BACKGROUND & AIMS:

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The gene of the capsid protein of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was linked to a sequence encoding for six histidines and expressed as the (His)6 p26 capsid fusion protein. The fusion protein was strongly expressed as both soluble and insoluble forms after induction by isopropylthio-beta-d-galactoside. Purification was based on interaction of the hexa-histidine polypeptide with metal ions. Expression could represent 11% of the total protein in Escherichia coli, allowing more than 20 mg of highly purified protein to be obtained per liter of bacterial culture. The (His)6 p26 capsid fusion protein purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography reacted specifically in Western blot with sera from cattle experimentally infected by BIV, as well as with two monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of the Gag protein. The ease of expression, purification, and specificity of this fusion protein should permit a thorough study of prevalence of BIV infection in large-scale serological studies of field samples.

背景与目标： 牛免疫缺陷病毒（BIV）衣壳蛋白的基因与编码六个组氨酸的序列连接，并表示为（His）6 p26衣壳融合蛋白。在异丙基硫代-β-d-半乳糖苷诱导后，融合蛋白以可溶和不可溶形式强烈表达。纯化基于六组氨酸多肽与金属离子的相互作用。表达可代表大肠杆菌中总蛋白的11％，每升细菌培养物可获得超过20 mg的高度纯化的蛋白。通过固定的金属亲和色谱纯化的（His）6 p26衣壳融合蛋白在Western blot中与BIV实验感染的牛血清以及两种针对Gag蛋白不同表位的单克隆抗体发生特异性反应。这种融合蛋白的表达，纯化和特​​异性的简便性应允许在野外样品的大规模血清学研究中彻底研究BIV感染的患病率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS:

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS:

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS:

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS:

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS:

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Dianthus rupicola Biv. (cliffs carnation) is a camephytic, suffruticous, perennial plant growing up to 40 cm high. The plant is widespread in Sicily and neighbouring islands (Egadi, Lampedusa, Lipari) and in some areas of southern Italy. GC and GC-MS analyses of the essential oil distilled from the flowers showed the presence of 66 components. Its composition is characterised by the high content of thymol and carvacrol derivatives. A good antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Bacillussubtilis, both infesting cellulosic historical material, was shown, whereas the antioxidant capacity was determined to be quite poor.

背景与目标： ：石竹（Dianthus rupicola） （崖石竹康乃馨）是一种杂草，杂种，多年生植物，长到40厘米高。该植物广泛分布在西西里岛和邻近的岛屿（埃加迪，兰佩杜萨，利帕里）和意大利南部的某些地区。从花朵中蒸馏出的精油的GC和GC-MS分析表明，存在66种成分。其组成特征在于百里酚和香芹酚衍生物含量高。结果表明，对侵染纤维素历史物质的蜡样芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌具有良好的抗菌活性，而抗氧化能力却很差。

BACKGROUND & AIMS:

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Senecio ambiguus subsp. ambiguus (Biv.) DC. extracts were able to inhibit the in vitro proliferation of renal cell adenocarcinoma ACHN and hormone dependent prostate carcinoma LNCaP. The potential cytotoxic property of the plant was revealed by the methanolic extract action against LNCaP (IC50 of 5.51 microg/mL) and ACHN (IC50 of 38.95 microg/mL). The most potent cytotoxic activity (IC50 of 5.34 microg/mL against the prostate carcinoma cell line) was exerted by the dichloromethane extract. Through bioassay-guided fractionation of the dichloromethane extract jacaranone was isolated as the major active constituent. This quinoid showed a very strong activity against ACHN and LNcaP with IC50 of 4.32 and 7.39 microg/mL, respectively. Its structure was established by GC/MS and NMR analysis. The n-hexane extract showed an interesting inhibition on the proliferation of tumor cell lines an IC50 value of 5.23 microg/mL against LNCaP. Three compounds identified in the n-hexane extract such as nerolidol, a-humulene and g-tocopherol were found to be active aginst LNCAP with IC50 values ranged from 11.24 to 15.56 microg/mL.

背景与目标： ：千里光歧义亚种ambiguus（Biv。）DC。提取物能够抑制肾细胞腺癌ACHN和激素依赖性前列腺癌LNCaP的体外增殖。甲醇提取物对LNCaP（IC50为5.51 microg / mL）和ACHN（IC50为38.95 microg / mL）的作用表明了植物潜在的细胞毒性。二氯甲烷提取物发挥了最有效的细胞毒活性（对前列腺癌细胞系的IC50为5.34微克/毫升）。通过生物测定指导下的二氯甲烷萃取物分离，分离了以主要活性成分为成分的jacaranone。该醌类化合物对ACHN和LNcaP表现出非常强的活性，IC50分别为4.32和7.39 microg / mL。通过GC / MS和NMR分析确定其结构。正己烷提取物对肿瘤细胞系的增殖表现出有趣的抑制作用，对LNCaP的IC50值为5.23 microg / mL。发现在正己烷提取物中鉴定出的三种化合物（如橙皮醇，α-腐草烯和g-生育酚）是活性的LNCAP，IC50值为11.24至15.56 microg / mL。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Entry of lentiviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), requires folding of two heptad repeat regions (HR1 and HR2) of gp41 into a trimer-of-hairpins, which subsequently brings virus and cell membrane into fusion. This motif is a generalized feature of viral fusion proteins and has been exploited in generating antiviral fusion agents. In the present paper, we report structural characters of Env protein from another lentivirus, bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), which contributes to a good animal model of HIV. BIV HR1 and HR2 regions are predicted by two different programs and expressed separately or conjointly in Escherichia coli. Biochemical and biophysical analyses show that the predicted HRs of BIV Env can form a stable trimer-of-hairpins or six-helix bundle just like that formed by feline immunodeficiency virus Env. Cell fusion assay demonstrates that the HR2 peptide of BIV can efficiently inhibit the virus-mediated cell fusion.

