BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:Retrospective review of institutional data. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess the utility of somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP) and transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials (MEP) in the resection of spine tumors and evaluate the ability of both single and multi-modal monitoring to predict postoperative neurological deficits. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:Although the utility of intraoperative monitoring (IOM) is well established in scoliosis and degenerative surgery, studies in spine tumor patients have been limited. METHODS:A series of consecutive patients who underwent resection with the use of IOM at a single institution between August 2009 and March 2013 was identified. Demographic, clinical, and neuromonitoring data were collected preoperatively, during surgery, at the moment of discharge, and at a 6-month follow-up visit. Three cohorts were established based on the anatomical location of the tumor: intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, and extradural. Additional groupings were formed based on spinal region. Patients with significant changes in SSEPs or MEPs during surgery were identified and the rate of neurological deficits was assessed. RESULTS:A total of 52 patients were analyzed. A change in SSEPs or MEPs was detected in 11 (21.2%) cases whereas 14 patients (26.9%) developed permanent postoperative deficits. SSEPs predicted deficits in the resection of intramedullary tumors (P = 0.015) (area under cover, AUC = 0.83), and intradural extramedullary tumors (P = 0.048; AUC = 0.70). MEP monitoring did not predict postoperative deficits in the resection of intramedullary (P = 0.21; AUC = 0.69) or intradural extramedullary tumors (P = 0.31; AUC = 0.63). Neither SSEPs nor MEPs predicted deficits for extradural tumors. CONCLUSION:The efficacy of IOM in spine tumor resection is dependent on tumor location relative to the spinal cord and dura. The accuracy of SSEPs and their ability to predict postoperative deficits was greatest for intramedullary lesions. For this series, MEP and multi-modal monitoring did not confer a benefit in predicting permanent neurological deficits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:4.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE(S):Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a respiratory disorder which affects from 1 to 3 % of people during development. OSAS treatment may be pharmacological, surgical or based on application of intraoral devices to increase nasal respiratory spaces. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the Rapid Maxillary Expander in OSAS young patients by measuring cardio-respiratory monitoring parameters (AHI, the average value of complete and incomplete obstructed respiration per hour of sleep, and SAO2, the percentage of oxygen saturation). STUDY DESIGN:The study was conducted on 11 OSAS young subjects (mean age 6.9±1.04 years), all treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Cardio-respiratory monitoring (8-channel Polymesam) was performed at the beginning (diagnostic, T0) and after 12 months of treatment. RESULTS:The mean values of cardio-respiratory parameters at TO were: AHI=6.09±3.47; SAO2=93.09%±1.60. After 12 months of treatment, the mean values of the same polysomnographic parameters were: AHI=2.36 ± 2.24;SAO2=96.81% ±1.60. These changes were associated with an improvement in clinical symptoms, such as reduction of snoring and sleep apnea. CONCLUSION(S):This study confirms the therapeutic efficacy of RME in OSAS young patients. This orthopedic-orthodontic treatment may represent a good option in young patients affected by this syndrome.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mobile health interventions are regarded as affordable and accessible tools that can enhance standard psychiatric care. As part of the mHealth Psycho-Educational Intervention Versus Antipsychotic-Induced Side Effects (mPIVAS) project (www.psylog.eu), we developed the mobile application "PsyLOG" based on mobile "smartphone" technology to monitor antipsychotic-induced side effects. The aim of this paper is to describe the rationale and development of the PsyLOG and its clinical use. The PsyLOG application runs on smartphones with Android operating system. The application is currently available in seven languages (Croatian, Czech, English, French, German, Japanese and Serbian). It consists of several categories: "My Drug Effects", "My Life Styles", "My Charts", "My Medication", "My Strategies", "My Supporters", "Settings" and "About". The main category "My Drug Effects" includes a list of 30 side effects with the possibility to add three additional side effects. Side effects are each accompanied by an appropriate description and the possibility to rate its severity on a visual analogue scale from 0-100%. The PsyLOG application is intended to enhance the link between patients and mental health professionals, serving as a tool that more objectively monitors side-effects over certain periods of time. To the best of our knowledge, no such applications have so far been developed for patients taking antipsychotic medication or for their therapists.

