白V的单个色氨酸残基Trp-187的荧光强度衰减由三个寿命成分（5.4、1.3和0.4 ns）的总和来描述，这三个成分可能与Trp构象异构体的三个基态类别相关。蛋白质基质中嵌入了两个主要类别（44％和48％）。当膜联蛋白V结合钙和由二油酰基磷脂酰胆碱和二油酰基磷脂酰丝氨酸制成的脂质体时，无论脂质比率为（10-200），都可获得相似的结果。 Trp荧光衰减仅适合两个分量（6.9-7.2和2.0-2.2 ns）。与衰变相关的光谱表明，结合的膜联蛋白V的最长寿命可能与位于部分极性环境中的Trp残基（60％）有关，这可能与蛋白质-膜界面相对应。最短的寿命归因于Trp残基（40％），它们位于疏水的周围，这些Trp残基会渗透到磷脂膜中，并有助于膜联蛋白V分子的2D阵列的稳定化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The effect of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) on the percolation properties of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/distearoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers was examined by studying the quenching of a lipid-bound fluorophore by a lipid-bound quencher, and by spin-spin interactions of a nitroxide-labeled lipid using electron spin resonance (ESR). At the low concentrations of BR used, differential scanning calorimetry showed that although the transition enthalpy was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by incorporation of BR, the solidus and fluidus phase boundaries and overall shape of the heat capacity profiles were essentially unchanged. However, fluorescence quenching and spin-label ESR data showed that the domain topology, as reflected in the percolation properties, is strongly affected by the protein. In contrast to our previous fluorescence data for the pure lipid mixtures, quenching in the coexistence region is independent of the fluid phase fraction when BR is present. In addition, the percolation threshold estimated by spin-label ESR is shifted in the presence of BR to a higher gel phase fraction at a given lipid composition. Both the fluorescence quenching and spin-label ESR data, together with the results of earlier simulations, strongly suggest that the fluid phase domains are substantially larger and/or less ramified in the presence of BR than in its absence. We have previously reported a similar effect of a transmembrane peptide, pOmpA (Escherichia coli outer membrane protein A signal peptide), on fluid domain connectivity in binary phosphatidylcholine mixtures.

背景与目标： 通过研究脂质结合的猝灭剂对脂质结合的荧光团的猝灭以及使用电子自旋的一氧化氮标记的脂质的自旋-自旋相互作用，研究了细菌视紫红质（BR）对二肉豆蔻酰基磷脂酰胆碱/二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱双层渗透特性的影响。共振（ESR）。在使用低浓度的BR时，差示扫描量热法显示，尽管通过掺入BR以一定的浓度依赖性降低了转变焓，但固相线和液相线的边界和热容曲线的总体形状基本不变。但是，荧光猝灭和自旋标记ESR数据表明，渗透特性所反映的域拓扑结构受到蛋白质的强烈影响。与我们以前的纯脂质混合物的荧光数据相反，当存在BR时，共存区域的猝灭与液相分数无关。另外，在给定脂质组成下，在BR的存在下，自旋标记ESR估计的渗透阈值会转移到较高的凝胶相分数。荧光猝灭和自旋标记ESR数据以及早期模拟的结果都强烈表明，在存在BR的情况下，与不存在BR的情况相比，液相域的分支和/或分枝显着增加。我们以前曾报道过跨膜肽pOmpA（大肠杆菌外膜蛋白A信号肽）对二元磷脂酰胆碱混合物中的流体域连通性具有类似作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bacterial populations exhibit a range of metabolic states influenced by their environment, intra- and interspecies interactions. The identification of bacterial metabolic states and transitions between them in their native environment promises to elucidate community behavior and stochastic processes, such as antibiotic resistance acquisition. In this work, we employ two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to create a metabolic fingerprint of individual bacteria and populations. FLIM of autofluorescent reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate), NAD(P)H, has been previously exploited for label-free metabolic imaging of mammalian cells. However, NAD(P)H FLIM has not been established as a metabolic proxy in bacteria. Applying the phasor approach, we create FLIM-phasor maps of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis at the single cell and population levels. The bacterial phasor is sensitive to environmental conditions such as antibiotic exposure and growth phase, suggesting that observed shifts in the phasor are representative of metabolic changes within the cells. The FLIM-phasor approach represents a powerful, non-invasive imaging technique to study bacterial metabolism in situ and could provide unique insights into bacterial community behavior, pathology and antibiotic resistance with sub-cellular resolution.

