BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Molecular biology techniques are applied for the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis due to herpesviruses, enteroviruses or polyomaviruses, for the diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus, human parvovirus B19, varicella-zoster virus and rubella virus infections occurring during pregnancy, for the diagnosis and the management of retrovirus infections (HIV and HTLV) and of hepatitis (HBV and HCV), for papillomavirus typing and to detect a link between virus and clinical manifestations (cardiomyopathy or insulinodependent diabetes with coxsackievirus B: Kaposi's sarcoma with HHV 8) or to investigate an environmental contamination with viruses. These new molecular markers which are both qualitative and quantitative represent an important advance in the field of viral diagnosis research, in the monitoring of viral load during the course of infection, in the therapy control of viral disease and in the epidemiology of virus spread. Standardization and automatization are obtained using available commercial reagents and kits.

背景与目标： ：分子生物学技术被用于诊断由疱疹病毒，肠病毒或多瘤病毒引起的脑膜脑炎，用于诊断人巨细胞病毒，人细小病毒B19，水痘-带状疱疹病毒和风疹病毒在怀孕期间发生的感染，用于诊断和管理逆转录病毒感染（HIV和HTLV）和肝炎（H​​BV和HCV），用于乳头瘤病毒分型并检测病毒与临床表现之间的联系（心肌病或胰岛素依赖型糖尿病与柯萨奇病毒B：卡波西氏肉瘤伴HHV 8）或调查环境污染病毒。这些新的定性和定量分子标记代表了病毒诊断研究领域，感染过程中病毒载量的监测，病毒疾病的治疗控制和病毒传播的流行病学的重要进展。使用可用的市售试剂和试剂盒可获得标准化和自动化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Several attempts to classify gastric cancer (GCA) have been made over the past decades. Most successful, and widely used, is the classification by Laurén, which distinguishes, by microscopical morphology alone, two main cancer pathogeneses, diffuse (DGCA) and intestinal (IGCA) subtypes, which appear clearly as dissimilar clinical and epidemiological entities. Here we review the main differences in epidemiology, histopathology, and molecular pathology of the two main subtypes of gastric carcinomas based on Laurén classification. In clinical practice, however, clinical staging, particularly in predicting the survival, still remains superior to all classifications of gastric cancer independent of cancer type. The existence of local precursor lesions or conditions of IGCA tumours, i.e. Helicobacter pylori gastritis, atrophic gastritis (AG), intestinal metaplasia (IM), adenoma, dysplasia, and intramucosal neoplasia, is firmly established. The links of DGCA with intestinal-type epithelium, AG or IM are poor, or do not exist. So far, H. pylori gastritis is the only universal precursor condition for DGCA. It implies that AG and achlorhydria are of minor significance and infrequent in the development of DGCA but are important steps in that of IGCA. Despite an increasing body of data, the overall view on molecular pathology of GCA remains fragmentary. No consistent differences in the molecular pathology of GCA subtypes to meet the Laurén classification have been established. With the exception of TP53, no gene mutation occurring regularly in both histological types of GCA has been reported. Chromosomal aberrations and loss of heterozygosity seem to be non-specific and do not follow any consistent route in the progression of GCA. Microsatellite instability is more commonly found in IGCA than in DGCA. The present epigenetic data suggest that most of the decrease (or loss) of gene expression may be explained by promoter hypermethylation which is more often found in IGCA. In DGCA specific genes such as CDH1 are more often hypermethylated. Compared with GCA, in premalignant condition lesions gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations are infrequent. Epigenetic dysregulation might also represent a major mechanism for altered gene expression in premalignant stages in gastric carcinogenesis.

