BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Research has shown that mothers often differentiate among their adult children in terms of closeness and support; however, studies have not addressed why some mothers report preferences among children and others do not. To distinguish between mothers who do and do not report favouring some of their adult children, we used data from a within-family study in which 553 older mothers were interviewed about each of their children. Almost all of the mothers reported differentiating among their children regarding emotional closeness, confiding, or preference among caregivers. Multivariate analyses revealed that mothers' values and mother-child value similarity predicted which mothers differentiated among their children regarding closeness and confiding, whereas mothers' and children's demographic characteristics predicted which mothers differentiated regarding preferred caregivers. Black mothers were less likely than white mothers to differentiate when seeking a confidant; however, race played no role in mothers' likelihood of differentiating regarding emotional closeness or help during illness. Taken together, these findings indicate that differentiating among adult children is common; further, family-level predictors of mothers' differentiating mirror the patterns shown in dyad-level analyses of mothers' favouritism.

背景与目标： : 研究表明，母亲通常在亲密和支持方面与成年子女有所区别; 但是，研究尚未解决为什么有些母亲报告儿童的偏爱，而另一些母亲则没有。为了区分那些喜欢和不喜欢一些成年子女的母亲，我们使用了一项家庭内研究的数据，在该研究中，553名年长的母亲接受了关于他们每个孩子的采访。几乎所有的母亲都报告说，他们的孩子在照顾者之间的情感亲密，倾诉或偏爱方面存在差异。多变量分析显示，母亲的价值观和母子价值相似性预测了哪些母亲在亲密感和倾诉方面在子女之间存在差异，而母亲和儿童的人口统计学特征预测了哪些母亲在首选照顾者方面存在差异。在寻求知己时，黑人母亲比白人母亲区分的可能性较小; 但是，种族在母亲区分情感亲密关系或在疾病期间提供帮助的可能性方面没有任何作用。总而言之，这些发现表明，成年儿童之间的差异很普遍; 此外，母亲分化的家庭水平预测指标反映了母亲偏爱的二元水平分析中显示的模式。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:While the primary goal of the NW Alaska Native maternal transport is safe deliveries for mothers from remote villages, little has been done to question the impact of transport on the mothers and communities involved. This study explores how presence of Iñupiat values influences the desire of indigenous women of differing eras and NW Alaska villages to participate in biomedical birth, largely made available by a tribal health-sponsored transport system. OBJECTIVE:This paper portrays how important it is (and why) for Alaska Native families and women of different generations from various areas of Iñupiat villages of NW Alaska to get to the hospital to give birth. This research asks: How does a community's presence of Iñupiat values influence women of different eras and locations to participate in a more biomedical mode of birth? DESIGN:Theoretical frameworks of medical anthropology and maternal identity work are used to track the differences in regard to the maternal transport operation for Iñupiat mothers of the area. Presence of Iñupiat values in each of the communities is compared by birth era and location for each village. Content analysis is conducted to determine common themes in an inductive, recursive fashion. RESULTS:A connection is shown between a community's manifestation of Iñupiat cultural expression and mothers' acceptance of maternal transport in this study. For this group of Iñupiat Eskimo mothers, there is interplay between community expression of Iñupiat values and desire and lengths gone to by women of different eras and locations. CONCLUSIONS:The more openly manifested the Iñupiat values of the community, the more likely alternative birthing practices sought, lessening the reliance on the existing transport policy. Conversely, the more openly western values are manifested in the village of origin, the less likely alternative measures are sought. For this study group, mothers from study villages with openly manifested western values are more likely to easily acquiesce to policy, and "make the best" of their prenatal travel.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :While adolescents have received increasing attention in the global HIV response and international strategies and commitments, adolescent mothers and their children remain largely overlooked in research, funding and, programming for health-related outcomes. We conducted an extensive scoping review of current evidence on the experiences of adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children in this region. We included published literature and conference abstracts, complemented by consultations with key stakeholders, and a review of documents through grey literature searching. First, we summarise the experiences of adolescent mothers and their children related to HIV and key health and development indicators. The syndemic of early motherhood and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa increases the vulnerability of adolescent mothers and their children. We then highlight lessons from a series of promising programmes focused on supporting adolescent mothers through novel approaches. In sub-Saharan Africa, supporting adolescent mothers living in high HIV-risk communities is critical not only to eliminate HIV/AIDS, but also to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. While research on and programming for adolescent mothers and their children is growing, the complex needs for this vulnerable group remain unmet. We conclude with evidence gaps and programming priorities for adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children.

