BACKGROUND & AIMS: Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) induces cytogenetic responses of variable degree in patients with CML. We sought to establish the relationship between BCR-ABL transcript numbers measured by competitive two-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cytogenetic status in CML patients treated with IFN-alpha. All 398 samples from 163 patients investigated by RT-PCR were positive for BCR-ABL transcripts. In order to standardize results for variability in RNA and cDNA quality, we quantified total ABL transcripts in each sample as internal control. The BCR-ABL/ABL ratios correlated with the cytogenetic results. Quantitative nested PCR allowed the detection of residual BCR-ABL transcripts in all complete cytogenetic responders on IFN-alpha. We conclude that competitive PCR with internal controls is a reliable method for monitoring patients on IFN-alpha and reduces the need for repeated marrow investigations.

背景与目标： 干扰素 α (IFN-α) 诱导CML患者不同程度的细胞遗传学反应。我们试图建立通过竞争性两步逆转录聚合酶链反应 (rt-pcr) 测量的bcr-abl转录数与接受IFN-α 治疗的CML患者的细胞遗传学状态之间的关系。通过rt-pcr调查的来自163名患者的所有398样品的bcr-abl转录物均为阳性。为了标准化RNA和cDNA质量变异性的结果，我们将每个样品中的总ABL转录本量化为内部对照。Bcr-abl/ABL比值与细胞遗传学结果相关。定量巢式PCR可以检测到IFN-α 上所有完整的细胞遗传学反应中的残留BCR-ABL转录本。我们得出的结论是，带有内部对照的竞争性PCR是一种可靠的方法，用于监测患者的IFN-α，并减少了重复进行骨髓检查的需要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A 51-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive male patient (CDC stage 3C) had had a painful nodule on his external ankle joint for 10 months. A biopsy suggested bacillary angiomatosis, but Kaposi's sarcoma could not be excluded. Rods were detectable in lesional skin by a Warthin-Starry stain. A 298 base pair (bp) gene fragment specific for Bartonella species was amplified from lesional skin and direct nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplification product clearly identified Bartonella quintana. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus specific DNA was not amplifiable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in our patient, suggesting that the lesion represented bacillary angiomatosis alone, despite clinical and histopathological features which suggested the coexistence of bacillary angiomatosis and Kaposi's sarcoma. The lesion regressed after erythromycin was prescribed. However, 4 and 9 weeks after initiation of therapy, PCR still yielded a positive result in material obtained by a swab. After complete healing, following 12 weeks of antibiotic therapy, PCR became consistently negative. The optimal length of antibiotic treatment in HIV-positive patients with bacillary angiomatosis is not yet known and inadequate therapy may be followed by disseminated disease and a fatal outcome. PCR-based monitoring of the success of treatment is valuable for determining the duration of treatment resulting in a cure.

背景与目标： : 一名51岁的人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 阳性男性患者 (CDC阶段3C) 的外踝关节结节疼痛10个月。活检提示细菌性血管瘤病，但不能排除卡波西氏肉瘤。通过Warthin-Starry染色在病变皮肤中可检测到杆。从病变皮肤扩增出针对巴尔通体物种的298碱基对 (bp) 基因片段，并对扩增产物的直接核苷酸序列分析清楚地鉴定出了巴尔通体。在我们的患者中，与卡波西氏肉瘤相关的疱疹病毒特异性DNA无法通过聚合酶链反应 (PCR) 扩增，这表明该病变仅代表细菌性血管瘤病，尽管临床和组织病理学特征表明细菌性血管瘤病和卡波西氏肉瘤并存。开药红霉素后病变消退。然而，在开始治疗后4周和9周，PCR仍在拭子获得的材料中产生阳性结果。完全愈合后，经过12周的抗生素治疗，PCR始终呈阴性。对于HIV阳性的细菌性血管瘤病患者，抗生素治疗的最佳时间尚不清楚，治疗不足可能会导致传播性疾病和致命后果。基于PCR的治疗成功监测对于确定导致治愈的治疗持续时间很有价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Iopentol (Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo, Norway) and iopromide (Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) are low-osmolar, non-ionic, iodinated contrast media (CM) used in abdominal CT examinations. The intravenous safety profile and radiological efficacy of iopentol and iopromide were studied in 518 patients. Specifically, frequency of adverse events (AEs), subjective change in quality of diagnostic information, and quantitative enhancement characteristics were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A prospective, double-blind, randomized, multicentre, parallel-group study was conducted at 8 hospitals. Patients received 100 ml of either iopentol 300 mg I/ml or iopromide 300 mg I/ml. RESULTS:The incidence of patients with AEs was statistically significantly lower in the iopentol group compared to the iopromide group (2.3% vs. 8.9%, p < 0.001). Discomfort was frequent in both groups (44.8% vs. 49.4%, p = 0.33), sensation of heat and warmth being most common. Overall, diagnostic information was similar in both groups. Both CM gave high percentages of examinations rated as optimal (87.1% vs. 90.5%, p = 0.34) and in which diagnostic confidence was increased (87.5% vs. 91.1%, p = 0.22). No significant differences between the two CM were found concerning quantitative enhancement characteristics. CONCLUSIONS:In this study iopentol was significantly safer than iopromide for contrast enhanced CT examination of the abdomen. Radiological efficacy was similar with both CM.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:Retrospective review of institutional data. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess the utility of somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP) and transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials (MEP) in the resection of spine tumors and evaluate the ability of both single and multi-modal monitoring to predict postoperative neurological deficits. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:Although the utility of intraoperative monitoring (IOM) is well established in scoliosis and degenerative surgery, studies in spine tumor patients have been limited. METHODS:A series of consecutive patients who underwent resection with the use of IOM at a single institution between August 2009 and March 2013 was identified. Demographic, clinical, and neuromonitoring data were collected preoperatively, during surgery, at the moment of discharge, and at a 6-month follow-up visit. Three cohorts were established based on the anatomical location of the tumor: intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, and extradural. Additional groupings were formed based on spinal region. Patients with significant changes in SSEPs or MEPs during surgery were identified and the rate of neurological deficits was assessed. RESULTS:A total of 52 patients were analyzed. A change in SSEPs or MEPs was detected in 11 (21.2%) cases whereas 14 patients (26.9%) developed permanent postoperative deficits. SSEPs predicted deficits in the resection of intramedullary tumors (P = 0.015) (area under cover, AUC = 0.83), and intradural extramedullary tumors (P = 0.048; AUC = 0.70). MEP monitoring did not predict postoperative deficits in the resection of intramedullary (P = 0.21; AUC = 0.69) or intradural extramedullary tumors (P = 0.31; AUC = 0.63). Neither SSEPs nor MEPs predicted deficits for extradural tumors. CONCLUSION:The efficacy of IOM in spine tumor resection is dependent on tumor location relative to the spinal cord and dura. The accuracy of SSEPs and their ability to predict postoperative deficits was greatest for intramedullary lesions. For this series, MEP and multi-modal monitoring did not confer a benefit in predicting permanent neurological deficits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:4.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE(S):Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a respiratory disorder which affects from 1 to 3 % of people during development. OSAS treatment may be pharmacological, surgical or based on application of intraoral devices to increase nasal respiratory spaces. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the Rapid Maxillary Expander in OSAS young patients by measuring cardio-respiratory monitoring parameters (AHI, the average value of complete and incomplete obstructed respiration per hour of sleep, and SAO2, the percentage of oxygen saturation). STUDY DESIGN:The study was conducted on 11 OSAS young subjects (mean age 6.9±1.04 years), all treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Cardio-respiratory monitoring (8-channel Polymesam) was performed at the beginning (diagnostic, T0) and after 12 months of treatment. RESULTS:The mean values of cardio-respiratory parameters at TO were: AHI=6.09±3.47; SAO2=93.09%±1.60. After 12 months of treatment, the mean values of the same polysomnographic parameters were: AHI=2.36 ± 2.24;SAO2=96.81% ±1.60. These changes were associated with an improvement in clinical symptoms, such as reduction of snoring and sleep apnea. CONCLUSION(S):This study confirms the therapeutic efficacy of RME in OSAS young patients. This orthopedic-orthodontic treatment may represent a good option in young patients affected by this syndrome.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mobile health interventions are regarded as affordable and accessible tools that can enhance standard psychiatric care. As part of the mHealth Psycho-Educational Intervention Versus Antipsychotic-Induced Side Effects (mPIVAS) project (www.psylog.eu), we developed the mobile application "PsyLOG" based on mobile "smartphone" technology to monitor antipsychotic-induced side effects. The aim of this paper is to describe the rationale and development of the PsyLOG and its clinical use. The PsyLOG application runs on smartphones with Android operating system. The application is currently available in seven languages (Croatian, Czech, English, French, German, Japanese and Serbian). It consists of several categories: "My Drug Effects", "My Life Styles", "My Charts", "My Medication", "My Strategies", "My Supporters", "Settings" and "About". The main category "My Drug Effects" includes a list of 30 side effects with the possibility to add three additional side effects. Side effects are each accompanied by an appropriate description and the possibility to rate its severity on a visual analogue scale from 0-100%. The PsyLOG application is intended to enhance the link between patients and mental health professionals, serving as a tool that more objectively monitors side-effects over certain periods of time. To the best of our knowledge, no such applications have so far been developed for patients taking antipsychotic medication or for their therapists.