背景与目标： ：在过去的几十年中，已经进行了多次尝试来对胃癌（GCA）进行分类。最成功且应用最广泛的是Laurén的分类法，该分类法仅通过微观形态就可以区分出两种主要的癌症病原体，即弥散（DGCA）和肠道（IGCA）亚型，它们明显表现为不同的临床和流行病学实体。在这里，我们基于Laurén分类，回顾了两种主要胃癌亚型的流行病学，组织病理学和分子病理学的主要差异。然而，在临床实践中，临床分期，尤其是在预测存活率方面，仍然优于胃癌的所有分类，而与癌症类型无关。牢固地确定了局部局部前体病变或IGCA肿瘤的状况，即幽门螺杆菌胃炎，萎缩性胃炎（AG），肠化生（IM），腺瘤，异型增生和粘膜内瘤变。 DGCA与肠型上皮，AG或IM的联系较差或不存在。到目前为止，幽门螺杆菌胃炎是DGCA的唯一通用先兆病状。这表明AG和胃酸缺乏症在DGCA的发展中意义不大，很少出现，但在IGCA中是重要的步骤。尽管有越来越多的数据，但关于GCA分子病理学的整体观点仍是零碎的。尚未建立符合劳伦分类的GCA亚型分子病理学方面的一致差异。除TP53外，在两种组织学类型的GCA中均没有定期发生基因突变的报道。染色体畸变和杂合性丧失似乎是非特异性的，并且在GCA的发展过程中未遵循任何一致的途径。在IGCA中比在DGCA中更常见微卫星不稳定性。目前的表观遗传学数据表明，基因表达的大多数减少（或丧失）可以通过在IGCA中更常见的启动子高甲基化来解释。在DGCA中，诸如CDH1之类的特定基因更经常被甲基化。与GCA相比，在癌变前病灶中，基因突变和染色体畸变很少见。表观遗传失调也可能代表了胃癌发生前癌变阶段基因表达改变的主要机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:In clonal plants, internode connections allow translocation of photosynthates, water, nutrients and other substances among ramets. Clonal plants form large systems that are likely to experience small-scale spatial heterogeneity. Physiological and morphological responses of Fragaria vesca to small-scale heterogeneity in soil quality were investigated, together with how such heterogeneity influences the placement of ramets. As a result of their own activities plants may modify the suitability of their habitats over time. However, most experiments on habitat selection by clonal plants have not generally considered time as an important variable. In the present study, how the foraging behaviour of clonal plants may change over time was also investigated. METHODS:In a complex of environments with different heterogeneity, plant performance was determined in terms of biomass, ramet production and photosynthetic activity. To identify habitat selection, the number of ramets produced and patch where they rooted were monitored. KEY RESULTS:Parent ramets in heterogeneous environments showed significantly higher maximum and effective quantum yields of photosystem II than parents in homogeneous environments. Parents in heterogeneous environments also showed significantly higher investment in photosynthetic biomass and stolon/total biomass, produced longer stolons, and had higher mean leaf size than parents in homogeneous environments. Total biomass and number of offspring ramets were similar in both environments. However, plants in homogeneous environments showed random allocation of offspring ramets to surrounding patches, whereas plants in heterogeneous environments showed preferential allocation of offspring to higher-quality patches. CONCLUSIONS:The results suggest that F. vesca employs physiological and morphological strategies to enable efficient resource foraging in heterogeneous environments and demonstrate the benefits of physiological integration in terms of photosynthetic efficiency. The findings indicate that short-term responses cannot be directly extrapolated to the longer term principally because preferential colonization of high-quality patches means that these patches eventually show reduced quality. This highlights the importance of considering the time factor in experiments examining responses of clonal plants to heterogeneity.