背景与目标： : 移动医疗干预措施被认为是负担得起且可获得的工具，可以增强标准的精神病护理。作为mHealth心理教育干预与抗精神病药引起的副作用 (mPIVAS) 项目 (www.psylog.eu) 的一部分，我们开发了基于移动 “智能手机” 技术的移动应用程序 “psylog”，以监测抗精神病药引起的副作用。本文的目的是描述PsyLOG的原理和发展及其临床用途。PsyLOG应用程序在带有Android操作系统的智能手机上运行。该应用程序目前有七种语言 (克罗地亚语、捷克语、英语、法语、德语、日语和塞尔维亚语)。它包括几类: “我的药物作用”，“我的生活方式”，“我的图表”，“我的药物”，“我的策略”，“我的支持者”，“设置” 和 “关于”。主要类别 “我的药物作用” 包括30个副作用的列表，并可能增加三个额外的副作用。每个副作用都伴随着适当的描述和在0-100% 的视觉模拟尺度上对其严重性进行评分的可能性。PsyLOG应用程序旨在增强患者与精神卫生专业人员之间的联系，作为一种工具，可以更客观地监测某些时间段内的副作用。据我们所知，到目前为止，还没有为服用抗精神病药物的患者或他们的治疗师开发这样的应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study aimed to investigate the effect of patient engagement in self-monitoring with a telemonitoring device on glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. We conducted a subanalysis of the telemonitoring device study in Kaiser Permanente Northern California members. We divided the telemonitoring group into 53 frequent and 54 infrequent users based on self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) frequency of the first 6 weeks. The frequency of SMBG transmitted from the telemonitoring device was examined over 24 weeks. Clinic and laboratory tests were collected at baseline, 6 weeks and 6 months. There was no significant difference in baseline HbA1c level between the two groups. After 6 months, change in HbA1c was -2.4 ± 1.6% among frequent users and -1.5 ± 1.5% among infrequent users (p = 0.003). The proportion of patients achieving target HbA1C level at 6 months was significantly higher among frequent users than among infrequent users. An increased frequency of SMBG was significantly correlated with a reduction in HbA1c at 6 months. In conclusion, initial active engagement in self-monitoring with a telemonitoring device could provide incremental improvement of glycemic control over 6 months.

背景与目标： : 这项研究旨在研究患者参与远程监控设备对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响。我们对北加州Kaiser Permanente成员的远程监控设备研究进行了亚分析。根据前6周的自我血糖监测 (SMBG) 频率，我们将远程监护组分为53个频繁用户和54个不频繁用户。在24周内检查了从远程监控设备传输的SMBG的频率。在基线，6周和6个月收集临床和实验室检查。两组患者基线HbA1c水平差异无统计学意义。6个月后，频繁用户的HbA1c变化为-2.4   ±   1.6%，不频繁用户的HbA1c变化为-1.5   ±   1.5% (p   =   0.003)。在6个月达到目标HbA1C水平的患者比例在频繁使用者中显著高于不频繁使用者。6个月时，SMBG频率的增加与HbA1c的降低显着相关。总之，使用远程监控设备进行自我监控的初始主动参与可以在6个月内逐步改善血糖控制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A methodology of studying of ingestive behavior by non-invasive monitoring of swallowing (deglutition) and chewing (mastication) has been developed. The target application for the developed methodology is to study the behavioral patterns of food consumption and producing volumetric and weight estimates of energy intake. Monitoring is non-invasive based on detecting swallowing by a sound sensor located over laryngopharynx or by a bone-conduction microphone and detecting chewing through a below-the-ear strain sensor. Proposed sensors may be implemented in a wearable monitoring device, thus enabling monitoring of ingestive behavior in free-living individuals. In this paper, the goals in the development of this methodology are two-fold. First, a system comprising sensors, related hardware and software for multi-modal data capture is designed for data collection in a controlled environment. Second, a protocol is developed for manual scoring of chewing and swallowing for use as a gold standard. The multi-modal data capture was tested by measuring chewing and swallowing in 21 volunteers during periods of food intake and quiet sitting (no food intake). Video footage and sensor signals were manually scored by trained raters. Inter-rater reliability study for three raters conducted on the sample set of five subjects resulted in high average intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.996 for bites, 0.988 for chews and 0.98 for swallows. The collected sensor signals and the resulting manual scores will be used in future research as a gold standard for further assessment of sensor design, development of automatic pattern recognition routines and study of the relationship between swallowing/chewing and ingestive behavior.

