内分泌
词汇介绍
拓展阅读
解析
simple 英 /ˈsɪmpl/ 美 /ˈsɪmpl/
释 义 adj. 简单的；单纯的；天真的
n. 笨蛋；愚蠢的行为；出身低微者
n. (Simple)人名；(法)桑普勒
同根词 simplified adj. 简化了的
simply adv. 简单地；仅仅；简直；朴素地；坦白地
simplicity n. 朴素；简易；天真；愚蠢
simplify vt. 简化；使单纯；使简易
例 句 When applying for a visa extension state simply and clearly the reasons why you need an extension.申请签证续签时，简单明了地陈述你需要延期的理由。
goiter 英 /'ɡɒɪtə/
释 义 n. [内科] 甲状腺肿
同根词 goitre n. 甲状腺肿（等于goiter）；肿物
例 句 Central diabetes insipidus is usually idiopathic, but can also be caused by head trauma or tumors of the brain. 中枢性尿崩症通常是特发性的，但也能由头部创伤或脑肿瘤引起。
概述
概述
甲状腺肿是甲状腺的异常肿大，甲状腺是蝴蝶形的腺体，位于脖子底部，尽管甲状腺肿通常无痛，但是大甲状腺肿会引起咳嗽，造成吞咽或呼吸困难。世界范围内甲状腺肿的最常见原因是饮食中缺乏碘。在美国，碘盐的使用很普遍，甲状腺肿通常是由于甲状腺激素的生产过剩或生产不足或腺体自身形成结节所致。治疗方法取决于甲状腺肿大，患者的症状和根本原因。不太明显且不会引起问题的小甲状腺肿通常不需要治疗。
病理原因
甲状腺会产生两种主要激素：甲状腺素（T4）和三碘甲状腺素（T3）。这些激素在血液中循环并有助于调节新陈代谢，它们可以维持人体消耗脂肪和碳水化合物的速度，有助于控制体温，影响心律并调节蛋白质的产生。甲状腺也会产生降钙素，降钙素是一种有助于调节血液中钙含量的激素。垂体和下丘脑控制这些激素的产生和释放速率。当下丘脑向垂体发出信号以制造一种称为甲状腺刺激激素（TSH）的激素时，该过程就开始了。垂体腺会释放一定量的TSH，具体取决于血液中的甲状腺素和T3含量。反过来，甲状腺也会根据从垂体获得的促甲状腺激素来调节其激素的产生。甲状腺肿不一定意味着甲状腺功能不正常，即使甲状腺肿大，甲状腺也可能产生正常量的激素。许多因素会导致甲状腺肿大。
诊断方法
①激素测试。验血可以确定甲状腺和垂体产生的激素量。如果甲状腺功能不足，则甲状腺激素水平会很低，同时，甲状腺刺激激素（TSH）的水平会升高，因为垂体会试图刺激甲状腺产生更多的甲状腺激素。与甲状腺机能亢进有关的甲状腺肿通常涉及血液中甲状腺激素水平高和低于正常TSH水平。
②抗体测试。甲状腺肿的某些原因涉及异常抗体的产生，验血可能证实这些抗体的存在。
③超声检查。
④甲状腺放射性同位素。
⑤细针穿刺活检。
治疗方法
①观察：如果甲状腺肿小且没有引起问题，并且甲状腺功能正常，医生可能会建议继续观察。
②药物：如果有甲状腺功能减退症，则用左甲状腺素替代甲状腺激素将解决甲状腺功能减退的症状，并减缓垂体腺中促甲状腺激素的释放，通常会减少甲状腺肿大。对于甲状腺炎症，医生可能建议使用阿司匹林或皮质类固醇药物治疗炎症。对于甲状腺功能亢进症相关的甲状腺肿，可能需要药物以使激素水平正常化。
③手术：如果甲状腺肿大不舒服或导致呼吸困难或吞咽困难，或者在某些情况下结节性甲状腺肿导致甲状腺功能亢进，则可以去除全部或部分甲状腺。手术也是甲状腺癌的治疗方法。根据甲状腺切除的数量，可能需要在手术后服用左甲状腺素。
④放射性碘：在某些情况下，放射性碘可用于治疗甲状腺过度活动症。放射性碘经口服摄入，并通过血流到达甲状腺，破坏甲状腺细胞。该治疗导致甲状腺肿大，但最终也可能导致甲状腺功能低下。
复制标题埃塞俄比亚儿童甲状腺肿的患病率及相关因素: 系统回顾和荟萃分析
发表时间：2019-08-29
影响指数：2.6
作者： Getenet Dessie
期刊：BMC Public Health
Iodine, a trace element found in the soil, is essential for synthesizing thyroid hormones that ensure the proper functioning of the thyroid and assist with cell replication. Insufficient levels of iodine in the body lead not only to goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, but also to a range of severe physical and cognitive impairments such as mental retardation; cretinism; miscarriage and stillbirth among pregnant women; and growth and developmental abnormalities in infants and children. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iodine deficiency is the single greatest preventable causes of mental retardation globally. Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) because of puberty-related changes in thyroid function that may increase the need for iodine. Diets low in iodine are the main cause of IDDs. Iodine is found naturally in soil and water but in many parts of the world, due to a history of heavy rains or glacial melt, soils have been leeched of the mineral. The primary strategy for reducing the prevalence of goiter and other IDDs has been to increase iodine consumption by iodizing salt. National salt iodization programs are considered a simple, cost-effective means of preventing IDDs, as salt iodization is relatively easy to implement, and salt is steadily consumed by populations year round; and because countries usually have only a few large salt manufacturers who need to be incorporated into national programs. Such universal iodization programs have been extremely successful and are considered a global health success story and a model of public/private partnerships for promoting health. However, iodine deficiency can reappear if salt iodization is interrupted as a result of demobilization of the public health authorities or the lack of interest of the salt industry.
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