背景与目标： 背景与目的：在无性植物中，节间连接允许光合产物，水，养分和其他物质在分株间移位。克隆植物形成了可能经历小规模空间异质性的大型系统。研究了草莓（Fragaria vesca）对土壤质量中小尺度异质性的生理和形态响应，以及这种异质性如何影响分株的放置。由于其自身的活动，植物可能会随着时间的流逝而改变其栖息地的适宜性。但是，大多数关于克隆植物选择生境的实验通常没有将时间视为重要变量。在本研究中，还研究了克隆植物的觅食行为如何随时间变化。
方法：在具有不同异质性的复杂环境中，根据生物量，分株产量和光合活性确定植物的生长性能。为了确定生境的选择，监测了分株的数量和它们生根的地方。
关键结果：异质环境中的父母分株显示出光系统II的最大和有效量子产率显着高于同质环境中的父母。与同质环境中的父母相比，异质环境中的父母对光合生物量和茎/总生物量的投资也显着增加，产生的sto茎更长，平均叶片尺寸也更大。在两种环境中，总生物量和后代分株的数量相似。但是，同质环境中的植物显示后代分株随机分配到周围斑块，而异质环境中的植物显示后代优先分配给更高质量的斑块。
结论：研究结果表明，vesca F. vesca采用生理和形态学策略，能够在异质环境中进行有效的资源觅食，并从光合作用效率方面证明了生理整合的益处。研究结果表明，短期反应不能直接推断到较长期，主要是因为高质量斑块的优先定植意味着这些斑块最终显示出降低的质量。这突出了在检查克隆植物对异质性反应的实验中考虑时间因素的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We previously showed via electron microscopic immunocytochemistry that a 73 kDa polypeptide was an authentic peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP73) integrated exclusively into the boundary membrane of glyoxysomes in cucumber seedlings. In this paper we test the hypothesis that this PMP73 is a member of the heat-shock 70 protein (Hsp70) family by comparing amino acid sequences of cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-cleaved polypeptide fragments, immunoreactivities on protein blots, and microscopic immunofluorescence within suspension-cultured BY-2 tobacco cells. A sequence of eight amino acids (DAVGPEIQ) in PMP73 showed a high degree of similarity (up to 88%) with sequences in the same carboxy-terminal region of four plant Hsp70 proteins. IgGs affinity purified to PMP73 recognized on blots a membrane-bound Hsp72 (in pea cotyledon microsomes) and a cucumber PMP61, the latter shown by CNBr cleavage to be a distinct, but immunorelated polypeptide to PMP73. Conversely, IgGs specific for tomato Hsc70 (C-terminal half) recognized cucumber PMP73, and IgGs specific for cucumber DnaJ homologue (entire protein) recognized cucumber PMP61. In BY-2 cells, cucumber PMP73-specific IgGs localized only to peroxisomes. Antibodies raised against portions of tomato Hsc70 also localized to the BY-2 peroxisomes (as well as to cytosolic proteins). Collectively, the data show that authentic cucumber PMPs73 and 61 are immunorelated to each another, and that both exhibit selective immunoreactivity to IgGs from two classes of molecular chaperones, namely Hsp70 proteins and plant DnaJ homologues. They appear to be unique membrane-bound chaperones that likely function as part of the peroxisomal protein translocation machinery.