背景与目标： : 已经开发了一种通过非侵入性监测吞咽 (吞咽) 和咀嚼 (咀嚼) 来研究进食行为的方法。所开发方法的目标应用是研究食物消费的行为模式以及产生能量摄入的体积和重量估计。监测是非侵入性的，基于通过位于喉咽上方的声音传感器或通过骨传导麦克风检测吞咽，并通过耳下应变传感器检测咀嚼。所提出的传感器可以在可穿戴监测装置中实现，从而能够监测自由生活个体的摄取行为。在本文中，这种方法的发展目标有两个方面。首先，设计了一种系统，该系统包括用于多模式数据捕获的传感器、相关硬件和软件，用于在受控环境中收集数据。其次，开发了一种用于手动对咀嚼和吞咽进行评分的协议，以用作金标准。通过测量21名志愿者在进食和安静坐着 (没有进食) 期间的咀嚼和吞咽来测试多模式数据捕获。视频录像和传感器信号由训练有素的评分者手动评分。对五名受试者的样本集进行的三个评分者之间的信度研究导致咬伤的0.996，咀嚼的0.988和燕子的0.98的平均类内相关系数很高。收集的传感器信号和所得的手动分数将在未来的研究中用作进一步评估传感器设计，开发自动模式识别例程以及研究吞咽/咀嚼与进食行为之间关系的金标准。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To characterise patients treated with zonisamide in everyday practice and describe the effectiveness and tolerability of treatment. METHODS:This was an observational, longitudinal, naturalistic study, conducted by neurologists in France. Patients who had started zonisamide treatment at least three months prior to inclusion were eligible. Data were collected at routine consultations at inclusion (Visit 1) and three to six months later (Visit 2). At Visit 1, investigators documented epilepsy-related variables based on patient records before initiation of zonisamide and at inclusion. At Visit 2, the investigators re-evaluated seizure activity and rated effectiveness. Adverse events were also documented. RESULTS:A total of 428 patients were included in the study based on evaluation by 132 neurologists. Zonisamide was initiated at a daily dose of 50 mg and 25 mg in 61% and 31.8% of patients, respectively. The median maintenance dose was 300 mg/day. Prior to initiation of zonisamide, the mean seizure frequency was 16.0 seizures/month. This was reduced to 8.7 seizures/month at Visit 1 and to 7.1 seizures/month at Visit 2. The response rate and proportion of seizure-free patients was 61.9 and 31.1% at Visit 1 and 65.9 and 25.6% at Visit 2, respectively. The frequency of seizures at Visit 2 decreased significantly (p<0.05) for all seizure type subgroups, except for simple partial seizures. Responder rates were >60% for all analysed subgroups. The proportion of seizure-free patients was significantly higher in patients receiving bitherapy, compared to the others (p=0.007). The most frequently reported adverse event was somnolence (5.1%); three serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION:In everyday practice, zonisamide is principally used in association with other antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of focal epilepsy in adults. It is effective in improving seizure control and quality of life, and is generally well-tolerated.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To describe the timing of cardiac arrest detection in relation to episodes of Medical Emergency Team (MET) review and routine nursing observations. DESIGN AND SETTING:Retrospective observational study in a university-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS:279 cardiac arrests involving ward patients MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS:Cardiac arrests were allocated to one of 24 1-h intervals (24:00-00:59, 01:00-01:59, etc.). The actual hourly rate of cardiac arrests was related to the expected average hourly rate. Peak levels of cardiac arrest detection occurred during times of routine overnight nursing clinical observations between 02:00 and 03:00 (OR 3.06) and 06:00-07:00 (OR 1.95). The lowest level of cardiac arrest detection occurred between 20:00 and 21:00 (OR 0.42). After introduction of the MET there were 162 cardiac arrests, 28% of which occurred shortly after an initial MET call. The odds ratio for risk of cardiac arrest during periods of lowest MET activation (24:00-08:00) when compared with periods of highest MET activation (16:00-24:00) was 2.26. CONCLUSIONS:Cardiac arrest detection in our hospital is episodic with peak levels corresponding to periods of overnight routine nursing observations following a period when patient review is likely to be low. After the introduction of the MET there was an inverse link between detection of cardiac arrests and levels of MET activation over the 24-h period. Increased overnight utilization and earlier MET activation may further reduce the incidence of cardiac arrests at our hospital.