背景与目标： : 移动医疗干预措施被认为是负担得起且可获得的工具，可以增强标准的精神病护理。作为mHealth心理教育干预与抗精神病药引起的副作用 (mPIVAS) 项目 (www.psylog.eu) 的一部分，我们开发了基于移动 “智能手机” 技术的移动应用程序 “psylog”，以监测抗精神病药引起的副作用。本文的目的是描述PsyLOG的原理和发展及其临床用途。PsyLOG应用程序在带有Android操作系统的智能手机上运行。该应用程序目前有七种语言 (克罗地亚语、捷克语、英语、法语、德语、日语和塞尔维亚语)。它包括几类: “我的药物作用”，“我的生活方式”，“我的图表”，“我的药物”，“我的策略”，“我的支持者”，“设置” 和 “关于”。主要类别 “我的药物作用” 包括30个副作用的列表，并可能增加三个额外的副作用。每个副作用都伴随着适当的描述和在0-100% 的视觉模拟尺度上对其严重性进行评分的可能性。PsyLOG应用程序旨在增强患者与精神卫生专业人员之间的联系，作为一种工具，可以更客观地监测某些时间段内的副作用。据我们所知，到目前为止，还没有为服用抗精神病药物的患者或他们的治疗师开发这样的应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study aimed to investigate the effect of patient engagement in self-monitoring with a telemonitoring device on glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. We conducted a subanalysis of the telemonitoring device study in Kaiser Permanente Northern California members. We divided the telemonitoring group into 53 frequent and 54 infrequent users based on self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) frequency of the first 6 weeks. The frequency of SMBG transmitted from the telemonitoring device was examined over 24 weeks. Clinic and laboratory tests were collected at baseline, 6 weeks and 6 months. There was no significant difference in baseline HbA1c level between the two groups. After 6 months, change in HbA1c was -2.4 ± 1.6% among frequent users and -1.5 ± 1.5% among infrequent users (p = 0.003). The proportion of patients achieving target HbA1C level at 6 months was significantly higher among frequent users than among infrequent users. An increased frequency of SMBG was significantly correlated with a reduction in HbA1c at 6 months. In conclusion, initial active engagement in self-monitoring with a telemonitoring device could provide incremental improvement of glycemic control over 6 months.

背景与目标： : 这项研究旨在研究患者参与远程监控设备对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响。我们对北加州Kaiser Permanente成员的远程监控设备研究进行了亚分析。根据前6周的自我血糖监测 (SMBG) 频率，我们将远程监护组分为53个频繁用户和54个不频繁用户。在24周内检查了从远程监控设备传输的SMBG的频率。在基线，6周和6个月收集临床和实验室检查。两组患者基线HbA1c水平差异无统计学意义。6个月后，频繁用户的HbA1c变化为-2.4   ±   1.6%，不频繁用户的HbA1c变化为-1.5   ±   1.5% (p   =   0.003)。在6个月达到目标HbA1C水平的患者比例在频繁使用者中显著高于不频繁使用者。6个月时，SMBG频率的增加与HbA1c的降低显着相关。总之，使用远程监控设备进行自我监控的初始主动参与可以在6个月内逐步改善血糖控制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A methodology of studying of ingestive behavior by non-invasive monitoring of swallowing (deglutition) and chewing (mastication) has been developed. The target application for the developed methodology is to study the behavioral patterns of food consumption and producing volumetric and weight estimates of energy intake. Monitoring is non-invasive based on detecting swallowing by a sound sensor located over laryngopharynx or by a bone-conduction microphone and detecting chewing through a below-the-ear strain sensor. Proposed sensors may be implemented in a wearable monitoring device, thus enabling monitoring of ingestive behavior in free-living individuals. In this paper, the goals in the development of this methodology are two-fold. First, a system comprising sensors, related hardware and software for multi-modal data capture is designed for data collection in a controlled environment. Second, a protocol is developed for manual scoring of chewing and swallowing for use as a gold standard. The multi-modal data capture was tested by measuring chewing and swallowing in 21 volunteers during periods of food intake and quiet sitting (no food intake). Video footage and sensor signals were manually scored by trained raters. Inter-rater reliability study for three raters conducted on the sample set of five subjects resulted in high average intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.996 for bites, 0.988 for chews and 0.98 for swallows. The collected sensor signals and the resulting manual scores will be used in future research as a gold standard for further assessment of sensor design, development of automatic pattern recognition routines and study of the relationship between swallowing/chewing and ingestive behavior.

