BACKGROUND & AIMS: A 20-year-old man with acquired epidermolysis bullosa of 3 years' duration was treated intramuscularly with gold sodium thiomalate. After a total dose of 1 000 mg gold sodium thiomalate, administered over a period of 9 months, the patient has shown an almost complete remission, without any apparent side effects of the chrysotherapy.

背景与目标： 一名20岁的男性，患有3年的获得性大疱性表皮松解症，用硫代马酸钠金肌内治疗。在9个月的总剂量为1 000 mg硫代马酸钠后，患者几乎完全缓解，没有任何明显的毒副作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To use the improved resolution available with 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in vivo to localize the cochlear implant electrode array within the basal turn. STUDY DESIGN:Sixty-four-slice MDCT examinations of the temporal bones were retrospectively reviewed in 17 patients. Twenty-three implants were evaluated. SETTING:Tertiary referral facility. PATIENTS:All patients with previous cochlear implantation evaluated at our center between January 2004 and March 2006 were offered a computed tomographic examination as part of the study. In addition, preoperative computed tomographic examinations in patients being evaluated for a second bilateral device were included. INTERVENTION:Sixty-four-slice MDCT examination of the temporal bones. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:Localization of the electrode array within the basal turn from multiplanar reconstructions of the cochlea. RESULTS:Twenty-three implants were imaged in 17 patients. We were able to localize the electrode array within the scala tympani within the basal turn in 10 implants. In 3 implants, the electrode array was localized to the scala vestibuli. Migration of the electrode array from scala tympani to scala vestibuli was observed in three implants. Of the 7 implants in which localization of the electrode array was indeterminate, all had disease entities that obscured the definition of the normal cochlear anatomy. CONCLUSIONS:Sixty-four-slice MDCT with multiplanar reconstructions of the postoperative cochlea after cochlear implantation allows for accurate localization of the electrode array within the basal turn where normal cochlear anatomy is not obscured by the underlying disease process. Correlating the position of the electrode in the basal turn with surgical technique and implant design could be helpful in improving outcomes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nowadays, gold compounds occupy a relevant position constituting a promising class of experimental anticancer metallodrugs. Several research efforts have been devoted to the investigations of the pharmacological properties of gold(I) complexes bearing phosphine ligands, such as the antiarthritic drug auranofin, that has also been shown to produce anticancer effects in vitro. In spite of the numerous studies that appeared in the literature the biological mechanisms of action of auranofin and analogues are still controversial. Here, we report on the inhibition effects of glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GST P1-1) exerted by auranofin. The compound was able to inhibit GST P1-1 with a calculated IC(50) of 32.9±0.5μM. Interestingly, the inhibition of GST P1-1 and its cysteine mutants by the gold(I) compound is essentially the same, suggesting that probably the cysteine residues are not so essential for enzyme inactivation in contrast to other reported inhibitors. High-resolution electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) studies allowed characterising the binding of the compound with GST enzymes at a molecular level, confirming that similar gold binding sites may be present in the wild-type protein and its Cys mutants.

背景与目标： : 如今，金化合物占据了重要地位，构成了一类有前途的实验性抗癌金属药物。已经进行了一些研究工作，致力于研究带有膦配体的金 (I) 配合物的药理特性，例如抗关节炎药物金诺芬，该药物在体外也具有抗癌作用。尽管文献中出现了许多研究，但金诺芬和类似物的生物学作用机制仍然存在争议。在这里，我们报告了金诺芬对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶P1-1 (GST P1-1) 的抑制作用。该化合物能够抑制GST P1-1，计算出的IC(50) 为32.9 ± 0.5微米。有趣的是，金 (I) 化合物对GST P1-1及其半胱氨酸突变体的抑制基本相同，这表明与其他报道的抑制剂相比，半胱氨酸残基可能对酶失活不是那么重要。高分辨率电喷雾电离傅里叶变换离子回旋加速器质谱 (ESI ft-icr MS) 研究可以在分子水平上表征该化合物与GST酶的结合，从而证实野生型蛋白及其Cys突变体中可能存在相似的金结合位点。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A study was made on the hydration and serum electrolyte changes in 55 black underground gold miners who presented with heat disorders, and control data were obtained on 52 surface and 50 underground workers without symptoms. Cases were admitted for assessment and treatment, and a questionnaire was administered on symptoms, work, fluid intake, alcohol intake, recent health, and past history of heat disorders. Twenty-eight men had experienced heat disorders in the past. Blood specimens on days 0, 1, 2, and 7 for serum sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, inorganic phosphate, and serum total protein were obtained from 55 cases, of which 22 also had estimations of hemoglobin and hematocrit. Initial serum electrolyte levels, because of hemoconcentration, were found to be a poor indicator of underlying changes. Changes in serum total protein were used to correct electrolyte levels for dehydration, which showed deficits in serum total sodium and potassium. This method of correction, when compared with one using hemoglobin and hematocrit, showed similar but smaller changes in serum electrolytes. The cases were divided into subgroups of "cramps" and "collapse"; no significant differences were seen in ambient conditions, age, or electrolyte changes. The cramps group, however, had drunk significantly more water. The findings overall were those of dehydration and salt depletion.