背景与目标： : 尽管青少年在全球艾滋病毒应对措施以及国际战略和承诺中受到越来越多的关注，但青少年母亲及其子女在与健康有关的成果的研究，资金和方案编制方面仍然被忽视。我们对该地区受艾滋病毒影响的青春期母亲及其子女的经历的当前证据进行了广泛的范围界定审查。我们包括了已发表的文献和会议摘要，并与主要利益相关者进行了磋商，并通过灰色文献搜索对文件进行了审查。首先，我们总结了青春期母亲及其子女与艾滋病毒有关的经验以及关键的健康与发展指标。撒哈拉以南非洲地区早期孕产和艾滋病毒的共同感染增加了青春期母亲及其子女的脆弱性。然后，我们重点介绍了一系列有前途的计划的教训，这些计划侧重于通过新颖的方法支持青春期母亲。在撒哈拉以南非洲，支持生活在艾滋病毒高风险社区的青春期母亲不仅对消除艾滋病毒/艾滋病至关重要，而且对实现可持续发展目标也至关重要。尽管对青少年母亲及其子女的研究和规划正在增长，但对这一弱势群体的复杂需求仍未得到满足。最后，我们为受艾滋病毒影响的青春期母亲及其子女提供了证据空白和计划优先事项。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine the prevalence of postnatal depression (PND) in mothers of young infants presenting to the emergency department (ED). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:Prospective observational study of the prevalence of PND in mothers of infants aged 14 days to 6 months presenting with non-time-critical conditions to the ED of a large tertiary paediatric hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:We assessed PND by applying a self-administered validated screening tool, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Mothers of patients were approached before clinician consultation when a social worker was available on site. EPDS scores of 13 and above were considered 'positive'. Univariate analysis was used to determine associations with demographic, maternal and child factors. RESULTS:236 mothers were approached; 200 consented to participate in the study. Thirty-two mothers screened positively, with a prevalence rate of 16% (95% CI 11.2% to 21.8%). A positive screen was most strongly associated with history of depression (relative risk (RR) 4.8, 95% CI 2.3 to 10.1). Other associations were with single-parent status (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.4), Indigenous status (4.4, 95% CI 1.8 to 10.4) and 'crying baby' as the presenting problem (RR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4 to 6.2). Fifty-three per cent of mothers had not completed a PND screen before coming to the ED. CONCLUSIONS:Mothers of young infants coming to the ED regardless of infant's presenting complaint have a high prevalence of PND determined using the EPDS. Many mothers were not screened for PND before coming to the ED. Clinical staff need to be aware of the condition, incorporate appropriate questioning into the consultation, and refer mothers to support services if necessary.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study adds to research on family court's response to custody in the context of intimate partner abuse (IPA). Mediation is often used to assist family court with custody negotiation; however, debate exists in the field regarding its use when IPA exists. The following study examines experiences with court mediation among a sample of victimized mothers who divorced abusive husbands. Mixed-method data were collected from 19 women. Findings demonstrate that abuse is rarely considered in custody recommendations, as most court mediators prefer joint custody. Implications for the ongoing debate, as well as future directions for research, are discussed.