背景与目标： ：细菌种群表现出一系列受其环境，种内和种间相互作用影响的代谢状态。细菌代谢状态及其在自然环境中之间的过渡的鉴定有望阐明社区行为和随机过程，例如获得抗生素抗药性。在这项工作中，我们采用双光子荧光寿命成像显微镜（FLIM）来创建单个细菌和种群的代谢指纹。自发荧光还原烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（磷酸）的FLIM NAD（P）H先前已被用于哺乳动物细胞的无标记代谢成像。但是，NAD（P）H FLIM尚未被确定为细菌中的代谢替代物。应用相量方法，我们在单个细胞和群体水平上创建了大肠杆菌，肠炎沙门氏菌血清型鼠伤寒杆菌，铜绿假单胞菌，枯草芽孢杆菌和表皮葡萄球菌的FLIM相量图。细菌相量对环境条件敏感，例如抗生素暴露和生长期，这表明所观察到的相量变化代表细胞内代谢变化。 FLIM相量方法代表了一种强大的，非侵入性的成像技术，可用于原位研究细菌代谢，并且可以通过亚细胞分辨率为细菌群落行为，病理学和抗生素耐药性提供独特的见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The solution of the forward problem in fluorescence molecular imaging strongly influences the successful convergence of the fluorophore reconstruction. The most common approach to meeting this problem has been to apply the diffusion approximation. However, this model is a first-order angular approximation of the radiative transfer equation, and thus is subject to some well-known limitations. This manuscript proposes a methodology that confronts these limitations by applying the radiative transfer equation in spatial regions in which the diffusion approximation gives decreased accuracy. The explicit integro differential equations that formulate this model were solved by applying the Galerkin finite element approximation. The required spatial discretization of the investigated domain was implemented through the Delaunay triangulation, while the azimuthal discretization scheme was used for the angular space. This model has been evaluated on two simulation geometries and the results were compared with results from an independent Monte Carlo method and the radiative transfer equation by calculating the absolute values of the relative errors between these models. The results show that the proposed forward solver can approximate the radiative transfer equation and the Monte Carlo method with better than 95% accuracy, while the accuracy of the diffusion approximation is approximately 10% lower.

背景与目标： ：荧光分子成像中前向问题的解决方案强烈影响荧光团重建的成功收敛。解决此问题的最常用方法是应用扩散近似。但是，该模型是辐射传递方程的一阶角近似，因此受到一些众所周知的限制。该手稿提出了一种通过在空间区域应用辐射传递方程来解决这些局限性的方法，其中扩散近似会降低精度。通过应用Galerkin有限元逼近法解决了表达该模型的显式积分微分方程。通过Delaunay三角剖分实现了所研究域的所需空间离散化，而方位角离散化方案用于角空间。该模型已在两种模拟几何条件下进行了评估，并通过计算这些模型之间相对误差的绝对值，将结果与独立的蒙特卡洛方法和辐射传递方程的结果进行了比较。结果表明，所提出的前向求解器可以近似于95％的精度近似辐射传递方程和蒙特卡罗方法，而扩散近似的精度则低约10％。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Type-II superlattices (T2SLs) are a class of artificial semiconductors that have demonstrated themselves as a viable candidate to compete with the state-of-the-art mercury-cadmium-telluride material system in the field of infrared detection and imaging. Within type-II superlattices, InAs/InAs1-xSbx T2SLs have been shown to have a significantly longer minority carrier lifetime. However, demonstration of high-performance dual-band photodetectors based on InAs/InAs1-xSbx T2SLs in the long and very long wavelength infrared (LWIR & VLWIR) regimes remains challenging. We report the demonstration of high-performance bias-selectable dual-band long-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on new InAs/InAs1-xSbx/AlAs1-xSbx type-II superlattice design. Our design uses two different bandgap absorption regions separated by an electron barrier that blocks the transport of majority carriers to reduce the dark current density of the device. As the applied bias is varied, the device exhibits well-defined cut-off wavelengths of either ∼8.7 or ∼12.5 μm at 77 K. This bias-selectable dual-band photodetector is compact, with no moving parts, and will open new opportunities for multi-spectral LWIR and VLWIR imaging and detection.