背景与目标： : 对55名出现热紊乱的黑色地下金矿工人的水化和血清电解质变化进行了研究，并在52名地面和50名无症状的地下工人中获得了对照数据。病例接受评估和治疗，并对症状，工作，液体摄入量，酒精摄入量，近期健康状况和既往热病史进行问卷调查。过去有28名男子经历过热病。在第0、1、2和7天的血液标本中，收集了55例患者的血清钠，钾，镁，钙，无机磷酸盐和血清总蛋白，其中22例还进行了血红蛋白和血细胞比容估计。由于血液浓缩，最初的血清电解质水平被发现是潜在变化的不良指标。血清总蛋白的变化用于纠正电解质水平的脱水，这表明血清总钠和钾不足。与使用血红蛋白和血细胞比容的校正方法相比，这种校正方法显示出相似但较小的血清电解质变化。将病例分为 “抽筋” 和 “塌陷” 亚组; 在环境条件，年龄或电解质变化方面没有显着差异。然而，抽筋组喝了更多的水。总体结果是脱水和盐分消耗。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the order of preparation of four-canal maxillary molars on volume variation, instrument deformation, cyclic fatigue, and preparation time by using the WaveOne Gold Primary (WOG 25.07). METHODS:We selected 48 permanent, human, four-canal maxillary molars. The teeth were divided into 4 groups according to the order of initiation of the canal preparation sequence: (1) mesiobuccal (MB), distobuccal (DB), palatal (P), second mesiobuccal (MB2); (2) DB-P-MB2-MB; (3) P-MB2-MB-DB and (4) MB2-MB-DB-P. Pre- and post-preparation microtomography scanning was performed to obtain initial and final canal volume measurements. The instruments were also evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy to determine the wear and deformation present after use. The active instrumentation time was also recorded. The data were statistically compared by using a significance level of 5%. RESULTS:No statistically significant difference was found between groups for volume variation and time of preparation of the canals with the WOG system (P > .05); however, a statistically significant difference was observed in the deformation of the instruments. In the comparison between the groups for MB-DB-P-MB2 and P-MB2-MB-DB, the latter presented greater deformation of the instruments. CONCLUSIONS:Root canal preparation sequence affected deformation of the instruments but did not influence the volume variation or the canal preparation time with the WOG system. To minimize instrument deformation, the preparation order should be MB-DB-P-MB2.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chitooligosaccharides are oligosaccharides with many biological activities that can be used in food production for sweeteners, preservatives and humectants, among other products. Chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine and a derivative of glucose, can be hydrolyzed by applying chitinase to break down glycosidic bonds to form chitooligosaccharides. Chitinases arising from heterologous gene expression are usually linked to a 6 × His-tag to facilitate easy purification. Heterologously expressed chitinase linked to a 6 × His-tag is a transgenic element, but enzyme activity tests cannot be used to distinguish transgenic elements from natural elements. In this study, we established a rapid and easy method to detect His-tag-containing chitinase using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and ssDNA aptamers. Using this method, His-tag-containing chitinase could be detected at concentrations as low as 0.136 nM within 5 min. Color changes of AuNPs showed a positive correlation with His-tag-containing chitinase concentrations.