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The application of lamp phosphors for accidental dosimetry is a new concept. Since the materials used in fluorescent lamps are good photo luminescent materials, if one can either use the inherent defects present in the phosphor or add suitable modifiers to induce thermoluminescence (TL) in these phosphors, then the device (fluorescent lamp) can be used as an accidental dosemeter. In continuation of our search for a suitable phosphor material, which can serve both as an efficient lamp phosphor and as a good radiation monitoring device, detailed examination has been carried out on cerium and terbium-doped lanthanum phosphate material. A (90)Sr beta source with 50 mCi strength (1.85 GBq) was used as the irradiation source for TL studies. The TL response as a function of dose received was examined for all phosphors used and it was observed that the intensity of the TL peak vs. dose received was a linear function in the dose range 0.1-200 Gy in each case. Incidentally LaPO(4): Ce,Tb is a component of the compact fluorescent lamp marketed recently as an energy bright light source. Besides having very good luminescence efficiency, good dosimetric properties of these phosphors render them useful for their use in accidental dosimetry also.

背景与目标： : 灯荧光粉在意外剂量测定中的应用是一个新概念。由于荧光灯中使用的材料是良好的光致发光材料，因此，如果可以使用荧光粉中存在的固有缺陷或添加合适的改性剂以在这些荧光粉中诱导热致发光 (TL)，则可以将器件 (荧光灯) 用作意外的剂量计。为了继续寻找合适的磷光体材料，该磷光体既可以用作高效的灯磷光体又可以用作良好的辐射监测设备，已经对掺铈和铽的磷酸镧材料进行了详细检查。使用具有50 mci强度 (1.85 GBq) 的 (90)Sr β 源作为TL研究的照射源。对于所使用的所有磷光体，检查作为所接收剂量的函数的TL响应，并且观察到在每种情况下TL峰相对于所接收剂量的强度在0.1-200 Gy的剂量范围内是线性函数。顺便说一句，LaPO(4): Ce，Tb是最近作为能量明亮光源销售的紧凑型荧光灯的组件。除了具有非常好的发光效率外，这些磷光体的良好剂量学特性使它们也可用于意外剂量学。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prescription-event monitoring (PEM) is a non-interventional intensive method for post-marketing drug safety monitoring of newly licensed medicines. PEM studies are cohort studies where exposure is obtained from a centralised service and outcomes from simple questionnaires completed by general practitioners. Follow-up forms are sent for selected events. Because PEM captures all events and not only the suspected adverse drug reactions, PEM cohorts potentially differ in respect to the distribution of number of events per person depending on the nature of the drug under study. This variance can be related either with the condition for which the drug is prescribed (e.g. a condition causing high morbidity will have, in average, a higher number of events per person compared with a condition with lower morbidity) or with the drug effect itself. This paper describes an exploratory investigation of the distortion caused by product-related variations of the number of events to the interpretation of the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) values ("the higher the PRR, the greater the strength of the signal") computed using drug-cohort data. We studied this effect by assessing the agreement between the PRR based on events (event of interest vs all other events) and PRR based on cases (cases with the event of interest vs cases with any other events). PRR were calculated for all combinations reported to ten selected drugs against a comparator of 81 other drugs. Three of the ten drugs had a cohort with an apparent higher proportion of patients with lower number of events. The PRRs based on events were systematically higher than the PRR based on cases for the combinations reported to these three drugs. Additionally, when applying the threshold criteria for signal screening (n > or =3, PRR > or =1.5 and Chi-squared > or =4), the binary agreement was generally high but apparently lower for these three drugs. In conclusion, the distribution of events per patient in drug cohorts shall be examined when comparing the 'strength of the signals' across drugs using PRR values. Further research will be required to address the sensitivity and specificity of the two ways of calculating PRR using data derived from drug cohorts.

