内分泌
词汇介绍
拓展阅读
解析
glucose 英 /'gluːkəʊs; -z/ 美 /'ɡlukos/
释 义 n. 葡萄糖；葡糖（等于dextrose）
例 句 This gene controls the glucose consumption of cells and so provides the fuel by which they grow and multiply. 这个基因控制着细胞对葡萄糖的消耗，这样它们可以获得提供给他们生长和繁殖的燃料。
homeostasis 英 /,hɒmɪə(ʊ)'steɪsɪs; ,həʊm-/ 美/,homɪə'stesɪs/
释 义 n. [生理] 体内平衡；[自] 内稳态
例 句 The balance between cell survival and apoptosis is crucial for normal development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. 细胞存活与凋亡之间的平衡是多细胞生物正常发育与稳态的关键。
概述
概述
葡萄糖稳态依赖于两种激素：胰岛素和胰高血糖素的平衡和相互作用，以维持健康的血糖水平。
重要性
将血糖维持在正常范围内称为葡萄糖体内平衡。大脑和神经系统完全依赖葡萄糖作为燃料，并且始终需要稳定的葡萄糖供应。至关重要的是，血糖浓度应保持在70至110 mg/dL的范围内，以便为大脑和神经系统提供足够的燃料。低血糖可导致头晕或注意力不集中等症状，而随着时间的推移，高血糖会损害血管和神经。
肝脏的作用
肝脏在血糖稳态中起着关键作用。饭后当血糖高时，肝脏有能力从血液中去除葡萄糖并将其作为一种叫做糖原的分子的一部分储存起来。在两餐之间，随着血糖开始下降，肝脏可以使新的葡萄糖释放到血液中。其中如胰岛素和胰高血糖素，参与调节这些稳态过程。
肝糖原
在体内，糖原作为葡萄糖储存分子，当血糖浓度超过能量需求时，葡萄糖作为糖原储存。糖原主要存在于肝脏中，但在肌肉中含量较少。糖原可以根据身体的需要合成或分解。胰岛素指导糖原的合成，从而有助于降低血糖升高。响应激素胰高血糖素，储存的肝糖原可被分解并释放到血液中以帮助提高血糖。
糖异生
除了糖原的分解，为了提高血糖，肝脏还参与另一个叫做糖异生的过程，这是由其他物质如乳酸和氨基酸合成新的葡萄糖分子。糖异生对于在禁食期间预防低血糖是重要的。类似于糖原的分解，激素胰高血糖素也刺激糖异生。肝脏中糖原合成和分解以及糖异生的过程共同帮助维持葡萄糖稳态。
复制标题棕色脂肪组织和葡萄糖稳态 -- 气候变化与全球肥胖和糖尿病上升之间的联系
发表时间：2019-12-01
影响指数：3.5
作者： Michael E Symonds
期刊：Adipocyte
There is increasing evidence that the global rise in temperature is contributing to the onset of diabetes, which could be mediated by a concomitant reduction in brown fat activity. Brown (and beige) fat are characterised as possessing a unique mitochondrial protein uncoupling protein (UCP)1 that when activated can rapidly generate large amounts of heat. Primary environmental stimuli of UCP1 include cold-exposure and diet, leading to increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and large amounts of lipid and glucose being oxidised by brown fat. The exact contribution remains controversial, although recent studies indicate that the amount of brown and beige fat in adult humans has been greatly underestimated. We therefore review the potential mechanisms by which glucose could be utilised within brown and beige fat in adult humans and the extent to which these are sensitive to temperature and diet. This includes the potential contribution from the peridroplet and cytoplasmic mitochondrial sub-fractions recently identified in brown fat, and whether a proportion of glucose oxidation could be UCP1-independent. It is thus predicted that as new methods are developed to assess glucose metabolism by brown fat, a more accurate determination of the thermogenic and non-thermogenic functions could be feasible in humans.
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