背景与目标： II型超晶格（T2SL）是一类人造半导体，它们已证明自己是与红外检测和成像领域最先进的汞-碲化镉材料系统竞争的可行候选人。在II型超晶格中，已显示InAs / InAs1-xSbx T2SL具有明显更长的少数载流子寿命。但是，基于InAs / InAs1-xSbx T2SL的高性能双波段光电探测器在长波长和超长波长红外（LWIR＆VLWIR）领域的演示仍然具有挑战性。我们报告了基于新型InAs / InAs1-xSbx / AlAs1-xSbx II型超晶格设计的高性能偏置可选双波段长波红外光电探测器的演示。我们的设计使用两个不同的带隙吸收区域，这些区域被电子阻挡层隔开，该阻挡层阻止多数载流子的传输，从而降低了器件的暗电流密度。当施加的偏压变化时，该器件在77 K时具有明确的截止波长，约为8.7μm或〜12.5μm，该偏置可选双波段光电探测器结构紧凑，没有活动部件，将开辟新的机遇。用于多光谱LWIR和VLWIR成像和检测。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Only a few methods permit researchers to study selected regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems with a spatial and time resolution sufficient to image the function of neural structures. Usually, these methods cannot analyse deep-brain regions and a high-resolution method, which could repeatedly probe dynamic processes in any region of the central and peripheral nervous systems, is much needed. Here, we show that fibred fluorescence microscopy-which uses a small-diameter fibre-optic probe to provide real-time images-has the spatial resolution to image various neural structures in the living animal, the consistency needed for a sequential, quantitative evaluation of axonal degeneration/regeneration of a peripheral nerve, and the sensitivity to detect calcium transients on a sub-second timescale. These unique features should prove useful in many physiological studies requiring the in situ functional imaging of tissues in a living animal.

背景与目标： ：只有几种方法可以使研究人员以足够的空间和时间分辨率来研究中枢神经系统和周围神经系统的选定区域，以对神经结构的功能进行成像。通常，这些方法无法分析深脑区域，因此非常需要高分辨率的方法，该方法可以反复探查中枢神经系统和周围神经系统任何区域的动态过程。在这里，我们显示纤维荧光显微镜法（使用小直径光纤探针提供实时图像）具有空间分辨率，可以对活体动物的各种神经结构进行成像，具有连续定量地评估动物所需的一致性。周围神经的轴突变性/再生，以及在亚秒级范围内检测钙瞬变的敏感性。这些独特的特征在许多需要活体动物组织原位功能成像的生理研究中应被证明是有用的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Decay of fluorescence polarization after an impulsive excitation is correlated with wobbling motion of fluorescent molecules in membranes. The motion is characterized by two parameters, a "wobbling diffusion constant" and a "degree of orientational constraint" both of which can be determined directly from experimentally obtained decay. Detailed discussion, including theoretically calculated time-courses of polarization decay, is given for several types of molecules embedded in lipid bilayers; these types cover a large part of fluorescent probes available at present. The theory is useful for the analysis of fluorescence polarization decay in any system where the orientation of fluorophore is restricted by the surrounding structure.

背景与目标： 脉冲激发后荧光偏振的衰减与膜中荧光分子的摆动运动有关。该运动的特征在于两个参数，“波动扩散常数”和“取向约束度”，这两个参数都可以直接从实验获得的衰减中确定。对嵌入脂质双分子层中的几种类型的分子进行了详细的讨论，包括理论上计算的极化衰减时间过程。这些类型涵盖了目前可用的大部分荧光探针。该理论对于分析荧光团的方向受周围结构限制的任何系统中的荧光偏振衰减非常有用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: For the first time, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been applied to cytochrome P-450 to analyze the protein secondary structure. From Fourier self-deconvolution and fitting the infrared spectra in the amide I' region (1600-1700 cm-1), we estimate 44% alpha-helix, 31% beta-sheet, and 18% turns for substrate-free cytochrome P-450cam. In the presence of camphor, 54% alpha-helix and 310-helix, 21% beta-sheet, and 21% turns are obtained which agree with the crystallographic data of 53% alpha-helix, 19% beta-sheet, and 16% turns [Poulos, T. L., Finzel, B. C., & Howard, A. J. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 195, 687-700]. Cytochrome P-420cam is produced from substrate-free cytochrome P-450cam in two ways(i) by temperature elevation up to 60 degrees C and (ii) by exposure to KSCN up to 1.5 M. The secondary structure composition is determined for each temperature and KSCN concentration and compared with the changes observed in the iron ligand CO stretch vibration bands appearing between 1900 and 2000 cm-1. Thermally induced cytochrome P-420 has an alpha-helix content of 19%, a beta-sheet content of 53%, 14% turns, and 5% antiparallel beta-sheets from intermolecular hydrogen bonds within protein aggregates. The formation of cytochrome P-420 as a function of the KSCN concentration indicates two types of cytochrome P-420. Up to 1 M KSCN, the induced cytochrome P-420 displays only little modification of the secondary structure, whereas at 1.5 M KSCN, larger changes are observed, resulting in 85% cytochrome P-420 without protein precipitation and containing 30% alpha-helix, 48% beta-sheet, and 17% turns. Infrared spectra in the iron ligand CO stretch region show several subconformers for cytochrome P-420. During the cytochrome P-420 formation, the CO stretch modes are shifted to higher frequencies by 3-11 cm-1, with a main feature at about 1964 cm-1, compared to those of substrate-free cytochrome P-450cam-CO.