背景与目标： : 这项研究增加了对家庭法院在亲密伴侣虐待 (IPA) 背景下对监护权的反应的研究。调解通常用于协助家庭法院进行监护权谈判; 但是，当IPA存在时，有关其使用的辩论在该领域存在。以下研究考察了与虐待丈夫离婚的受害母亲样本中法院调解的经验。从19名女性中收集了混合方法数据。调查结果表明，在监护权建议中很少考虑虐待，因为大多数法院调解员更喜欢联合监护权。讨论了正在进行的辩论的含义以及未来的研究方向。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Malnutrition in infants during weaning has been attributed to inappropriate complementary feeding practices and it underlies more than one-third of child mortality in Nigeria. Thus, addressing the influence of complementary feeding practice on nutritional status may be an important approach to reducing the burden of child malnutrition. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between complementary feeding practices among mothers and nutritional status of their infants in Akpabuyo Local Government Area, Nigeria. The study enrolled 330 mother-child pairs from 10 randomly selected out of 32 Health Facilities in Akpabuyo. Socio-demographic information, child and maternal characteristics were obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Complementary feeding practices were assessed with World Health Organization infant and young child feeding indicators. Nutritional indicators wasting, underweight and stunting were determined. RESULTS:Prevalence of timely introduction of complementary feeding among infants aged 6-8 months was 85.4%, minimum dietary diversity rate was 31.5%, and minimum meal frequency 36.7%, the rate of minimum acceptable diet was 7.3%. One-third (33.3%) of the infants were underweight, 26.4%, wasted and 24.6%, stunted. Children who did not receive timely complementary foods had higher odds for wasting (OR 5.15; 95% CI 1.50-17.73). Children who did not receive the minimum dietary diversity had higher odds for underweight than children who received the minimum dietary diversity (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.17-3.70). Children who did not receive the minimum feeding frequency were more likely to be stunted than their peers who received the minimum feeding frequency (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.53-4.03). CONCLUSION:Sub-optimal complementary feeding predisposed to infant's malnutrition.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The thermal performance curve (TPC) illustrates the dependence on body- and therefore environmental- temperature of many fitness-related aspects of ectotherm ecology and biology including foraging, growth, predator avoidance, and reproduction. The typical thermal performance curve model is linear in its parameters despite the well-known, strong, non-linearity of the response of performance to temperature. In addition, it is usual to consider a single model based on few individuals as descriptive of a species-level response to temperature. To overcome these issues, we used generalized additive mixed modeling (GAMM) to estimate thermal performance curves for 73 individual hatchling Natrix natrix grass snakes from seven clutches, taking advantage of the structure of GAMM to demonstrate that almost 16% of the deviance in thermal performance curves is attributed to inter-individual variation, while only 1.3% is attributable to variation amongst clutches. GAMM allows precise estimation of curve characteristics, which we used to test hypotheses on tradeoffs thought to constrain the thermal performance curve: hotter is better, the specialist-generalist trade off, and resource allocation/acquisition. We observed a negative relationship between maximum performance and performance breadth, indicating a specialist-generalist tradeoff, and a positive relationship between thermal optimum and maximum performance, suggesting "hotter is better". There was a significant difference among matrilines in the relationship between Area Under the Curve and maximum performance - relationship that is an indicator of evenness in acquisition or allocation of resources. As we used unfed hatchlings, the observed matriline effect indicates divergent breeding strategies among mothers, with some mothers provisioning eggs unequally resulting in some offspring being better than others, while other mothers provisioned the eggs more evenly, resulting in even performance throughout the clutch. This observation is reminiscent of bet-hedging strategies, and implies the possibility for intra-clutch variability in the TPCs to buffer N. natrix against unpredictable environmental variability.