背景与目标： : 已经开发了一种通过非侵入性监测吞咽 (吞咽) 和咀嚼 (咀嚼) 来研究进食行为的方法。所开发方法的目标应用是研究食物消费的行为模式以及产生能量摄入的体积和重量估计。监测是非侵入性的，基于通过位于喉咽上方的声音传感器或通过骨传导麦克风检测吞咽，并通过耳下应变传感器检测咀嚼。所提出的传感器可以在可穿戴监测装置中实现，从而能够监测自由生活个体的摄取行为。在本文中，这种方法的发展目标有两个方面。首先，设计了一种系统，该系统包括用于多模式数据捕获的传感器、相关硬件和软件，用于在受控环境中收集数据。其次，开发了一种用于手动对咀嚼和吞咽进行评分的协议，以用作金标准。通过测量21名志愿者在进食和安静坐着 (没有进食) 期间的咀嚼和吞咽来测试多模式数据捕获。视频录像和传感器信号由训练有素的评分者手动评分。对五名受试者的样本集进行的三个评分者之间的信度研究导致咬伤的0.996，咀嚼的0.988和燕子的0.98的平均类内相关系数很高。收集的传感器信号和所得的手动分数将在未来的研究中用作进一步评估传感器设计，开发自动模式识别例程以及研究吞咽/咀嚼与进食行为之间关系的金标准。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To characterise patients treated with zonisamide in everyday practice and describe the effectiveness and tolerability of treatment. METHODS:This was an observational, longitudinal, naturalistic study, conducted by neurologists in France. Patients who had started zonisamide treatment at least three months prior to inclusion were eligible. Data were collected at routine consultations at inclusion (Visit 1) and three to six months later (Visit 2). At Visit 1, investigators documented epilepsy-related variables based on patient records before initiation of zonisamide and at inclusion. At Visit 2, the investigators re-evaluated seizure activity and rated effectiveness. Adverse events were also documented. RESULTS:A total of 428 patients were included in the study based on evaluation by 132 neurologists. Zonisamide was initiated at a daily dose of 50 mg and 25 mg in 61% and 31.8% of patients, respectively. The median maintenance dose was 300 mg/day. Prior to initiation of zonisamide, the mean seizure frequency was 16.0 seizures/month. This was reduced to 8.7 seizures/month at Visit 1 and to 7.1 seizures/month at Visit 2. The response rate and proportion of seizure-free patients was 61.9 and 31.1% at Visit 1 and 65.9 and 25.6% at Visit 2, respectively. The frequency of seizures at Visit 2 decreased significantly (p<0.05) for all seizure type subgroups, except for simple partial seizures. Responder rates were >60% for all analysed subgroups. The proportion of seizure-free patients was significantly higher in patients receiving bitherapy, compared to the others (p=0.007). The most frequently reported adverse event was somnolence (5.1%); three serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION:In everyday practice, zonisamide is principally used in association with other antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of focal epilepsy in adults. It is effective in improving seizure control and quality of life, and is generally well-tolerated.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To describe the timing of cardiac arrest detection in relation to episodes of Medical Emergency Team (MET) review and routine nursing observations. DESIGN AND SETTING:Retrospective observational study in a university-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS:279 cardiac arrests involving ward patients MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS:Cardiac arrests were allocated to one of 24 1-h intervals (24:00-00:59, 01:00-01:59, etc.). The actual hourly rate of cardiac arrests was related to the expected average hourly rate. Peak levels of cardiac arrest detection occurred during times of routine overnight nursing clinical observations between 02:00 and 03:00 (OR 3.06) and 06:00-07:00 (OR 1.95). The lowest level of cardiac arrest detection occurred between 20:00 and 21:00 (OR 0.42). After introduction of the MET there were 162 cardiac arrests, 28% of which occurred shortly after an initial MET call. The odds ratio for risk of cardiac arrest during periods of lowest MET activation (24:00-08:00) when compared with periods of highest MET activation (16:00-24:00) was 2.26. CONCLUSIONS:Cardiac arrest detection in our hospital is episodic with peak levels corresponding to periods of overnight routine nursing observations following a period when patient review is likely to be low. After the introduction of the MET there was an inverse link between detection of cardiac arrests and levels of MET activation over the 24-h period. Increased overnight utilization and earlier MET activation may further reduce the incidence of cardiac arrests at our hospital.