背景与目标： : 处方事件监测 (PEM) 是一种非介入密集型方法，用于对新许可药品进行上市后药物安全性监测。PEM研究是队列研究，其中从集中服务中获得暴露，并从全科医生完成的简单问卷中获得结果。为选定的事件发送后续表格。由于PEM捕获所有事件，而不仅仅是可疑的药物不良反应，因此根据所研究药物的性质，PEM队列在每个人的事件数量分布方面可能存在差异。这种差异可以与开出药物的条件 (例如，与具有较低发病率的条件相比，引起高发病率的条件平均每人具有更高的事件数量) 或药物效果本身相关。本文介绍了由事件数量的产品相关变化引起的失真的探索性调查，以解释比例报告比率 (PRR) 值 (“PRR越高，信号强度越大”) 使用药物队列数据计算。我们通过评估基于事件 (感兴趣的事件与所有其他事件) 的PRR与基于案例 (具有感兴趣的事件与具有任何其他事件的案例) 的PRR之间的协议来研究这种效果。计算了报告给10种选定药物的所有组合的PRR，对比81种其他药物的比较。10种药物中有3种具有明显较高比例的患者，事件数量较低。对于报告给这三种药物的组合，基于事件的PRR系统地高于基于病例的PRR。另外，当应用信号筛选的阈值标准时 (n> 或 = 3，PRR> 或 = 1.5，卡方> 或 = 4)，这三种药物的二元一致性通常较高，但明显较低。总之，当使用PRR值比较跨药物的 “信号强度” 时，应检查药物队列中每个患者的事件分布。将需要进一步的研究来解决使用来自药物队列的数据计算PRR的两种方法的敏感性和特异性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Spectinomycin, an inhibitor of plastid protein synthesis, can be used to mark specific cell layers in the shoot meristem of Brassica napus. Pale yellow-green (YG) plants resulting from spectinomycin-treatment can be propagated indefinitely in vitro. Microscopic examination showed that YG-plants result from inactivation of plastids in the L2 and L3 layers and are composed of a pale green epidermis covering a white mesophyll layer. Epidermal cells of YG and normal green plants are similar and contain 10-20 small pale green plastids. YG plants are equivalent to periclinal chimeras with the important distinction that there is no genotypic difference between the white and green cell layers. Periclinal divisions of epidermal cells take place at all stages of leaf development to produce invaginations of green mesophyll located in sectors of widely varying sizes. A periclinal division rate of 1 in 3000-4000 anticlinal divisions for the adaxial epidermis, was 2-3-fold higher than that estimated for the abaxial epidermis. Analysis of white and green mesophyll showed that chloroplasts are essential for palisade cell differentiation and this requirement is cell-autonomous. Stable marking of cell lineages with spectinomycin is simple, rapid and reveals the requirement for functional plastids in cellular differentiation.

