BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This cross-sectional study reports on the menopausal transition of Mayan women from Yucatan, Mexico. A total of 228 women completed the study, and 118 women were classified by history as postmenopausal; the others were premenopausal. Demographic information, reproductive history, physical examination, hormone concentrations, radial bone density, food samples, and history of physical activity were obtained. The average age at which menopause occurred by history was 44.3 +/- 4.4 years; this is reflected in the distribution of FSH levels by age. None of the women reported symptoms of hot flashes, and none recalled any history of significant symptoms associated with their menopausal transition. Hormone levels were similar to U.S. reference values with elevated FSH (66.6 +/- 29.1 mIU/ml), low estradiol (9.4 +/- 8.3 pg/ml) and estrone (13.3 +/- 7.8 pg/ml), E1 > E2, and normal levels of testosterone and androstenedione. BMD declined with age, and values were lower than reference values for United States women. Clinical evidence of fracture was not detected by history or physical examination even for those who were 20 years postmenopausal. The endocrine characteristics of menopause among Mayan women in Yucatan are similar to hormonal changes reported for women in the United States, but signs, symptoms, and apparent consequences are different in the two populations.

背景与目标： : 这项横断面研究报告了墨西哥尤卡坦州玛雅妇女的更年期过渡。共有228名妇女完成了这项研究，118名妇女根据病史被归类为绝经后; 其他人是绝经前。获得了人口统计学信息，生殖史，体格检查，激素浓度，radial骨密度，食物样本和体育锻炼史。史上发生绝经的平均年龄为44.3 +/- 4.4岁; 这反映在FSH水平按年龄的分布中。没有一名女性报告潮热症状，也没有人回忆起与更年期过渡相关的任何重大症状史。激素水平与美国参考值相似，FSH升高 (66.6 +/- 29.1 mIU/ml)，低雌二醇 (9.4 +/- 8.3 pg/ml) 和雌酮 (13.3 +/- 7.8 pg/ml)，E1> E2，以及睾酮和雄烯二酮的正常水平。BMD随着年龄的增长而下降，并且值低于美国女性的参考值。即使对于绝经后20年的患者，也没有通过病史或体格检查发现骨折的临床证据。尤卡坦州玛雅妇女更年期的内分泌特征与美国妇女的激素变化相似，但两种人群的体征，症状和明显后果不同。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Crown dimensions and occlusal surface wear rate and wear plane were evaluated using paired first and second mandibular molars from a sample of 84 Early Agricultural period (1600 B.C.-A.D. 200) skeletons from northwest Mexico. Although this period represents a major shift in subsistence strategies in the Sonoran Desert, from food-foraging to agriculture, archaeological and dental pathology studies have identified this period as one of relative dietary stability. It was therefore predicted that very little variation in occlusal wear would have occurred between the early phase (San Pedro: 1600-800 B.C.) and late phase (Cienega: 800 B.C.-A.D. 200). Comparison of crown diameters identified some phenotypic differences between sexes but not between archaeological phases. Molar occlusal surfaces were then divided into four quadrants, and wear scores recorded for each quadrant. Principle axis analysis was performed between total wear scores of paired, adjacent first and second mandibular molars to assess rate and occlusal wear plane over time. The analysis demonstrated that both wear rate and wear plane increased from the early to the late phase of the Early Agricultural period. These results indicate that although diet may have indeed remained stable during this period in the Sonoran Desert increases in the rate of wear and wear plane may reflect changes in food-processing techniques. It is suggested that more intensive processing of agricultural products during the Cienega phase simultaneously softened the diet to create more tooth-contact wear and introduced more grit to cause faster and more angled wear on the molar occlusal surfaces.