背景与目标： : 热性能曲线 (TPC) 说明了外热学生态学和生物学的许多与健身相关的方面 (包括觅食，生长，避免捕食者和繁殖) 对身体温度以及因此对环境温度的依赖性。尽管性能对温度的响应具有众所周知的强非线性，但典型的热性能曲线模型在其参数上是线性的。此外，通常考虑基于少数个体的单个模型来描述物种水平对温度的响应。为了克服这些问题，我们使用广义加性混合模型 (GAMM) 来估计来自七个离合器的73个个体孵化Natrix natrix草蛇的热性能曲线，利用GAMM的结构来证明几乎16% 的热性能曲线偏差归因于个体间的变化，而只有1.3% 可归因于离合器之间的变化。GAMM允许对曲线特性进行精确估计，我们用来检验被认为会限制热性能曲线的折衷假设: 更热更好，专家-多面手的权衡以及资源分配/获取。我们观察到最大性能与性能广度之间存在负相关关系，表明专家与多面手之间存在权衡，而热最佳性能与最大性能之间存在正相关关系，表明 “更热更好”。母系之间的曲线下面积与最大绩效关系之间的关系存在显着差异，最大绩效关系是资源获取或分配均匀性的指标。当我们使用未喂食的幼体时，观察到的母系效应表明母亲之间的繁殖策略有所不同，有些母亲分配卵子不平等，导致某些后代比其他后代更好，而其他母亲则更均匀地分配卵子，从而在整个离合器中表现均匀。这一观察结果让人想起押注对冲策略，并暗示了TPCs中离合器内变化的可能性，以缓冲N. natrix免受不可预测的环境变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To explore how a sample of Mexican American mothers with preschool-aged children recruited from a Midwestern Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinic obtained information about 4 behaviors associated with childhood obesity risk: eating, physical activity, screen time, and sleep. DESIGN:One-on-one structured interviews in which participants were asked how they communicated with family, learned to take care of their first infant, and obtained information about the 4 targeted behaviors for their preschool-aged child. SETTING:An urban WIC clinic in the Midwest. PARTICIPANTS:Forty Mexican-descent mothers enrolled in WIC with children aged 3-4 years. PHENOMENON OF INTEREST:Exposure to information about the 4 targeted behaviors among Mexican-descent mothers participating in WIC. ANALYSIS:Quantitative and qualitative data were used to characterize and compare across participants. RESULTS:Participants primarily obtained information from their child's maternal grandmother during their first child's infancy and from health professionals for their preschool-aged child. Participants typically obtained information through interpersonal communication, television, and magazines. Participants were most interested in healthy eating information and least interested in screen time information. Some participants did not seek information. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:Participants engaged in different patterns of information seeking across their child's development and the 4 behaviors, which suggests that future research should be behaviorally specific. Findings from this study suggest several hypotheses to test in future research.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In an effort to mitigate missed opportunities to provide high-quality care, the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed the Safe Childbirth Checklist (SCC) to support health providers perform essential tasks. Our qualitative study is a baseline assessment of quality of care (QoC) perceived by mothers who gave birth at health facilities aiming to highlight areas where implementing the SCC can potentially improve the QoC as well as areas that are not part of the SCC yet require improvement. METHODS:Assessing the overall experience of care, our qualitative study focuses on 8 out of 29 items in the checklist that are related to the personal interactions between healthcare provider and mothers. Using a set of semi-structured questions, we interviewed 26 new mothers who gave institutional births in Aceh province in Indonesia. RESULTS:Our findings revealed some gaps where implementing the SCC can potentially improve safety and QoC. They include communicating danger signs at critical points during birth and after discharge, encouraging breastfeeding, and providing mothers with information on family planning. Moreover, taking a qualitative approach allowed us to identify additional aspects such as need for clarity at the point of admission, maintaining dignity, and protecting mothers' rights in the decision-making process to be also essential for better QoC. CONCLUSIONS:Our study highlights the need to actively listen to and engage with the experiences of women in the adaptation and implementation of the checklist. While our findings indicate that implementing the SCC has the potential to improve the quality of maternal care and overall birth experience, a more holistic understanding of the lived experiences of women and the dynamics of their interactions with health facilities, care providers, and their birth companions can complement the implementation of the checklist.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Women with epilepsy who were service users of Epilepsy Action in the United Kingdom (UK) completed a questionnaire on the risks of caring for their baby and whether they were provided with useful information on fulfilling their caring role (Epilepsy Action is the trading name of the British Epilepsy Association a major UK charity for those with epilepsy). The cohort of 84 all reported some problems. The following were rated as being the most problematic; caring for their baby outside the home and bathing, whereas breastfeeding was rated as much less problematic. Some problems were rated as severe, which meant some babies were put at undue risk. Approximately 50% had been provided with information about caring and managing risk. Eighty-six percent found this information useful. The main conclusion is that more extensive, well-planned research is needed on this topic. There is virtually nothing in the academic literature to guide practice and this is needed. Present guidelines tend only to cover what the women rate as less problematic, e.g. breastfeeding, whereas what they rate highly problematic is often not covered. This needs attention in updates.