背景与目标： 我们先前通过电子显微镜免疫细胞化学表明，一个73 kDa的多肽是一种真正的过氧化物酶体膜蛋白（PMP73），仅整合到黄瓜幼苗中乙醛酸体的边界膜中。在本文中，我们通过比较溴化氰（CNBr）裂解的多肽片段的氨基酸序列，蛋白质印迹上的免疫反应性以及悬浮液中的微观免疫荧光，来验证这一PMP73是热休克70蛋白（Hsp70）家族成员的假设。 -培养的BY-2烟草细胞。 PMP73中的八个氨基酸序列（DAVGPEIQ）与四个植物Hsp70蛋白的相同羧基末端区域中的序列具有高度相似性（最高88％）。纯化至PMP73的IgG亲和力可在膜结合的Hsp72（在豌豆子叶微粒体中）和黄瓜PMP61上印迹，后者通过CNBr裂解显示是与PMP73不同但与免疫相关的多肽。相反，对番茄Hsc70特异的IgG（C端一半）识别黄瓜PMP73，对黄瓜DnaJ同源物（整个蛋白）特异的IgG识别黄瓜PMP61。在BY-2细胞中，黄瓜PMP73特异性IgG仅定位于过氧化物酶体。针对番茄Hsc70部分产生的抗体也定位于BY-2过氧化物酶体（以及胞质蛋白）。总体而言，数据表明，真实的黄瓜PMPs73和61彼此免疫相关，并且都显示出对来自两类分子伴侣（即Hsp70蛋白和植物DnaJ同源物）的IgG的选择性免疫反应性。它们似乎是独特的膜结合伴侣蛋白，可能是过氧化物酶体蛋白转运机制的一部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The rodent specific reproductive homeobox (Rhox) gene cluster on the X chromosome has been reported to contain twelve homeobox-containing genes, Rhox1-12. RESULTS:We have identified a 40 kb genomic region within the Rhox cluster that is duplicated eight times in tandem resulting in the presence of eight paralogues of Rhox2 and Rhox3 and seven paralogues of Rhox4. Transcripts have been identified for the majority of these paralogues and all but three are predicted to produce full-length proteins with functional potential. We predict that there are a total of thirty-two Rhox genes at this genomic location, making it the most gene-rich homoeobox cluster identified in any species. From the 95% sequence similarity between the eight duplicated genomic regions and the synonymous substitution rate of the Rhox2, 3 and 4 paralogues we predict that the duplications occurred after divergence of mouse and rat and represent the youngest homoeobox cluster identified to date. Molecular evolutionary analysis reveals that this cluster is an actively evolving region with Rhox2 and 4 paralogues under diversifying selection and Rhox3 evolving neutrally. The biological importance of this duplication is emphasised by the identification of an important role for Rhox2 and Rhox4 in regulating the initial stages of embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation. CONCLUSION:The gene rich Rhox cluster provides the mouse with significant biological novelty that we predict could provide a substrate for speciation. Moreover, this unique cluster may explain species differences in ES cell derivation and maintenance between mouse, rat and human.

背景与目标： 背景：据报道，X染色体上的啮齿动物特异性生殖同源盒（Rhox）基因簇含有十二个包含同源盒的基因，Rhox1-12。
结果：我们在Rhox簇中鉴定出一个40 kb的基因组区域，该区域串联重复八次，导致存在八个Rhox2和Rhox3旁系同源物和七个Rhox4旁系同源物。已为大多数这些旁系同源物确定了转录本，除三个外，均预测会产生具有功能潜力的全长蛋白质。我们预测在该基因组位置总共有32个Rhox基因，使其成为任何物种中鉴定到的最丰富的基因同源盒簇。从八个重复的基因组区域之间95％的序列相似性以及Rhox2、3和4个旁系同源物的同义取代率，我们预测重复发生在小鼠和大鼠分化后，并且代表了迄今确定的最年轻的同源盒簇。分子进化分析表明，该簇是一个活跃进化的区域，在选择多样化的情况下，Rhox2和4个旁系同源物，而Rhox3则是中性进化的。通过鉴定Rhox2和Rhox4在调节胚胎干（ES）细胞分化的初始阶段中的重要作用，强调了这种重复的生物学重要性。
结论：富含基因的Rhox簇为小鼠提供了重要的生物学新奇，我们预测可以为物种形成提供底物。而且，这种独特的簇可以解释小鼠，大鼠和人之间ES细胞衍生和维持中的物种差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The loss and fragmentation of natural habitats by human activities are pervasive phenomena in terrestrial ecosystems across the Earth and the main driving forces behind current biodiversity loss. Animal-mediated pollination is a key process for the sexual reproduction of most extant flowering plants, and the one most consistently studied in the context of habitat fragmentation. By means of a meta-analysis we quantitatively reviewed the results from independent fragmentation studies throughout the last two decades, with the aim of testing whether pollination and reproduction of plant species may be differentially susceptible to habitat fragmentation depending on certain reproductive traits that typify the relationship with and the degree of dependence on their pollinators. We found an overall large and negative effect of fragmentation on pollination and on plant reproduction. The compatibility system of plants, which reflects the degree of dependence on pollinator mutualism, was the only reproductive trait that explained the differences among the species' effect sizes. Furthermore, a highly significant correlation between the effect sizes of fragmentation on pollination and reproductive success suggests that the most proximate cause of reproductive impairment in fragmented habitats may be pollination limitation. We discuss the conservation implications of these findings and give some suggestions for future research into this area.