背景与目标： : 使用来自墨西哥西北部84个早期农业时期 (200 B.C.-A.D 1600个) 骨骼的成对的第一和第二下颌磨牙评估了牙冠尺寸和咬合表面磨损率和磨损平面。尽管这一时期代表了索诺兰沙漠生存策略的重大转变，从觅食到农业，但考古和牙科病理学研究已将这一时期确定为相对饮食稳定性之一。因此，据预测，在早期阶段 (San Pedro: 1600-800 b.c.) 和晚期阶段 (Cienega: 800 B.C.-A.D. 200) 之间，咬合磨损将发生非常小的变化。冠直径的比较发现了性别之间的一些表型差异，但在考古阶段之间却没有。然后将磨牙咬合表面分为四个象限，并记录每个象限的磨损分数。在成对的，相邻的第一和第二下颌磨牙的总磨损分数之间进行了主轴分析，以评估随时间推移的速率和咬合磨损平面。分析表明，从农业早期的早期到晚期，磨损率和磨损平面都有所增加。这些结果表明，尽管在此期间，索诺兰沙漠的饮食确实保持稳定，但磨损率的增加和磨损率的增加可能反映了食品加工技术的变化。建议在Cienega阶段对农产品进行更深入的加工，同时软化饮食，以产生更多的牙齿接触磨损，并引入更多的砂砾，以在磨牙咬合表面上引起更快，更角度的磨损。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With the aim of knowing seasonal variability of lead in fish and bivalve species from Coatzacoalcos estuary, biota collected during three seasons was examined. In muscle tissue of fish, the highest level (5.4 microg g(-1)) was found in the longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus from San Francisco stream (a highly impacted site); the lowest value (0.2 microg g(-1)) was registered in yellowfin mojarra Gerres cinereus from Ostión lagoon (control site). In bivalves, concentrations in soft tissue ranged from 1.5 microg g(-1) in Polymesoda caroliniana from Calzadas river, to 0.1 microg g(-1) in Corbicula fluminea from Hidalgotitlán (control site).

背景与目标： : 为了了解来自Coatzacoalcos河口的鱼类和双壳类物种中铅的季节性变化，研究了三个季节收集的生物群。在鱼类的肌肉组织中，在旧金山溪流 (高度受影响的部位) 的长鼻gar Lepisosteus ossossus中发现了最高水平 (5.4 microg g(-1)); 最低值 (0.2微克 (-1)) 记录在osti ó n泻湖 (对照位点) 的黄鳍mojarra Gerres cinereus中。在双壳类动物中，软组织中的浓度范围从Calzadas河的polycesoda caroliniana中的1.5微克g(-1) 到hidalgotl á n (对照部位) 的Corbicula fluminea中的0.1微克g(-1)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been hypothesized to enhance plant adaptation and growth in petroleum-contaminated soils. Nevertheless, neither AMF-biodiversity under chronically petroleum-contaminated soils nor spore germination response to petroleum hydrocarbons has been well studied. Chronically petroleum-contaminated rhizosphere soil and roots from Echinochloa polystachya, Citrus aurantifolia and C. aurantium were collected from Activo Cinco Presidentes, Tabasco, Mexico. Root colonization and spore abundance were evaluated. Additionally, rhizosphere soil samples were propagated using Sorghum vulgare L. as a plant trap under greenhouse conditions; subsequently, AMF-spores were identified. AMF-colonization ranged from 63 to 77% while spore number ranged from 715 to 912 in 100 g soil, suggesting that AMF tolerate the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere. From grass species, four AMF-morphospecies were identified: Glomus ambisporum, G. sinuosum (previously described as Sclerocystis sinuosum), Acaulospora laevis, and Ambispora gerdermanni. From citrus trees, four AMF-species were also identified: Scutellospora heterogama, G. ambisporum, Acaulospora scrobiculata, and G. citricola. In a second study, it was observed that spore germination and hyphal length of G. mosseae, G. ambisporum, and S. heterogama were significantly reduced by either volatile compounds of crude oil or increased concentrations of benzo[a ]pyrene or phenanthrene in water-agar.