背景与目标： : 壳寡糖是具有许多生物活性的寡糖，可用于食品生产中的甜味剂，防腐剂和保湿剂等产品。几丁质是N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖的长链聚合物和葡萄糖的衍生物，可以通过应用几丁质酶分解糖苷键以形成壳寡糖来水解。由异源基因表达产生的几丁质酶通常与6 × His标签连接，以方便纯化。与6 × His-tag连接的异源表达的几丁质酶是一种转基因元素，但是酶活性测试不能用于区分转基因元素与天然元素。在这项研究中，我们建立了一种快速简便的方法，使用金纳米颗粒 (AuNPs) 和ssDNA适体检测含His-tag的几丁质酶。使用该方法，可以在5分钟内以低至0.136 nM的浓度检测到含His-tag的几丁质酶。AuNPs的颜色变化与含His-tag的几丁质酶浓度呈正相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We compared a quasi-static ultrasound elastography technique, referred to as electrode displacement elastography (EDE), with acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) for monitoring microwave ablation (MWA) procedures on patients diagnosed with liver neoplasms. Forty-nine patients recruited to this study underwent EDE and ARFI with a Siemens Acuson S2000 system after an MWA procedure. On the basis of visualization results from two observers, the ablated region in ARFI images was recognizable on 20 patients on average in conjunction with B-mode imaging, whereas delineable ablation boundaries could be generated on 4 patients on average. With EDE, the ablated region was delineable on 40 patients on average, with less imaging depth dependence. Study of tissue-mimicking phantoms revealed that the ablation region dimensions measured on EDE and ARFI images were within 8%, whereas the image contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio with EDE was two to three times higher than that obtained with ARFI. This study indicated that EDE provided improved monitoring results for minimally invasive MWA in clinical procedures for liver cancer and metastases.

背景与目标： : 我们将准静态超声弹性成像技术 (称为电极位移弹性成像 (EDE)) 与声辐射力冲动成像 (ARFI) 进行了比较，以监测诊断为肝肿瘤的患者的微波消融 (MWA) 程序。经过MWA手术后，招募的49名患者使用Siemens Acuson S2000系统接受了EDE和ARFI。根据两名观察者的可视化结果，结合B模式成像，平均可在20例患者中识别ARFI图像中的消融区域，而平均可在4例患者中产生可描绘的消融边界。使用EDE，平均可在40例患者中划定消融区域，且成像深度依赖性较小。对组织模拟体模的研究表明，在EDE和ARFI图像上测量的消融区域尺寸在8% 以内，而EDE的图像对比度和对比度噪声比是ARFI的2至3倍。这项研究表明，EDE在肝癌和转移的临床手术中提供了改进的微创MWA监测结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The use of bacteriophages (phages) for antibacterial therapy is under increasing consideration to treat antimicrobial-resistant infections. Phages have evolved multiple mechanisms to target their bacterial hosts, such as high-affinity, environmentally hardy receptor-binding proteins. However, traditional phage therapy suffers from multiple challenges stemming from the use of an exponentially replicating, evolving entity whose biology is not fully characterized (e.g., potential gene transduction). To address this problem, we conjugate the phages to gold nanorods, creating a reagent that can be destroyed upon use (termed "phanorods"). Chimeric phages were engineered to attach specifically to several Gram-negative organisms, including the human pathogens Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae, and the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris The bioconjugated phanorods could selectively target and kill specific bacterial cells using photothermal ablation. Following excitation by near-infrared light, gold nanorods release energy through nonradiative decay pathways, locally generating heat that efficiently kills targeted bacterial cells. Specificity was highlighted in the context of a P. aeruginosa biofilm, in which phanorod irradiation killed bacterial cells while causing minimal damage to epithelial cells. Local temperature and viscosity measurements revealed highly localized and selective ablation of the bacteria. Irradiation of the phanorods also destroyed the phages, preventing replication and reducing potential risks of traditional phage therapy while enabling control over dosing. The phanorod strategy integrates the highly evolved targeting strategies of phages with the photothermal properties of gold nanorods, creating a well-controlled platform for systematic killing of bacterial cells.