背景与目标： ：人类活动造成的自然栖息地的丧失和破碎化是遍及地球的陆地生态系统中普遍存在的现象，也是当前生物多样性丧失的主要驱动力。动物介导的授粉是大多数现存开花植物有性繁殖的关键过程，也是在栖息地破碎化背景下研究最一致的一个过程。通过荟萃分析，我们定量评估了过去二十年中独立破碎研究的结果，目的是检验植物的授粉和繁殖是否可能根据代表该关系的某些生殖性状而不同地易受生境破碎的影响。以及对传粉媒介的依赖程度。我们发现碎裂对授粉和植物繁殖总体上产生了很大的负面影响。植物的相容性系统反映了对传粉媒介共生的依赖程度，是唯一可以解释物种效应大小差异的繁殖性状。此外，片段化对授粉的影响大小与繁殖成功之间的高度显着相关性表明，片段化生境中繁殖受损的最直接原因可能是授粉限制。我们讨论了这些发现的保护意义，并为该领域的未来研究提供了一些建议。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The skin as a barrier and immune organ is exposed to omnipresent environmental challenges such as irradiation or chemical and biologic hazards. Neuropeptides released from cutaneous nerves or skin and immune cells in response to noxious stimuli are mandatory for a fine-tuned regulation of cutaneous immune responses and tissue maintenance and repair. They initialize host immune responses, but are equally important for counter regulation of proinflammatory events. Interaction of the nervous and immune systems occurs both locally - at the level of neurogenic inflammation and immunocyte activation - and centrally - by controlling inflammatory pathways such as mononuclear activation or lymphocyte cytokine secretion. Consequently, a deregulated neurogenic immune control results in disease manifestation and frequently accompanies chronic development of cutaneous disorders. The current understanding, therapeutic options, and open questions of the role that neuropeptides such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, or others play in these events are discussed. Progress in this field will likely result in novel therapies for the management of diseases characterized by deregulated inflammation, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and neoplasm.

背景与目标： ：作为屏障和免疫器官的皮肤暴露于无处不在的环境挑战中，例如辐射或化学和生物危害。皮肤神经或皮肤释放的神经肽以及对有害刺激作出反应的免疫细胞对于皮肤免疫反应以及组织维持和修复的微调调节是必不可少的。它们可以启动宿主的免疫反应，但对于调节促炎事件也同样重要。通过控制诸如单核激活或淋巴细胞细胞因子分泌之类的炎症途径，神经和免疫系统的相互作用既在局部发生（在神经源性炎症和免疫细胞激活的水平），也发生在中央。因此，神经源性免疫控制失调导致疾病表现，并经常伴随皮肤疾病的慢性发展。讨论了有关P物质，降钙素基因相关肽，血管活性肠肽/垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽，神经肽Y或其他在这些事件中发挥作用的神经肽的作用的当前理解，治疗选择和开放性问题。该领域的进展可能会导致新的疗法来治疗以炎症失调，组织重塑，血管生成和肿瘤为特征的疾病。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Over the past decade, the old idea that the bone marrow contains endothelial cell precursors has become an area of renewed interest. While some still believe that there are no endothelial precursors in the blood, even among those who do, there is no consensus as to what they are or what they do. In this review, we describe the problems in identifying endothelial cells and conclude that expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase may be the most reliable antigenic indicator of the phenotype. The evidence for two different classes of endothelial precursors is also presented. We suggest that, though there is no single endothelial cell precursor, we may be able to use these phenotypic variations to our advantage in better understanding their biology. We also discuss how a variety of genetic, epigenetic, and methodological differences can account for the seemingly contradictory findings on the physiological relevance of bone marrow-derived precursors in normal vascular maintenance and in response to injury. Data on the impact of tumor type and location on the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the tumor vasculature are also presented. These data provide hope that we may ultimately be able to predict those tumors in which bone marrow-derived cells will have a significant contribution and design therapies accordingly. Finally, factors that regulate bone marrow cell recruitment to and function in the endothelium are beginning to be identified, and several of these, including stromal derived factor 1, monocyte chemoattractant factor-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor are discussed.