背景与目标： : 壮观霉素是质体蛋白合成的抑制剂，可用于标记甘蓝型油菜芽分生组织中的特定细胞层。大观霉素处理产生的浅黄绿色 (YG) 植物可以在体外无限期繁殖。显微镜检查表明，YG植物是由L2和L3层中的质体失活引起的，由覆盖白色叶肉层的淡绿色表皮组成。YG和正常绿色植物的表皮细胞相似，含有10-20个淡绿色小质体。YG植物等同于周围嵌合体，其重要区别是白色和绿色细胞层之间没有基因型差异。表皮细胞的周围分裂发生在叶片发育的所有阶段，以产生位于大小变化很大的部门的绿色叶肉内陷。正面表皮在3000-4000的背斜分裂中的线周分裂率为1，比背面表皮的估计值高2-3倍。对白色和绿色叶肉的分析表明，叶绿体对于栅栏细胞分化至关重要，并且这种要求是细胞自主的。大观霉素对细胞谱系的稳定标记简单，快速，并揭示了细胞分化中对功能性质体的需求。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Liver fibrosis is a common pathological change caused by a variety of etiologies. Early diagnosis and timely treatment can reverse or delay disease progression and improve the prognosis. This study aimed to assess the potential utility of two-dimensional shear wave elastography and texture analysis in dynamic monitoring of the progression of liver fibrosis in rat model. METHODS:Twenty rats were divided into control group (n = 4) and experimental groups (n = 4 per group) with carbon tetrachloride administration for 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks. The liver stiffness measurement was performed by two-dimensional shear wave elastography, while the optimal texture analysis subsets to distinguish fibrosis stage were generated by MaZda. The results of elastography and texture analysis were validated through comparing with histopathology. RESULTS:Liver stiffness measurement was 6.09±0.31 kPa in the control group and 7.10±0.41 kPa, 7.80±0.93 kPa, 8.64±0.93 kPa, 9.91±1.13 kPa in the carbon tetrachloride induced groups for 2, 3, 4, 6 weeks, respectively (P<0.05). By texture analysis, histogram and co-occurrence matrix had the most frequency texture parameters in staging liver fibrosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve of liver elasticity showed that the sensitivity and specificity were 95.0% and 92.5% to discriminate liver fibrosis and non-fibrosis, respectively. In texture analysis, five optimal parameters were selected to classify liver fibrosis and non-fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS:Two-dimensional shear wave elastography showed potential applications for noninvasive monitoring of the progression of hepatic fibrosis, even in mild fibrosis. Texture analysis can further extract and quantify the texture features in ultrasonic image, which was a supplementary to further visual information and acquired high diagnostic accuracy for severe fibrosis.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Even if the number of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) cases from Kinshasa province in DRC is going towards elimination for the last decade, cases still occur in the periphery of the city. The diagnosis of 21 cases in the south periphery of Kinshasa, between 2015 and 2017 gives evidence of the existence of an active focus in this area. Here, we present the results of a punctual entomological survey that was realized in july 2014 in the outskirts of the southeast of Kinshasa. Using pyramidal traps, we caught tsetse flies during 2 days, dissecting the fresh ones for further molecular analysis. The average Apparent Density of flies per Trap and per Day was three with a maximum of 5.6 flies in Nganda PIO. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the midguts provided evidence of a high prevalence (57.2%) of infected flies. Ninety three percent of the trypanosomes that were identified belonged to the Nanomonas species, but Trypanozoon trypanosomes were also present in 24% of the infected flies, including mixed infections with Nanomonas, including 3 flies carrying Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the human pathogen of trypanosomiasis. These results show that at the time of the field's study there was an active reservoir of trypanosomes, closed to pigsties, knowing that pig is a potential animal reservoir. It also demonstrates that xenomonitoring using the entomological approach can be an efficient tool for monitoring sleeping sickness. Finally, results are discussed in the frame of WHO's HAT elimination project. Regarding Kinshasa, it points out the need of regular epidemiologic surveys.