背景与目标： : 越来越多地考虑使用噬菌体 (噬菌体) 进行抗菌治疗，以治疗抗菌素耐药性感染。噬菌体已经进化出多种机制来靶向其细菌宿主，例如高亲和力，对环境有害的受体结合蛋白。然而，传统的噬菌体疗法遭受多种挑战，这些挑战源于使用指数复制，进化的实体，其生物学尚未完全表征 (例如，潜在的基因转导)。为了解决这个问题，我们将噬菌体与金纳米棒偶联，从而产生一种可以在使用后被破坏的试剂 (称为 “phanorods”)。嵌合噬菌体被设计成特异性附着于几种革兰氏阴性生物，包括人类病原体大肠杆菌，铜绿假单胞菌和霍乱弧菌，以及植物病原体黄单胞菌。生物缀合的phananods可以使用光热消融选择性地靶向并杀死特定的细菌细胞。在近红外光激发后，金纳米棒通过非辐射衰变途径释放能量，局部产生热量，有效杀死目标细菌细胞。在铜绿假单胞菌生物膜的背景下强调了特异性，其中包囊辐射杀死了细菌细胞，同时对上皮细胞造成了最小的损害。局部温度和粘度测量显示细菌高度局部化和选择性消融。辐射的phanorods也破坏了噬菌体，阻止了复制并降低了传统噬菌体疗法的潜在风险，同时可以控制剂量。phanorod策略将高度发展的噬菌体靶向策略与金纳米棒的光热特性相结合，从而为系统杀死细菌细胞创造了一个控制良好的平台。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of the present theoretical study was to examine the spatial resolution of electroencephalography (EEG) by means of the accuracy of the inverse cortical EEG solution. The study focused on effect of the amount of measurement noise and the number of electrodes on the spatial resolution with different resistivity ratios for the scalp, skull and brain. The results show that if the relative skull resistivity is lower than earlier believed, the spatial resolution of different electrode systems is less sensitive to the measurement noise. Furthermore, there is then also greater advantage to be obtained with high-resolution EEG at realistic noise levels.

背景与目标： : 本理论研究的目的是通过逆皮质脑电图解决方案的准确性来检查脑电图 (EEG) 的空间分辨率。研究的重点是测量噪声的量和电极的数量对头皮，头骨和大脑的电阻率比不同的空间分辨率的影响。结果表明，如果相对颅骨电阻率低于先前认为的水平，则不同电极系统的空间分辨率对测量噪声的敏感性较低。此外，在现实的噪声水平下，高分辨率EEG还可以获得更大的优势。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:This work proposed a joint L1 and total variation (TV) regularized reconstruction method for X-ray fluorescence tomography (XFT), and investigated the performance of this method in quantitative imaging of gold nanoparticles (GNPs). Methods:We developed a dual-modality XFT/CT imaging system which consisted of a benchtop X-ray source, a translation/rotation stage, a silicon drift detector for X-ray fluorescence (XRF) detection, and a flat panel detector for transmission X-ray detection. A pencil-beam collimator was 3D printed with steel and employed in sample excitation. The sensitivity of the XFT imaging system was determined by imaging water phantoms with multiple inserts containing GNP solutions of various concentrations (0.02-0.16 wt.%). A joint L1 and total variation (TV) regularized algorithm was developed for XFT reconstruction, where the L1 regularization was used to reduce image artifacts and the TV regularization was used to preserve the shape of targets. Nonlinear conjugate gradient (NCG) descent algorithm with backtracking line search was adopted to solve the reconstruction problem. We compared the L1 + TV regularization method with filtered back projection (FBP), maximum likelihood expectation maximization (ML-EM), L1 regularization, and TV regularization methods. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and localization error (LE) metrics were used to compare the performance of different methods. The CT and XFT imaging doses were also measured using EBT2 radiochromic films. Results:The 3D printed pencil-beam collimator shaped an excitation beam with a 2 mm full width at half maximum at the imaging isocenter. Based on the phantom imaging experiments, the joint L1 and TV regularization method performed better than FBP, ML-EM, L1 regularization and TV regularization methods, with higher localization accuracy (offset <0.6 mm), CNR and DSC values. Compared with CT, XFT with L1 + TV regularized reconstruction demonstrated higher sensitivity in GNP imaging, and could detect GNP at a concentration of 0.02 wt.% or lower. Moreover, there existed a significant linear correlation (R2>0.99) between the reconstructed and true GNP concentration. The estimated XFT imaging dose is about 41.22 cGy under current setting. Conclusions:The joint L1 + TV regularized reconstruction algorithm performed better in noise suppression and shape preservation. Using the L1 + TV regularized reconstruction, the XFT system is able to localize GNP targets with submillimeter accuracy and quantify GNP distribution at a concentration of 0.02 wt.% or lower.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in cosmetic products such as preservatives, colorants and sunscreens. This study investigated the genotoxicity of Au NPs, Ag NPs, ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs using the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37. The maximum exposure concentrations for each nanoparticle were 3.23 mg l(-1) for Au NPs, 32.3 mg l(-1) for Ag NPs and 100 mg l(-1) for ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs. Additionally, in order to compare the genotoxicity of nanoparticles and corresponding dissolved ions, the ions were assessed in the same way as nanoparticles. The genotoxicity of the titanium ion was not assessed because of the extremely low solubility of TiO2 NPs. Au NPs, Ag NPs, ZnO NPs, TiO2 NPs and ions of Au, Ag and Zn, in a range of tested concentrations, exerted no effects in the SOS chromotest, evidenced by maximum IF (IFmax) values of below 1.5 for all chemicals. Owing to the results, nanosized Au NPs, Ag NPs, ZnO NPs, TiO2 NPs and ions of Au, Ag and Zn are classified as non-genotoxic on the basis of the SOS chromotest used in this study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the genotoxicity of Au NPs, Ag NPs, ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs using the SOS chromotest.