背景与目标： ：在过去的十年中，关于骨髓中含有内皮细胞前体的古老观念已经引起人们的广泛关注。尽管有些人仍然相信血液中没有内皮前体，即使在有血液前体的人中也没有共识，关于它们是什么或它们做什么。在这篇综述中，我们描述了鉴定内皮细胞的问题，并得出结论，内皮一氧化氮合酶的表达可能是最可靠的表型抗原指示剂。还提供了两种不同类别的内皮前体的证据。我们建议，尽管没有单个内皮细胞前体，但我们也许能够利用这些表型变异来更好地了解它们的生物学特性。我们还将讨论各种遗传，表观遗传学和方法学上的差异如何解释在正常血管维持和对损伤的反应中骨髓来源的前体的生理相关性看似矛盾的发现。还提供了有关肿瘤类型和位置对骨髓来源的细胞对肿瘤脉管系统的影响的数据。这些数据提供了希望，使我们最终能够预测那些骨髓来源的细胞将发挥重要作用的肿瘤，并据此设计治疗方法。最后，已经开始确定调节骨髓细胞向内皮募集并在内皮中起作用的因子，并讨论了其中的几种，包括基质衍生因子1，单核细胞趋化因子-1和血管内皮生长因子。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A synthetic biology workflow is composed of data repositories that provide information about genetic parts, sequence-level design tools to compose these parts into circuits, visualization tools to depict these designs, genetic design tools to select parts to create systems, and modeling and simulation tools to evaluate alternative design choices. Data standards enable the ready exchange of information within such a workflow, allowing repositories and tools to be connected from a diversity of sources. The present paper describes one such workflow that utilizes, among others, the Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL) to describe genetic designs, the Systems Biology Markup Language to model these designs, and SBOL Visual to visualize these designs. We describe how a standard-enabled workflow can be used to produce types of design information, including multiple repositories and software tools exchanging information using a variety of data standards. Recently, the ACS Synthetic Biology journal has recommended the use of SBOL in their publications.

背景与目标： ：合成生物学工作流程由提供有关遗传零件信息的数据存储库，将这些零件组成电路的序列级设计工具，用于描绘这些设计的可视化工具，用于选择要创建系统的零件的遗传设计工具以及建模和仿真组成评估替代设计选择的工具。数据标准可以在这样的工作流程中随时交换信息，从而可以从各种来源连接存储库和工具。本文介绍了一种这样的工作流程，该流程除其他外，利用合成生物学开放语言（SBOL）来描述基因设计，使用系统生物学标记语言对这些设计进行建模，并利用SBOL Visual来可视化这些设计。我们描述了如何使用支持标准的工作流来产生类型的设计信息，包括多个存储库和使用各种数据标准交换信息的软件工具。最近，《 ACS合成生物学》杂志在其出版物中建议使用SBOL。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Isolated tomato fruit cuticles were subjected to low dose (80Gy) γ-irradiation, as a potential methodology to prevent harvested fruit and vegetables spoilage. Both irradiated and non-irradiated samples have been morphologically and chemically characterized by scanning electron (SEM), atomic force (AFM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies. Additionally, electrochemical measurements comprising membrane potential and diffusive permeability were carried out to detect modifications in transport properties of the cuticle as the fruit primary protective membrane. It has been found that low dose γ-irradiation causes some textural changes on the surface but no significant chemical modification. Texture modification is found to be due to a partial removal of outermost (epicuticular) waxes which is accompanied by mild changes of electrochemical parameters such as the membrane fixed charge, cation transport number and salt permeability. The modification of such parameters indicates a slight reduction of the barrier properties of the cuticle upon low dose γ-irradiation.