背景与目标： ：慢病毒（例如人类免疫缺陷病毒1型（HIV-1）和猿猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIV））的进入需要将gp41的两个七肽重复区（HR1和HR2）折叠成发夹状，随后带入发夹病毒与细胞膜融合。该基序是病毒融合蛋白的普遍特征，已被用于产生抗病毒融合剂。在本文中，我们报道了另一种慢病毒牛免疫缺陷病毒（BIV）的Env蛋白的结构特征，该蛋白有助于建立良好的HIV动物模型。 BIV HR1和HR2区域由两个不同的程序预测，并分别或联合在大肠杆菌中表达。生化和生物物理分析表明，BIV Env的预测HR可以形成稳定的发夹三聚体或六螺旋束，就像猫免疫缺陷病毒Env形成的一样。细胞融合测定表明BIV的HR2肽可以有效抑制病毒介导的细胞融合。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Biventricular (BIV) implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantations are traditionally performed using fluoroscopic guidance, exposing both patients and laboratory staff to the risks of radiation. Three-dimensional (3D) electro-anatomical mapping (EAM) has been used in limited reports with modest decrease in fluoroscopy time in adjunct to standard use of contrast. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of EAM in BIV ICD implantation with near zero use of fluoroscopy and contrast. METHODS AND RESULTS:Retrospective analysis was performed in two patient groups (both n = 10): (1) the near zero fluoroscopy (NZF) group consisting of consecutive adult patients, in which BIV implantation was accomplished by EAM; and (2) the fluoroscopy (F) group, in which BIV implantation was additionally guided by fluoroscopy and contrast use. The same operator performed all procedures with a step-by-step approach detailed below. Complications were limited to one patient in the standard (F) group who had a pneumothorax related to difficult access with occluded collateralized subclavian vein and small hematoma with no intervention required. Another patient in the NZF group had lead revision with an extra 0.5 minutes of fluoroscopy related to microdislodgement secondary to body habitus and postural changes. CONCLUSION:This NZF technique was feasible and effective in near elimination of contrast use, as well as in decreasing fluoroscopy exposure to as low as 0.1 minutes or near zero exposure. We also highlighted the technique in detailed step-by-step approach. It was also discovered that 3D mapping does not increase procedure time. In fact there was a tendency toward shortening the procedure time, further demonstrating the feasibility of this technique for the implantation of BIV ICD. Acute procedural success, complications, and clinical outcome were comparable in both groups.

背景与目标： 背景：传统上，双透视（BIV）植入式心脏复律除颤器（ICD）植入是在荧光镜引导下进行的，这使患者和实验室工作人员都面临放射线的风险。三维（3D）电解剖标测（EAM）已用于有限的报告中，在荧光检查时间上适度减少，并辅之以标准对比度。这项研究的目的是评估EAM在BIV ICD植入中使用荧光检查和造影剂几乎为零的可行性。
方法和结果：对两个患者组（均n = 10）进行回顾性分析：（1）由连续成年患者组成的近零荧光检查（NZF）组，其中BIV植入通过EAM完成； （2）荧光检查（F）组，其中BIV植入另外通过荧光检查和对比剂使用进行指导。同一操作员使用下面详细介绍的逐步方法执行了所有过程。并发症仅限于标准（F）组中的一名患者，该患者患有气胸与难以通入，锁骨下锁骨下侧静脉闭塞和小血肿而无需干预。 NZF组中的另一名患者进行了铅翻修，并额外进行了0.5分钟的透视检查，该检查与继发于身体习性和体位改变的微小脱位有关。
结论：该NZF技术在几乎消除造影剂使用以及将荧光透视曝光降低至0.1分钟或接近零曝光方面是可行和有效的。我们还以详细的分步方法重点介绍了该技术。还发现3D映射不会增加过程时间。实际上，存在缩短手术时间的趋势，进一步证明了该技术在BIV ICD植入中的可行性。两组的急性手术成功率，并发症和临床结果均相当。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Two new NMR structures describing the complex formed by a peptide from the BIV Tat protein with the TAR RNA provide a significant advance in our understanding of the ways in which peptides interact with specific sites in the major groove of their RNA targets.