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The application of lamp phosphors for accidental dosimetry is a new concept. Since the materials used in fluorescent lamps are good photo luminescent materials, if one can either use the inherent defects present in the phosphor or add suitable modifiers to induce thermoluminescence (TL) in these phosphors, then the device (fluorescent lamp) can be used as an accidental dosemeter. In continuation of our search for a suitable phosphor material, which can serve both as an efficient lamp phosphor and as a good radiation monitoring device, detailed examination has been carried out on cerium and terbium-doped lanthanum phosphate material. A (90)Sr beta source with 50 mCi strength (1.85 GBq) was used as the irradiation source for TL studies. The TL response as a function of dose received was examined for all phosphors used and it was observed that the intensity of the TL peak vs. dose received was a linear function in the dose range 0.1-200 Gy in each case. Incidentally LaPO(4): Ce,Tb is a component of the compact fluorescent lamp marketed recently as an energy bright light source. Besides having very good luminescence efficiency, good dosimetric properties of these phosphors render them useful for their use in accidental dosimetry also.

背景与目标： : 灯荧光粉在意外剂量测定中的应用是一个新概念。由于荧光灯中使用的材料是良好的光致发光材料，因此，如果可以使用荧光粉中存在的固有缺陷或添加合适的改性剂以在这些荧光粉中诱导热致发光 (TL)，则可以将器件 (荧光灯) 用作意外的剂量计。为了继续寻找合适的磷光体材料，该磷光体既可以用作高效的灯磷光体又可以用作良好的辐射监测设备，已经对掺铈和铽的磷酸镧材料进行了详细检查。使用具有50 mci强度 (1.85 GBq) 的 (90)Sr β 源作为TL研究的照射源。对于所使用的所有磷光体，检查作为所接收剂量的函数的TL响应，并且观察到在每种情况下TL峰相对于所接收剂量的强度在0.1-200 Gy的剂量范围内是线性函数。顺便说一句，LaPO(4): Ce，Tb是最近作为能量明亮光源销售的紧凑型荧光灯的组件。除了具有非常好的发光效率外，这些磷光体的良好剂量学特性使它们也可用于意外剂量学。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prescription-event monitoring (PEM) is a non-interventional intensive method for post-marketing drug safety monitoring of newly licensed medicines. PEM studies are cohort studies where exposure is obtained from a centralised service and outcomes from simple questionnaires completed by general practitioners. Follow-up forms are sent for selected events. Because PEM captures all events and not only the suspected adverse drug reactions, PEM cohorts potentially differ in respect to the distribution of number of events per person depending on the nature of the drug under study. This variance can be related either with the condition for which the drug is prescribed (e.g. a condition causing high morbidity will have, in average, a higher number of events per person compared with a condition with lower morbidity) or with the drug effect itself. This paper describes an exploratory investigation of the distortion caused by product-related variations of the number of events to the interpretation of the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) values ("the higher the PRR, the greater the strength of the signal") computed using drug-cohort data. We studied this effect by assessing the agreement between the PRR based on events (event of interest vs all other events) and PRR based on cases (cases with the event of interest vs cases with any other events). PRR were calculated for all combinations reported to ten selected drugs against a comparator of 81 other drugs. Three of the ten drugs had a cohort with an apparent higher proportion of patients with lower number of events. The PRRs based on events were systematically higher than the PRR based on cases for the combinations reported to these three drugs. Additionally, when applying the threshold criteria for signal screening (n > or =3, PRR > or =1.5 and Chi-squared > or =4), the binary agreement was generally high but apparently lower for these three drugs. In conclusion, the distribution of events per patient in drug cohorts shall be examined when comparing the 'strength of the signals' across drugs using PRR values. Further research will be required to address the sensitivity and specificity of the two ways of calculating PRR using data derived from drug cohorts.