背景与目标： ：对分离的番茄果实表皮进行低剂量（80Gy）γ射线照射，作为防止收获的水果和蔬菜变质的潜在方法。通过扫描电子（SEM），原子力（AFM），衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱（ATR-FTIR）和X射线光电子（XPS）光谱学，对经过辐照和未经辐照的样品进行了形态和化学表征。另外，进行了包括膜电位和扩散渗透性的电化学测量，以检测作为水果主要保护膜的角质层的转运性质的改变。已经发现，低剂量的γ射线辐照会在表面上引起一些纹理变化，但是没有明显的化学修饰。发现结构改性是由于最外层（蜡状）蜡的部分除去，同时伴随着电化学参数的温和变化，例如膜固定电荷，阳离子迁移数和盐渗透性。修改这些参数表明在低剂量γ辐照下，表皮的阻隔性能略有降低。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Development is a dynamic process occurring at the microscopic scale. The ability to see how it unfolds in detail is invaluable not only for helping us appreciate its full complexity but also to experimentally dissect its mechanisms. The sophistication of experimental approaches and imaging technologies has increased over the past decade at an astounding pace. In this review we highlight and discuss several studies that illustrate the latest advances in the application of live-imaging to dissect plant development.

背景与目标： ：发展是发生在微观尺度上的一个动态过程。了解它如何详细展现的能力非常宝贵，不仅有助于我们了解它的全部复杂性，而且还可以通过实验来剖析其机制。在过去的十年中，实验方法和影像技术的复杂程度以惊人的速度增长。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍并讨论了一些研究，这些研究说明了将实时成像技术应用于解剖植物发育的最新进展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Over the past 50 years, annual killifishes arose as alternative model organisms for studies of vertebrate biology. The annual fish offers exceptional advantages for studies of genetics, genomics, developmental biology, population dynamics, ecology, biogeography, and evolution. They inhabit extremely variable freshwater environments in Africa and South America, have a short lifespan and a set of unique and fascinating developmental characteristics. Embryos survive within the dry substrate during the dry season, whereas the adult population dies. Thus, the survival of the populations is entirely dependent on the buried embryos that hatch the next rainy season. Although Old and New World species share similarities in their life cycle, they also have different adaptive responses associated with climate-related selective pressures. Therefore, contrasting different species from these areas is essential to understand unique adaptations to heterogeneous environment. A network of laboratories (United States, Czech Republic, Italy, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay) is working and collaborating on many aspects of the biology of annual fishes. Participating researchers share projects and cross-training undergraduate and graduate students. These efforts resulted in two International Symposia (2010 and 2015) that took place in Montevideo and an international book. Herein, we summarize the progress made by this global community of scientists. Developmental Dynamics 246:807-811, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

背景与目标： ：在过去的50年中，一年生的鳞鱼成为了脊椎动物生物学研究的替代模式生物。一年生鱼类为遗传学，基因组学，发育生物学，种群动态，生态学，生物地理学和进化研究提供了特殊的优势。它们居住在非洲和南美极为变化的淡水环境中，寿命短，并具有一系列独特而引人入胜的发展特征。在干旱季节，胚胎在干燥的基质内存活，而成年种群死亡。因此，种群的生存完全取决于下一个雨季孵化的埋葬胚胎。尽管旧大陆和新大陆物种在生命周期上具有相似之处，但它们也具有与气候相关的选择压力相关的不同适应性反应。因此，对比这些地区的不同物种对于了解对异质环境的独特适应性至关重要。实验室网络（美国，捷克共和国，意大利，巴西，智利和乌拉圭）正在与一年生鱼类生物学的许多方面进行合作。参与研究的人员共享项目，并对本科生和研究生进行交叉培训。这些努力导致在蒙得维的亚举行了两次国际研讨会（2010年和2015年）和一本国际书籍。在此，我们总结了这个全球科学家社区所取得的进展。 Developmental Dynamics 246：807-811，2017.©2017 Wiley Periodicals，Inc.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We are developing biocompatible small-calibre vascular substitutes based on polymeric scaffolds that incorporate cell-matrix signals to enhance vascular cell attachment and function. Our graft scaffold comprises an outer electrostatically spun porous polyurethane layer seeded with smooth muscle cells, and a luminal polycaprolactone layer for endothelial cell attachment. Vascular cell adhesion properties of three vascular elastic fibre molecules, tropoelastin, fibrillin-1 and fibulin-5, have been defined, and adhesion fragments optimized. These fragments are being used to coat the scaffolds to enhance luminal endothelial cell attachment, and to regulate smooth muscle cell attachment and function. Tropoelastin-based cell seeding materials are also being developed. In this way, vascular cell-matrix biology is enhancing graft design.