背景与目标： : 英国 (英国) 癫痫行动服务使用者的癫痫妇女填写了一份问卷，内容涉及照顾婴儿的风险，以及是否向她们提供了有关履行其护理角色的有用信息 (癫痫行动是英国癫痫协会的贸易名称) 癫痫)。84人的队列都报告了一些问题。以下被认为是最有问题的; 在家外照顾婴儿并洗澡，而母乳喂养的问题却少得多。一些问题被认为是严重的，这意味着一些婴儿面临不适当的风险。已向大约50% 人提供了有关护理和管理风险的信息。八十6% 认为这些信息很有用。主要结论是，需要对该主题进行更广泛，计划周密的研究。学术文献中几乎没有任何内容可以指导实践，这是必需的。目前的准则往往只涵盖妇女认为问题较少的问题，例如母乳喂养，而她们认为问题严重的问题往往没有涵盖。这需要在更新中注意。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Growth of weight, length, head circumference and skinfold thickness (subscapular and triceps) from birth to 6 months in 53 large-for-dates (LFD) Chinese babies weighing greater than 4.0 kg at term and born to non-diabetic mothers was investigated and correlated with biochemical indices of maternal glucose tolerance at birth: glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1), serum corrected fructosamine and the area under the oral glucose (50 g) tolerance (OGTT) curve. Growth in all physical dimensions, especially weight, showed a downward shift towards a reference mean. These changes in relative size were caused by slower growth velocities. None of the mothers had abnormally high concentrations of HbA1 or fructosamine nor an abnormal OGTT. However, weight velocities did show small but significant correlations with fructosamine (r = -0.42), and OGTT area units (r = 0.39) but not with HbA1. For some macrosomic babies born to apparently normal mothers, birth is seen to interrupt a process operating in prenatal life that accelerates growth. Covert abnormalities of maternal glucose homeostasis could explain this. Abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy might therefore be viewed as a continuum extending from (i) its maximum expression, the frankly diabetic state, through (ii) gestational diabetes to (iii) the mother who has no biochemically evident abnormality of glucose homeostasis but who has sufficient alteration to modify fetal growth. Post-natal growth of LFD babies is additional information which, when taken along with other markers of maternal glucose tolerance, might help to identify the mother at later perinatal risk.

背景与目标： : 重量、长度、对53名足月体重大于4.0千克的中国婴儿和非糖尿病母亲出生时的头围和皮褶厚度 (肩胛下和三头肌) 从出生到6个月进行了调查，并与母亲的生化指标相关出生时糖耐量: 糖基化血红蛋白 (HbA1)，血清校正后的果糖胺和口服葡萄糖 (50g) 耐受性 (OGTT) 曲线下的面积。所有物理尺寸 (尤其是体重) 的增长均显示出向参考平均值的向下移动。相对大小的这些变化是由较慢的生长速度引起的。没有母亲的HbA1或果糖胺浓度异常高，也没有OGTT异常。然而，体重速度与果糖胺 (r = -0.42) 和OGTT面积单位 (r = 0.39) 确实显示出较小但显着的相关性，但与hba1无关。对于一些看似正常的母亲所生的大型婴儿来说，出生被认为会中断产前生活中加速生长的过程。母体葡萄糖稳态的隐性异常可以解释这一点。因此，怀孕期间的葡萄糖耐量异常可能被视为一个连续体，从 (i) 其最大表达，坦率地说，糖尿病状态，到 (ii) 妊娠糖尿病到 (iii) 母亲没有生化明显的葡萄糖稳态异常，但有足够的改变来改变胎儿的生长。LFD婴儿的产后生长是其他信息，当与母亲葡萄糖耐量的其他标志物一起使用时，可能有助于识别处于后期围产期风险的母亲。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The breastfeeding position routinely used following a cesarean section is the side-lying position. However, there have been few studies about the effect of breastfeeding positions, including laid-back position on breastfeeding outcomes. OBJECTIVE:To compare the breastfeeding outcomes between using laid-back and side-lying breastfeeding positions in mothers delivering by cesarean section. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A randomized controlled trial was conducted. The postpartum mothers delivering by cesarean section who delivered term newborns were randomly assigned to learn the use of a laid-back or side-lying breastfeeding position. The breastfeeding outcomes were assessed by LATCH scores at the second day postpartum and exclusive breastfeeding rates during the 6-week postpartum period. The mother's satisfaction of each breastfeeding position was collected before discharge from the hospital. RESULTS:The data from 152 postpartum mothers delivering by cesarean section were available for analysis, 76 from the laid-back position group and 76 from side-lying position group. The baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. There were no statistically significant differences of the breastfeeding outcomes, LATCH scores at the second day postpartum and the exclusive breastfeeding rates during the 6-week postpartum period. But the mothers had expressed more satisfaction from the side-lying than the laid-back position. CONCLUSIONS:Among the mothers who delivered by cesarean section, the use of the laid-back breastfeeding position had not shown different breastfeeding outcomes from the side-lying breastfeeding position. It might be an alternative breastfeeding position, which can be taught for mothers delivering by cesarean section along with the side-lying position.