背景与目标： ：两个新的NMR结构描述了由BIV Tat蛋白的肽与TAR RNA形成的复合物，为我们对肽与RNA靶标主要沟中特定位点相互作用的方式的理解提供了重大进展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Integrase plays a critical role in the recombination of viral DNA into the host genome. Therefore, over the past decade, it has been a hot target of drug design in the fight against type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) integrase has the same function as HIV-1 integrase. We have determined crystal structures of the BIV integrase catalytic core domain (CCD) in two different crystal forms at a resolution of 2.45 Å and 2.2 Å, respectively. In crystal form I, BIV integrase CCD forms a back-to-back dimer, in which the two active sites are on opposite sides. This has also been seen in many of the CCD structures of HIV-1 integrase that were determined previously. However, in crystal form II, BIV integrase CCD forms a novel face-to-face dimer in which the two active sites are close to each other. Strikingly, the distance separating the two active sites is approximately 20 Å, a distance that perfectly matches a 5-base pair interval. Based on these data, we propose a model for the interaction of integrase with its target DNA, which is also supported by many published biochemical data. Our results provide important clues for designing new inhibitors against HIV-1.

背景与目标： ：整合酶在病毒DNA重组入宿主基因组中起关键作用。因此，在过去的十年中，它已成为对抗1型人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV-1）的药物设计的热门目标。牛免疫缺陷病毒（BIV）整合酶具有与HIV-1整合酶相同的功能。我们已经确定了BIV整合酶核心结构域（CCD）的晶体结构，其两种晶体形式的分辨率分别为2.45Å和2.2Å。在晶型I中，BIV集成CCD形成了一个背靠背的二聚体，其中两个活性位点在相反的一侧。在先前确定的HIV-1整合酶的许多CCD结构中也可以看到这一点。然而，在晶型II中，BIV集成CCD形成了一个新颖的面对面二聚体，其中两个活性位点彼此靠近。令人惊讶的是，两个有效位点之间的距离约为20，该距离与5个碱基对的间隔完全匹配。基于这些数据，我们提出了整合酶与其靶DNA相互作用的模型，许多已公开的生化数据也支持该模型。我们的结果为设计新的抗HIV-1抑制剂提供了重要线索。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nested PCR and qPCR (quantitative PCR) tests based on glycoprotein B (gB) gene were designed for detecting Bovine herpesvirus 6 (BoHV6) in bovine whole blood samples and wild ruminant blood clots (deer and roe-deer). This virus, commonly known as BLHV (bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus) belongs to the Herpesviridae family, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae and Macavirus genus. DNA isolated from 92 dairy cow blood samples and 69 wild ruminant clots were examined for the presence of BoHV6 using nested PCR and qPCR tests. Viral DNA was detected by using nested PCR in 59 out of 92 bovine blood samples (64.1%), and by qPCR in 68 out of 92 bovine blood samples (73.9%), but none out of 69 DNA samples isolated from wild ruminant blood clots, was positive in both assays. The specificity of nested PCR and qPCR was confirmed by using BoHV1, BoHV4, BoHV6, BFV, BIV, and BLV DNA. The sensitivity of nested PCR and qPCR was determined using a serially 10-fold diluted vector pCR2.1HgB (2 × 10(0)-2 × 10(6)copies/reaction). In this testing, qPCR was more sensitive than the nested PCR, detecting two copies of BoHV6 whilst the limit of detection for nested PCR was 20 copies. In all qPCR assays, the coefficients of determination (R(2)) ranged between 0.990 and 0.999, and the calculated amplification efficiencies (Eff%) within the range of 89.7-106.9. The intra- and inter-assay CV (coefficient of variation) values did not exceed 4%.

背景与目标： ：基于糖蛋白B（gB）基因的巢式PCR和qPCR（定量PCR）测试旨在检测牛全血样本和野生反刍动物血凝块（鹿和ro）中的牛疱疹病毒6（BoHV6）。这种病毒，通常称为BLHV（牛淋巴性疱疹病毒），属于疱疹病毒科，丙型疱疹病毒亚科和Macavirus属。使用巢式PCR和qPCR测试检查了从92头奶牛血液样本和69株野生反刍动物凝块中分离出的DNA中BoHV6的存在。通过巢式PCR在92个牛血样中的59个中检测病毒DNA（64.1％），并通过qPCR在92个牛血样中的68个中检测（73.9％），但从野生反刍动物血凝块分离的69个DNA样品中没有检测到在两种测定中均为阳性。通过使用BoHV1，BoHV4，BoHV6，BFV，BIV和BLV DNA证实了巢式PCR和qPCR的特异性。使用连续10倍稀释的载体pCR2.1HgB（2×10（0）-2×10（6）复制/反应）确定巢式PCR和qPCR的敏感性。在此测试中，qPCR比巢式PCR更为灵敏，可检测到BoHV6的两个拷贝，而巢式PCR的检测限为20个拷贝。在所有qPCR分析中，测定系数（R（2））介于0.990和0.999之间，计算的扩增效率（Eff％）在89.7-106.9之间。测定内和测定间CV（变异系数）值不超过4％。