背景与目标： : 处方事件监测 (PEM) 是一种非介入密集型方法，用于对新许可药品进行上市后药物安全性监测。PEM研究是队列研究，其中从集中服务中获得暴露，并从全科医生完成的简单问卷中获得结果。为选定的事件发送后续表格。由于PEM捕获所有事件，而不仅仅是可疑的药物不良反应，因此根据所研究药物的性质，PEM队列在每个人的事件数量分布方面可能存在差异。这种差异可以与开出药物的条件 (例如，与具有较低发病率的条件相比，引起高发病率的条件平均每人具有更高的事件数量) 或药物效果本身相关。本文介绍了由事件数量的产品相关变化引起的失真的探索性调查，以解释比例报告比率 (PRR) 值 (“PRR越高，信号强度越大”) 使用药物队列数据计算。我们通过评估基于事件 (感兴趣的事件与所有其他事件) 的PRR与基于案例 (具有感兴趣的事件与具有任何其他事件的案例) 的PRR之间的协议来研究这种效果。计算了报告给10种选定药物的所有组合的PRR，对比81种其他药物的比较。10种药物中有3种具有明显较高比例的患者，事件数量较低。对于报告给这三种药物的组合，基于事件的PRR系统地高于基于病例的PRR。另外，当应用信号筛选的阈值标准时 (n> 或 = 3，PRR> 或 = 1.5，卡方> 或 = 4)，这三种药物的二元一致性通常较高，但明显较低。总之，当使用PRR值比较跨药物的 “信号强度” 时，应检查药物队列中每个患者的事件分布。将需要进一步的研究来解决使用来自药物队列的数据计算PRR的两种方法的敏感性和特异性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Spectinomycin, an inhibitor of plastid protein synthesis, can be used to mark specific cell layers in the shoot meristem of Brassica napus. Pale yellow-green (YG) plants resulting from spectinomycin-treatment can be propagated indefinitely in vitro. Microscopic examination showed that YG-plants result from inactivation of plastids in the L2 and L3 layers and are composed of a pale green epidermis covering a white mesophyll layer. Epidermal cells of YG and normal green plants are similar and contain 10-20 small pale green plastids. YG plants are equivalent to periclinal chimeras with the important distinction that there is no genotypic difference between the white and green cell layers. Periclinal divisions of epidermal cells take place at all stages of leaf development to produce invaginations of green mesophyll located in sectors of widely varying sizes. A periclinal division rate of 1 in 3000-4000 anticlinal divisions for the adaxial epidermis, was 2-3-fold higher than that estimated for the abaxial epidermis. Analysis of white and green mesophyll showed that chloroplasts are essential for palisade cell differentiation and this requirement is cell-autonomous. Stable marking of cell lineages with spectinomycin is simple, rapid and reveals the requirement for functional plastids in cellular differentiation.