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: : Aim: The objective of our study was to determine whether the SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers transmit the virus to their hand-expressed colostrum. Methods: This is an observational prospective study that included pregnant women who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR test on a nasopharyngeal swab at the moment of childbirth and who wanted to breastfeed their newborns. A colostrum sample was obtained from the mothers by manual self-extraction. To collect the samples, the mothers wore surgical masks, washed their hands with an 85% alcohol-based gel, and washed their breast with gauze that was saturated with soap and water. Results: We obtained seven colostrum samples from different mothers in the first hours postdelivery. SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in any of the colostrum samples obtained in our study. Conclusion: In our study, breast milk was not a source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Hand expression (assuring that a mask is used and that appropriate hygienic measures are used for the hands and the breast), when direct breastfeeding is not possible, appears to be a safe way of feeding newborns of mothers with COVID-19.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to (i) identify themes and issues that might usefully be addressed in a skills-and-support intervention for mothers with eating disorders who have children less than 5 years of age, and (ii) determine the most appropriate format for such an intervention. METHOD:Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with seven mothers with eating disorders and pre-school children, and four local health professionals working with mothers of pre-school children. RESULTS:Thematic analysis of interview transcripts revealed 10 themes: 'Passing on Traits', 'Food Preparation and Provision', 'Interactions Around Food and Mealtimes', 'Mother's Intake', 'Self Care', 'Self Identity and Parental Expectations', 'Impact on General Parent-Child Relationship', 'Need for Control', 'The Group Experience' and 'Practicalities and Format'. DISCUSSION:Findings highlight a number of difficulties and concerns experienced by mothers with eating disorders who have pre-school age children. An intervention incorporating the identified themes could provide important support to this patient group and potential benefit to their offspring.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Seventy-four mothers were surveyed to determine their attitudes toward the use of a Papoose Board (PB, Olympic Medical Corporation, Seattle, WA) to treat their uncooperative children (mean age 3.1 years). If, at the initial exam, it was agreed that the PB might be an acceptable treatment modality, the child was prescribed a sedative for the next appointment. At that appointment, the child was placed in the PB and teeth were restored using local anesthetic, mouth prop, and/or nitrous oxide. Afterward, each mother received a survey to complete at home and mail back anonymously. Seventy-four surveys were issued; 59 were mailed back. Of the 59, 50 were answered comprehensively; nine were incomplete. Of the 50 surveys, 90% of the mothers approved of the use of the PB, 96% thought the PB was necessary to perform the dentistry, 78% did not think it had a later negative effect on the child, and 86% were willing to use it with their next child.

背景与目标： : 对74名母亲进行了调查，以确定他们对使用Papoose委员会 (PB，奥林匹克医疗公司，华盛顿州西雅图) 治疗不合作的孩子 (平均年龄3.1岁) 的态度。如果在初次检查时同意PB可能是可接受的治疗方式，则为该孩子下一次约会开了镇静剂。在那次约会中，将孩子放在PB中，并使用局部麻醉剂，口腔支柱和/或一氧化二氮修复牙齿。之后，每个母亲都接受了一项调查，以在家中完成并匿名寄回。发布了74项调查; 邮寄了59项。在59人中，有50人得到了全面回答; 九个不完整。在50项调查中，有90% 的母亲批准了PB的使用，96% 认为PB对于牙科是必要的，78% 认为PB对孩子没有后来的负面影响，86% 愿意与下一个孩子一起使用。