背景与目标： : 即使在过去十年中，来自刚果民主共和国金沙萨省的非洲人类锥虫病 (HAT) 病例数量正在消除，但仍在该市外围发生。在金沙萨，2015年和2017南部外围的21例病例的诊断证明该地区存在积极的重点。在这里，我们介绍了在金沙萨东南部郊区的2014年7月进行的准时昆虫学调查的结果。使用金字塔形诱捕器，我们在2天内捕获了采采蝇，解剖了新鲜的捕蝇以进行进一步的分子分析。在Nganda PIO中，每个陷阱和每天果蝇的平均表观密度为3只，最多5.6只果蝇。中胆的聚合酶链反应分析提供了受感染果蝇的高患病率 (57.2%) 的证据。鉴定出的90个锥虫体3% 属于纳米单胞菌，但在24% 感染的果蝇中也存在锥虫锥虫体，包括与纳米单胞菌的混合感染，包括3只携带锥虫病人类病原体布鲁氏锥虫的果蝇。这些结果表明，在野外研究时，知道猪是潜在的动物储存库，它对猪封闭。它还表明，使用昆虫学方法进行异种监测可以是监测昏睡病的有效工具。最后，在WHO's HAT消除项目的框架内讨论了结果。关于金沙萨，它指出需要定期进行流行病学调查。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recently, Medisense has introduced the Sensorlink system as a tool for retrieving the 125 last results of home blood glucose monitoring stored in patient's Pen 2 or Companion 2, unknown to them. Therefore we decided to check the compliance of type I diabetic adolescents and young adults with home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) by comparing the blood glucose values noted in their log book and those retrieved by the Sensorlink and to evaluate an eventual subsequent effect both on compliance and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). The study was carried out in 60 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients (33 women and 27 men) chosen according to two criteria: (1) the use of a Medisense Pen 2 or Companion 2; (2) autonomous self-monitoring of blood glucose, i.e. without parental supervision. They were aged 21.3 +/- 6.3 years with a diabetes duration of 11.6 +/- 7.0 years. HbA1c was measured by an HPLC method (N: 4.4-6.0%) before and after the first use of the Sensorlink and HBGM data of the log books were recorded. After the first use of the Sensorlink, the patients were warned of the retrieving data. The 60 patients were divided into two groups (same mean age and diabetes duration), according to the mean level of HbA1c before Sensorlink: < or = 7% (good control; n = 33); > 7% (insufficient control; n = 27). Cheating was unrelated to sex and occurred in 36 patients (60%; aged: 19.3 +/- 4.7 years), up to 100% in 13 of them (22%); five patients had no log book (8%; aged: 24.0 +/- 5.0 years); 19 patients (32%; aged 24.4 +/- 7.9 years) didn't cheat at all. After the use of the Sensorlink system, cheating dramatically decreased to zero. The effect of the Sensorlink system on improvement of HbA1c was statistically significant in the 27 patients with insufficient control before Sensorlink, since mean HbA1c level decreased from 8.0 +/- 0.9% to 7.5 +/- 1.1% (P < 0.05). In conclusion, non compliance with HBGM occurs in 2/3 of adolescents and young adults with IDDM. The Sensorlink system puts an end to this phenomenon and allows significant reduction of HbA1c levels in patients with insufficient metabolic control.

背景与目标： : 最近，Medisense引入了Sensorlink系统，作为一种工具，用于检索存储在患者Pen 2或Companion 2中的家庭血糖监测的125最后结果，这是他们所不知道的。因此，我们决定通过比较他们的日志中记录的血糖值和Sensorlink检索的血糖值来检查I型糖尿病青少年和年轻人的家庭血糖监测 (HBGM) 的依从性，并评估对依从性和糖化血红蛋白 (HbA1c) 的最终后续影响。该研究是根据两个标准选择的60名胰岛素依赖型糖尿病 (IDDM) 患者 (33名女性和27名男性) 进行的 :( 1) 使用Medisense Pen 2或Companion 2; (2) 自主自我监测血糖，即没有父母的监督。他们的年龄为21.3 +/- 6.3岁，糖尿病持续时间为11.6 +/- 7.0岁。在首次使用传感器连接之前和之后通过HPLC方法 (N: 4.4-6.0%) 测量HbA1c，并记录日志的HBGM数据。首次使用Sensorlink后，会警告患者检索数据。根据感觉连接前HbA1c的平均水平，将60例患者分为两组 (平均年龄和糖尿病持续时间相同): 7% (控制不足; n = 27)。作弊与性别无关，发生在36例患者 (60% 岁: 19.3 +/- 4.7岁) 中，其中13例 (22% 岁) 中高达100% 例; 5例患者无日志记录 (8% 岁: 24.0 +/- 5.0岁); 19例患者 (32% 岁); 24.4岁 +/- 7.9岁) 根本没有作弊。使用Sensorlink系统后，作弊行为急剧减少为零。在感觉连接前控制不足的27例患者中，感觉连接系统对HbA1c改善的影响具有统计学意义，因为平均HbA1c水平从8.0 +/- 0.9% 降至7.5 +/- 1.1% (P <0.05)。总之，不遵守HBGM发生在患有IDDM的青少年和年轻人的2/3中。