背景与目标： ：我们正在开发基于高分子支架的生物相容性小口径血管替代品，该替代品结合了细胞基质信号以增强血管细胞的附着和功能。我们的移植支架包括一个外层静电纺丝的多孔聚氨酯层，其上植入了平滑肌细胞，以及一个内腔聚己内酯层，用于内皮细胞的附着。已经定义了三种血管弹性纤维分子（原弹性蛋白，原纤维蛋白-1和纤维蛋白-5）的血管细胞粘附特性，并优化了粘附片段。这些片段被用于包被支架以增强管腔内皮细胞的附着，并调节平滑肌细胞的附着和功能。基于弹性蛋白的细胞接种材料也在开发中。这样，血管细胞基质生物学正在增强移植物设计。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mutagen-induced chromatid aberrations are not randomly distributed along the metaphase chromosomes. In the field bean (Vicia faba), defined late-replicating and transcriptionally inactive heterochromatic regions are preferentially involved. After exposure to the alkylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) (10(-3) M, 1 hour), 70% of all aberrations are clustered within 6 segments containing tandemly repeated FokI elements of 59 bp, which comprise approximately 10% of the genome. Using immuno-slot-blot analyses, we have studied the frequency of O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG), a mutagenic lesion important for aberration induction, in total genomic DNA as well as in FokI sequences of the field bean after exposure to MNU. In either case, similar numbers of adducts per nucleotide were found immediately after treatment as well as after 18 hours of recovery, when most adducts were removed and significant amounts of chromatid aberrations were detectable. Peculiarities of long FokI element arrays (e.g., formation of specific tertiary structures), resulting in error-prone recombination repair, rather than preferential formation or delayed repair of O6-MeG are apparently responsible for aberration clustering in these hot spot regions.

背景与目标： 诱变剂引起的染色单体畸变不是沿着中期染色体随机分布的。在田豆（Vicia faba）中，优先涉及定义的后期复制和无转录活性的异色区域。暴露于烷基化剂N-甲基-N-亚硝基脲（MNU）（10（-3）M，1小时）后，所有像差的70％聚集在6个片段中，这些片段包含串联重复的59 bp的FokI元素，约占59 bp。基因组的10％。使用免疫印迹分析，我们研究了O6-甲基鸟嘌呤（O6-MeG）的频率，这是一种对畸变诱导很重要的诱变病变，它暴露于MNU后总基因组DNA以及田豆的FokI序列中。在这两种情况下，当去除大多数加合物并检测到大量的染色单体畸变时，在治疗后以及恢复18小时后，发现每个核苷酸的加合物数量相似。长FokI元素阵列的特殊性（例如，形成特定的三级结构）导致容易出错的重组修复，而不是O6-MeG的优先形成或延迟修复，显然是这些热点区域中的像差聚类的原因。