背景与目标： 第一次，傅里叶变换红外光谱已应用于细胞色素P-450，以分析蛋白质的二级结构。通过傅立叶自解卷积并拟合酰胺I'区域（1600-1700 cm-1）中的红外光谱，我们估计无底物的细胞色素P-占44％的α-螺旋，31％的β-折叠和18％的匝数。 450cam。在存在樟脑的情况下，获得了54％的α-螺旋和310螺旋，21％的β-折叠和21％的折光，这与53％的α-螺旋，19％的β-折叠和16％的晶体学数据相符[Poulos，TL，Finzel，BC，and Howard，AJ（1987）J. Mol。生物学195，687-700]。由无底物的细胞色素P-450cam产生细胞色素P-420cam的方法有两种（i）通过升高温度达到60摄氏度和（ii）通过暴露于KSCN达到1.5 M.在每个温度下确定二级结构组成和KSCN浓度，并与在1900至2000cm-1之间出现的铁配体CO拉伸振动带中观察到的变化进行比较。热诱导的细胞色素P-420具有19％的α-螺旋含量，53％的β-折叠层含量，14％匝数和5％的蛋白质聚集体中分子间氢键反平行的β-折叠层。细胞色素P-420的形成随KSCN浓度的变化指示出两种类型的细胞色素P-420。高达1 M KSCN时，诱导的细胞色素P-420仅显示出二级结构的修饰，而在1.5 M KSCN时，观察到较大的变化，导致85％的细胞色素P-420没有蛋白质沉淀并且含有30％的α-螺旋，48％的Beta版表和17％的匝数。铁配体CO延伸区的红外光谱显示了细胞色素P-420的多个亚构型。在细胞色素P-420形成过程中，与无底物的细胞色素P-450cam-CO相比，CO拉伸模式向更高的频率移动了3-11 cm-1，主要特征在大约1964 cm-1。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, a new nondestructive technique for passport examination is proposed. In this technique, linearly polarized light is used to measure Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) reflectance spectra of films on the biographical data page. Thirty genuine and thirty-five counterfeit Japanese passports and five marketed films pasted on name cards were examined. The measured spectra were analyzed as follows. The absorption spectra were obtained by the Kramers-Kronig transformations of reflectance spectra. The peak ratios were then calculated from the absorption spectra by adding the peak areas at 1126 and 1263 cm(-1) and dividing the result by the peak area at 1727 cm(-1). When nonpolarized light was used, the samples could not be distinguished by comparing the peak ratios. However, when polarized light was used, they were successfully distinguished by the comparison. Therefore, polarized light is useful for the forensic discrimination of passport films by the measurement of FT-IR spectra.