背景与目标： : 壮观霉素是质体蛋白合成的抑制剂，可用于标记甘蓝型油菜芽分生组织中的特定细胞层。大观霉素处理产生的浅黄绿色 (YG) 植物可以在体外无限期繁殖。显微镜检查表明，YG植物是由L2和L3层中的质体失活引起的，由覆盖白色叶肉层的淡绿色表皮组成。YG和正常绿色植物的表皮细胞相似，含有10-20个淡绿色小质体。YG植物等同于周围嵌合体，其重要区别是白色和绿色细胞层之间没有基因型差异。表皮细胞的周围分裂发生在叶片发育的所有阶段，以产生位于大小变化很大的部门的绿色叶肉内陷。正面表皮在3000-4000的背斜分裂中的线周分裂率为1，比背面表皮的估计值高2-3倍。对白色和绿色叶肉的分析表明，叶绿体对于栅栏细胞分化至关重要，并且这种要求是细胞自主的。大观霉素对细胞谱系的稳定标记简单，快速，并揭示了细胞分化中对功能性质体的需求。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Liver fibrosis is a common pathological change caused by a variety of etiologies. Early diagnosis and timely treatment can reverse or delay disease progression and improve the prognosis. This study aimed to assess the potential utility of two-dimensional shear wave elastography and texture analysis in dynamic monitoring of the progression of liver fibrosis in rat model. METHODS:Twenty rats were divided into control group (n = 4) and experimental groups (n = 4 per group) with carbon tetrachloride administration for 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks. The liver stiffness measurement was performed by two-dimensional shear wave elastography, while the optimal texture analysis subsets to distinguish fibrosis stage were generated by MaZda. The results of elastography and texture analysis were validated through comparing with histopathology. RESULTS:Liver stiffness measurement was 6.09±0.31 kPa in the control group and 7.10±0.41 kPa, 7.80±0.93 kPa, 8.64±0.93 kPa, 9.91±1.13 kPa in the carbon tetrachloride induced groups for 2, 3, 4, 6 weeks, respectively (P<0.05). By texture analysis, histogram and co-occurrence matrix had the most frequency texture parameters in staging liver fibrosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve of liver elasticity showed that the sensitivity and specificity were 95.0% and 92.5% to discriminate liver fibrosis and non-fibrosis, respectively. In texture analysis, five optimal parameters were selected to classify liver fibrosis and non-fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS:Two-dimensional shear wave elastography showed potential applications for noninvasive monitoring of the progression of hepatic fibrosis, even in mild fibrosis. Texture analysis can further extract and quantify the texture features in ultrasonic image, which was a supplementary to further visual information and acquired high diagnostic accuracy for severe fibrosis.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Even if the number of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) cases from Kinshasa province in DRC is going towards elimination for the last decade, cases still occur in the periphery of the city. The diagnosis of 21 cases in the south periphery of Kinshasa, between 2015 and 2017 gives evidence of the existence of an active focus in this area. Here, we present the results of a punctual entomological survey that was realized in july 2014 in the outskirts of the southeast of Kinshasa. Using pyramidal traps, we caught tsetse flies during 2 days, dissecting the fresh ones for further molecular analysis. The average Apparent Density of flies per Trap and per Day was three with a maximum of 5.6 flies in Nganda PIO. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the midguts provided evidence of a high prevalence (57.2%) of infected flies. Ninety three percent of the trypanosomes that were identified belonged to the Nanomonas species, but Trypanozoon trypanosomes were also present in 24% of the infected flies, including mixed infections with Nanomonas, including 3 flies carrying Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the human pathogen of trypanosomiasis. These results show that at the time of the field's study there was an active reservoir of trypanosomes, closed to pigsties, knowing that pig is a potential animal reservoir. It also demonstrates that xenomonitoring using the entomological approach can be an efficient tool for monitoring sleeping sickness. Finally, results are discussed in the frame of WHO's HAT elimination project. Regarding Kinshasa, it points out the need of regular epidemiologic surveys.

背景与目标： : 即使在过去十年中，来自刚果民主共和国金沙萨省的非洲人类锥虫病 (HAT) 病例数量正在消除，但仍在该市外围发生。在金沙萨，2015年和2017南部外围的21例病例的诊断证明该地区存在积极的重点。在这里，我们介绍了在金沙萨东南部郊区的2014年7月进行的准时昆虫学调查的结果。使用金字塔形诱捕器，我们在2天内捕获了采采蝇，解剖了新鲜的捕蝇以进行进一步的分子分析。在Nganda PIO中，每个陷阱和每天果蝇的平均表观密度为3只，最多5.6只果蝇。中胆的聚合酶链反应分析提供了受感染果蝇的高患病率 (57.2%) 的证据。鉴定出的90个锥虫体3% 属于纳米单胞菌，但在24% 感染的果蝇中也存在锥虫锥虫体，包括与纳米单胞菌的混合感染，包括3只携带锥虫病人类病原体布鲁氏锥虫的果蝇。这些结果表明，在野外研究时，知道猪是潜在的动物储存库，它对猪封闭。它还表明，使用昆虫学方法进行异种监测可以是监测昏睡病的有效工具。最后，在WHO's HAT消除项目的框架内讨论了结果。关于金沙萨，它指出需要定期进行流行病学调查。