背景与目标： 金纳米粒子 (Au NPs) 、银纳米粒子 (Ag NPs) 、氧化锌纳米粒子 (ZnO NPs) 和二氧化钛纳米粒子 (TiO2 NPs) 广泛用于化妆品，如防腐剂、着色剂和防晒霜。本研究使用大肠杆菌pq37的SOS色测法研究了Au NPs，Ag NPs，ZnO NPs和TiO2 NPs的遗传毒性。对于Au NPs，每种纳米颗粒的最大暴露浓度为3.23  mg  l(-1)，对于Ag NPs为32.3  mg  l(-1)，对于ZnO NPs和TiO2 NPs为100  mg  l(-1)。此外，为了比较纳米颗粒和相应溶解离子的遗传毒性，以与纳米颗粒相同的方式评估离子。由于TiO2 NPs的溶解度极低，因此未评估钛离子的遗传毒性。在测试浓度范围内的Au NPs、Ag NPs、ZnO NPs、tio2nps和Au、Ag和Zn的离子在SOS色度测试中没有影响，所有化学品的最大IF (IFmax) 值低于1.5证明。根据结果，根据本研究中使用的SOS色度，将纳米级的Au NPs，Ag NPs，ZnO NPs，TiO2 NPs以及Au，Ag和Zn的离子分类为非遗传毒性。据我们所知，这是第一项使用SOS色度测试评估Au NPs，Ag NPs，ZnO NPs和TiO2 NPs的遗传毒性的研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize a thermally responsive polymer-metal nanocomposite system comprised of a solid gold nanoparticle core and thermally responsive interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) shell, which was surface functionalized or PEGylated with a covalently bound linear poly(ethylene glycol) chain layer. Gold nanoparticles (50 nm diameter) were prepared using standard gold chloride and citrate reduction method. These particles were then encapsulated inside of a polyacrylamide (PAAm)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) IPN shell via an in situ inverse emulsion polymerization. The surface of the nanocomposite system was then PEGylated via covalent grafting of a linear methoxy-PEG-N-hydroxysuccinimide (M.W. 3400) to the primary amine groups of the PAAm network. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm the successful synthesis and encapsulation of gold nanoparticles within the IPN shell. Dynamic light scattering was used to examine the temperature swelling response of the IPN particles. Zeta-potential analysis was used to confirm the successful PEGylation of the final nanocomposite system.