背景与目标： ：在这项研究中，提出了一种新的护照无损检测技术。在此技术中，线偏振光用于测量传记数据页面上胶片的傅立叶变换红外（FT-IR）反射光谱。检查了三十三本伪造的日本护照和三十五本伪造的日本护照，以及五张贴在名片上的市售影片。所测量的光谱如下分析。通过反射光谱的Kramers-Kronig变换获得吸收光谱。然后，通过将1126和1263 cm（-1）处的峰面积相加并将结果除以1727 cm（-1）处的峰面积，从吸收光谱中计算出峰比。使用非偏振光时，无法通过比较峰比率来区分样品。然而，当使用偏振光时，通过比较成功地将它们区分开。因此，偏振光可用于通过FT-IR光谱的测量来鉴别护照薄膜。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Long term bioassays in animals cannot reliably forecast unknown potential but distant human risks, and especially cancer risks. The genetic, anatomic, physiologic, behavioral and environmental adaptations of rats and mice - the officially prescribed animals - are not relevant to humans. Even bioassay results for the two prescribed species are not mutually predictive. The dearth of human relevance is augmented by arbitrary and incongruous default assumptions, also officially prescribed for the conduct and interpretation of bioassays in rats and mice. Moreover, and contrary to publicized perceptions, bioassay results are freely evaded in the markup of regulations, with the imposition of arbitrary safety factors and the guided opinions of ad hoc appointed advisory committees. Regardless of bioassay results, actual regulations of unknowable distant risks end up allowing those minimum exposures that are still compatible with uses deemed necessary or useful for the common welfare. Thus it would seem sensible to do away with very costly long-term bioassays irrelevant to humans and whose results are anyway bypassed, and to focus regulations on short-term effects relevant to humans, and on transparent cost and benefit considerations toward minimizing useful exposures.

背景与目标： ：动物的长期生物测定不能可靠地预测潜在的未知因素，但有遥远的人类风险，尤其是癌症风险。大鼠和小鼠（官方指定的动物）的遗传，解剖，生理，行为和环境适应与人类无关。甚至两个规定物种的生物测定结果也不是相互预测的。人类相关性的缺乏由于任意和不协调的默认假设而加剧，默认假设也被正式规定用于在大鼠和小鼠中进行和进行生物测定。而且，与公开的看法相反，生物测定的结果在规章的标记中被随意规避，施加了任意的安全系数和特设咨询委员会的指导意见。不管生物测定的结果如何，最终的不可知的远距离风险的实际规定最终都允许那些仍与认为对共同福利必要或有用的用途兼容的最低暴露量。因此，取消与人类无关，成本高昂的长期生物测定方法，无论如何都要避免其结果，而将法规重点放在与人类有关的短期影响上，以及将透明的成本和收益考虑因素集中到最大限度地减少有用的暴露量上，似乎是明智的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Purpose:To compare the intermodality and interreader agreement for geographic atrophy (GA) lesion size quantification in green-light fundus autofluorescence (GAF; excitation = 518 nm) versus combined blue-light fundus autofluorescence (BAF; excitation = 488 nm) and near-infrared reflectance (NIR; 820 nm) -based grading. Methods:Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) GAF, BAF, and NIR images of 40 eyes from 29 patients (mean age 79.7 years) with GA secondary to AMD were recorded according to a standardized protocol. GA areas were analyzed in GAF, BAF combined with NIR (BAF+NIR), or BAF alone, by four independent readers using semiautomated software (RegionFinder; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). A mixed-effects model was used to assess the effect of image modality on the measured square-root lesion area. The coefficient of repeatability (CR) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were assessed for the square-root lesion area, lesion perimeter, and circularity. Results:GAF-based measurements were on average 0.062 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04-0.08 mm) larger than BAF+NIR-based measurements and 0.077 mm (95% CI 0.06 - 0.10 mm) larger than BAF-based measurements. Interreader agreement was highest for GAF-based analysis ([CR, ICC] 0.196 mm, 0.995) followed by BAF+NIR (0.232 mm, 0.992) and BAF alone (0.263 mm, 0.991). The same was noted for the lesion perimeter and circularity. Post hoc review revealed that interreader differences were associated with media opacification interfering with lesion boundary demarcation to a larger extent in BAF than in GAF. Conclusions:cSLO-based GAF and combined BAF+NIR imaging with semiautomated lesion delineation allow for an accurate and reproducible quantification of GA. The slightly better interreader agreement using cSLO GAF suggests that its use may be preferable in clinical trials examining the change in lesion size as a clinical endpoint.