Sensorlink系统结束了这种现象，并允许代谢控制不足的患者显着降低HbA1c水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Legionella are prevalent in human-made water systems and cause legionellosis in humans. Conventional culturing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques are not sufficiently accurate for the quantitative analysis of live Legionella bacteria in water samples because of the presence of viable but nonculturable cells and dead cells. Here, we report a rapid detection method for viable Legionella that combines ethidium monoazide (EMA) with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and apply this method to detect Legionella in a large number of water samples from different sources. Results yielded that samples treated with 5 μg/ml EMA for 10 min and subsequently exposed to light irradiation for 5 min were optimal for detecting Legionella. EMA treatment before qPCR could block the signal from approximately 4 log(10) of dead cells. When investigating environmental water samples, the percent-positive rate obtained by EMA-qPCR was significantly higher than conventional PCR and culture methods, and slightly lower than qPCR. The bacterial count of Legionella determined by EMA-qPCR were mostly greater than those determined by culture assays and lower than those determined by qPCR. Acceptable correlations were found between the EMA-qPCR and qPCR results for cooling towers, piped water and hot spring water samples (r = 0.849, P < 0.001) and also found between the EMA-qPCR and culture results for hot spring water samples (r = 0.698, P < 0.001). The results indicate that EMA-qPCR could be used as a complementary tool for the detection and monitoring of Legionella in water systems, especially in hot spring water samples.

背景与目标： : 军团菌在人造水系统中很普遍，并在人类中引起军团菌病。由于存在存活但不可培养的细胞和死细胞，因此常规的培养和聚合酶链反应 (PCR) 技术对于水样品中活军团菌的定量分析不够准确。在这里，我们报告了一种将单叠氮乙烷 (EMA) 与定量实时PCR (qPCR) 相结合的可行军团菌的快速检测方法，并将该方法应用于检测来自不同来源的大量水样中的军团菌。结果表明，用5 μ g/ml EMA处理10分钟并随后暴露于光照5分钟的样品对于检测军团菌是最佳的。在qPCR之前进行EMA处理可以阻止来自大约4 log(10) 死细胞的信号。在调查环境水样时，通过ema-qpcr获得的百分比阳性率显着高于常规PCR和培养方法，而略低于qPCR。通过ema-qpcr确定的军团菌细菌计数大多大于通过培养试验确定的细菌计数，而低于通过qPCR确定的细菌计数。在冷却塔、自来水和温泉水样品的ema-qpcr和qPCR结果之间发现了可接受的相关性 (r = 0.849，P <0.001)，并且在ema-qpcr和温泉水样品的培养结果之间发现了 (r = 0.698，P <0.001)。结果表明，ema-qpcr可以用作检测和监测水系统中军团菌的补充工具，尤其是在温泉水样品中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The Local Health Autority (ASL) of Brescia has activated an innovative method of surveillance, based on the integration ofcurrent databases in a single database, Population Database (BDA), for monitoring the prevalence of chronic diseases in the area. METHOD:The BDA has been set up using automatic record-linkages of databases regarding disease exemptions, drug treatments, hospital admissions and outpatient specialist visits. This enabled us to calculate the prevalence of various chronic diseases (single or grouped) and the gross average expenditure per person for each disease group. RESULTS:Out of the 1,092,201 people in the Brescia ASL, 275,601 had at least one chronic disease (prevalence 252.3/1,000). Diseases ofthe circulatory system were the most frequent (169.1/1,000), followed by diabetes mellitus (36 6/1,000). Having had an organ transplant was the condition with the highest per-person expenditure (Euro 16,170/year). The highest total expenditure was associated with circulatory diseases, because of the high prevalence (Euro 470,377,413). CONCLUSION:A single computerised data base is capable of achieving epidemiological aims (assessing population health status) as well as managerial and health care aims (resources management, control of the appropriateness of services, adaptation of diagnostic-therapeutic methods to international guidelines and standards).

背景与目标：