背景与目标： : 本研究的目的是合成和表征热响应聚合物-金属纳米复合材料体系，该体系由固体金纳米颗粒核和热响应互穿聚合物网络 (IPN) 壳组成，该体系被共价结合的线性聚乙二醇链层表面官能化或聚乙二醇化。使用标准氯化金和柠檬酸盐还原法制备了直径为50 nm的金纳米颗粒。然后通过原位反相乳液聚合将这些颗粒封装在聚丙烯酰胺 (PAAm)/聚 (丙烯酸) (PAA) IPN壳内。然后通过将线性甲氧基-PEG-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺 (M.W. 3400) 共价接枝到PAAm网络的伯胺基团，使纳米复合体系的表面聚乙二醇化。扫描和透射电子显微镜用于确认金纳米颗粒在IPN壳中的成功合成和封装。动态光散射用于检查IPN颗粒的温度溶胀响应。Zeta电位分析用于确认最终纳米复合材料系统的成功peg化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:One of the critical problems in cancer management is local recurrence of disease. Between 20% and 30% of patients who undergo tumor resection surgery require reoperation due to incomplete excision. Currently, there are no validated methods for intraoperative tumor margin detection. In the present work, we demonstrate the potential use of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as a novel contrast agent for photothermal molecular imaging of cancer. METHODS:Phantoms containing different concentrations of GNPs were irradiated with continuous-wave laser and measured with a thermal imaging camera which detected the temperature field of the irradiated phantoms. RESULTS:The results clearly demonstrate the ability to distinguish between cancerous cells specifically targeted with GNPs and normal cells. This technique, which allows highly sensitive discrimination between adjacent low GNP concentrations, will allow tumor margin detection while the temperature increases by only a few degrees Celsius (for GNPs in relevant biological concentrations). CONCLUSION:We expect this real-time intraoperative imaging technique to assist surgeons in determining clear tumor margins and to maximize the extent of tumor resection while sparing normal background tissue.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Societies' increasing need for energy storage makes it necessary to explore new concepts beyond the traditional lithium ion battery. A promising candidate is the lithium-sulfur technology with the potential to increase the energy density of the battery by a factor of 3-5. However, so far the many problems with the lithium-sulfur system have not been solved satisfactory. Here we report on a new approach utilizing a self-standing reduced graphene oxide based aerogel directly as electrodes, i.e. without further processing and without the addition of binder or conducting agents. We can thereby disrupt the common paradigm of "no battery without binder" and can pave the way to a lithium-sulfur battery with a high practical energy density. The aerogels are synthesized via a one-pot method and consist of more than 2/3 sulfur, contained inside a porous few-layered reduced graphene oxide matrix. By combining the graphene-based aerogel cathode with an electrolyte and a lithium metal anode, we demonstrate a lithium-sulfur cell with high areal capacity (more than 3 mAh/cm2 after 75 cycles), excellent capacity retention over 200 cycles and good sulfur utilization. Based on this performance we estimate that the energy density of this concept-cell can significantly exceed the Department of Energy (DEO) 2020-target set for transport applications.

背景与目标： : 社会对储能的需求不断增长，因此有必要探索传统锂离子电池以外的新概念。一个有前途的候选者是锂硫技术，它有可能将电池的能量密度提高3-5倍。然而，到目前为止，锂硫系统的许多问题尚未得到令人满意的解决。在这里，我们报告了一种新的方法，该方法直接使用自立的还原氧化石墨烯基气凝胶作为电极，即无需进一步处理，也无需添加粘合剂或导电剂。因此，我们可以破坏 “没有粘合剂就没有电池” 的常见范例，并可以为具有高实用能量密度的锂硫电池铺平道路。气凝胶是通过一锅法合成的，并且由包含在多孔少层还原氧化石墨烯基质内的2/3多个硫组成。通过将石墨烯基气凝胶阴极与电解质和锂金属阳极相结合，我们证明了锂硫电池具有高面积容量 (75次循环后大于3 mah mah/cm2)，在200次循环中具有出色的容量保持率和良好的硫利用率。基于这种性能，我们估计该概念单元的能量密度可以大大超过用于运输应用的能源部 (DEO) 2020目标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To compare estimates of change in percent body fat (Delta%BF) between DXA and BIA8 in abdominally obese women. METHODS:Six-month longitudinal study of 106 women (baseline: age 48.2 +/- 7.6 yr; BMI 30.4 +/- 2.9 kg.m; %BFDXA 45.8 +/- 3.6%) participating in an exercise-oriented behavior-change program (walking and bicycling). Fatness was measured by DXA and Tanita BC-418 (BIA8). Agreement between methods was assessed, and regression analysis was used to find predictors of the deviation between methods for estimating changes in fat mass percentage. RESULTS:The methods differed significantly, both at baseline and follow-up (-5.0 and -4.4%BF, respectively; both P < 0.001). The mean Delta%BF was -1.1 +/- 2.5%BFDXA and -0.5 +/- 2.2%BFBIA8 (mean difference between methods 0.6 +/- 1.8%BF; P < 0.001; 95% limits of agreement -3.0 to 4.2%BF), with a range of -14.8 to 3.3%BFDXA and -9.4 to 3.5%BFBIA8. Approximately 49% of the variation in the difference between methods was explained by variations in age (beta = -0.05; P = 0.006), DeltaBMI (beta = 0.98; P < 0.001), and Delta%BFDXA (beta = -0.71; P < 0.001), indicating that the larger the change, the greater the discrepancy between methods. CONCLUSION:The difference between methods regarding Delta%BF was statistically significant, but it was of small magnitude. However, with increasing Delta%BF, increasing discrepancies were observed, implying that the BIA equipment may have limited validity for detecting larger fat losses. Both clinicians and researchers may benefit from awareness of this potential limitation.

背景与目标：