背景与目标： 目的：比较绿光眼底自发荧光（GAF；激发= 518 nm）与蓝光眼底自发荧光（BAF；激发= 488 nm）和近-基于红外反射率（NIR; 820 nm）的分级。
方法：按照标准方案记录29例年龄平均为79.7岁，继发于AMD的GA患者的40只眼的椎间扫描激光检眼镜（cSLO）GAF，BAF和NIR图像。四个独立的读者使用半自动化软件（RegionFinder； Heidelberg Engineering，Heidelberg，Germany），在GAF，BAF与NIR（BAF NIR）结合或单独使用BAF中分析了GA区域。使用混合效应模型来评估图像模态对所测量的平方根病变区域的影响。对平方根病变面积，病变周长和圆度评估了重复性系数（CR）和组内相关系数（ICC）。
结果：基于GAF的测量值比基于BAF NIR的测量值平均大0.062 mm（95％置信区间[CI] 0.04-0.08 mm），比基于BAF的测量值大0.077 mm（95％CI 0.06-0.10 mm）。基于GAF的分析（[CR，ICC] 0.196 mm，0.995）的阅读器间协议最高，其次是BAF NIR（0.232 mm，0.992）和单独的BAF（0.263 mm，0.991）。病变周长和圆形度也相同。事后审查显示，与GAF相比，BAF中阅读者之间的差异与媒介混浊干扰病灶边界的程度更大。
结论：基于cSLO的GAF以及结合BAF NIR成像和半自动病变描述，可以对GA进行准确且可重复的定量。使用cSLO GAF的阅读器之间的协议稍好，这表明在临床研究中（病灶大小变化作为临床终点）可能更可取。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have developed a simple technique for establishing high-quality intraoperative fluorescence imaging in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. The technique of transaortic injection of indocyanine green is an effective method of achieving clear fluorescence imaging and for evaluating the quality of graft anastomoses. We consider the images obtained with this technique to be equivalent to those obtained by conventional coronary angiography with selective enhancement of the graft.

背景与目标： ：我们开发了一种简单的技术，可用于在非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术中建立高质量的术中荧光成像。经主动脉注射吲哚菁绿的技术是一种实现清晰荧光成像并评估移植物吻合术质量的有效方法。我们认为用该技术获得的图像与通过选择性增强移植物的常规冠状动脉血管造影获得的图像等效。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The key component in the so-called EPRI effective dose equivalent (EDE) methodology is an algorithm that utilizes two dosimeters (instead of multiple dosimeters) to predict the EDE for external photon exposures. The exposure scenarios that were previously studied in deriving the algorithm include parallel photon beams and point sources 33 cm from the body surface. The motivation for this study was the need to investigate source locations within 33 cm from the body so the method is more widely applicable. The ORNL stylized mathematical human phantoms and the MCNP code were used to calculate organ doses in this study. This paper presents the EDE data for point gamma sources at 0.3, 1.0, and 1.5 MeV, respectively, which are located at 10 cm from the surface of the body. The results and analyses show that the locations ranging from the overhead to the foot have resulted in conservative ratios except for two general regions near the front upper thigh and directly overhead. If all locations considered in this study were averaged for each photon energy, the overall ratio is on the conservative side. These data suggest that the EPRI EDE methodology is still valid for sources located 10 cm from the body, although the chance for resulting in a non-conservative estimate of the EDE has increased in comparison with the sources located at 30 cm from the body. Finally, this paper provides recommendations on how to apply the EPRI EDE methodology.

背景与目标： ：所谓的EPRI有效剂量当量（EDE）方法中的关键组件是一种算法，该算法利用两个剂量计（而不是多个剂量计）来预测外部光子暴露的EDE。先前在推导算法时曾研究过的曝光场景包括平行光子束和距体表33 cm的点光源。这项研究的动机是需要调查距人体33厘米以内的放射源位置，因此该方法更广泛地适用。在本研究中，使用了ORNL程式化的数学人体模型和MCNP代码来计算器官剂量。本文介绍了分别位于距人体表面10 cm处的0.3 MeV，1.0 MeV和1.5 MeV的点伽马源的EDE数据。结果和分析表明，从头顶到脚的位置范围导致了保守的比率，除了大腿前上方和直接头顶附近的两个一般区域。如果在本研究中考虑的所有位置均针对每种光子能量求平均值，则总体比率处于保守的一面。这些数据表明，EPRI EDE方法对于距离人体10厘米处的放射源仍然有效，尽管与位于人体30厘米处的放射源相比，导致EDE非保守估计的机会有所增加。最后，本文提供了有关如何应用EPRI EDE方法的建议。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This Special Section Guest Editorial provides an overview of the topical area and an introduction to the articles featured in the special section.

背景与目标： ：本特别节的客座社论提供了主题区域的概述，并对特别节中的文章进行了介绍。