背景与目标： : 假定丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF) 可以增强石油污染土壤中的植物适应性和生长。尽管如此，尚未对长期受石油污染的土壤下的AMF生物多样性或对石油烃的孢子萌发反应进行了很好的研究。从墨西哥塔巴斯科州的Activo Cinco总统那里收集了长期受石油污染的根际土壤和来自Echinochloa polystachya，Citrus aurantifolia和C. aurantium的根。评估了根定植和孢子丰度。此外，在温室条件下，使用高粱vulgare L.作为植物陷阱繁殖根际土壤样品; 随后，鉴定了AMF孢子。在100g土壤中，AMF定殖范围为63至77%，而孢子数范围为715至912，这表明AMF可以耐受根际中石油烃的存在。从草种中鉴定出四种AMF形态物种: Glomus ambisporum，G. sinuosum (以前称为硬囊菌)，aculospora laeris和Ambispora gerdermanni。从柑橘树中，还鉴定出四种AMF物种: 盾孢菌，G. ambisporum，Acaulospora scrobiculata和G. citricola。在第二项研究中，观察到原油的挥发性化合物或水琼脂中苯并 [a] re或菲的浓度增加，显着降低了mosseae，G。ambisporum和S. heterogama的孢子萌发和菌丝长度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We provide a longer-term record of Hg wet deposition at two tropical latitude monitoring sites in Mexico, selected to provide regionally representative data. Weekly wet deposition samples were collected over 2 years, from September 2003 to November 2005. Based on this data set, we discuss the magnitude and seasonal variation of Hg in wet deposition and compare the results to other measurement sites and to several model estimates. With precipitation-weighted mean (PWM) concentrations of 8.2 and 7.9 ng L(-1), respectively, during the sampling period from Sep 30 2003 to Oct 11 2005, and median weekly concentrations of 9.4 ± 1 ng L(-1) for both sites, the wet Hg concentrations and deposition at HD01 were much lower than those observed at the US Gulf Coast MDN sites while the wet Hg deposition at OA02 was much lower than most MDN sites, but somewhat similar to US MDN sites along the Pacific Coast. Based on the limited available data, we conclude that the approximately 30 % higher average precipitation at HD01 and roughly equal PWM concentrations lead to the higher deposition at HD01 versus OA02. We believe that these observations may offer scientists and modelers additional understanding of the depositional fluxes in the lower latitudes of North America.

背景与目标： : 我们在墨西哥的两个热带纬度监测点提供了汞湿沉积的长期记录，这些记录被选为提供区域代表性数据。从2003年9月到2005年11月，每周收集2年的湿沉积样品。基于此数据集，我们讨论了湿沉积中汞的大小和季节变化，并将结果与其他测量地点和几个模型估计值进行了比较。在从2003年9月30日到2005年10月11日的采样期间，降水加权平均 (PWM) 浓度分别为8.2和7.9 ng L(-1)，两个地点的每周中位浓度为9.4 ± 1 ng L(-1)，HD01处的湿Hg浓度和沉积比在美国墨西哥湾沿岸MDN站点观察到的低得多，而OA02处的湿Hg沉积比大多数MDN站点低得多，但与太平洋沿岸的美国MDN站点有些相似。基于有限的可用数据，我们得出结论，在HD01处大约30% 较高的平均降水量和大致相等的PWM浓度导致在HD01处相对于oa02处更高的沉积。我们认为，这些观察结果可能使科学家和建模者对北美低纬度地区的沉积通量有更多的了解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study describes a popular educational process conducted in two communities in Jalisco, Mexico. The purpose was to add an alfalfa concentrate to the population's diet as an alternative, locally available food source. Previous studies had shown that alfalfa contains high protein, vitamin, and essential amino acid levels and can be useful to supplement and improve child nutrition. This resource had not been used previously due to lack of knowledge concerning its properties and harvesting and processing procedures and because it had traditionally been used as livestock feed. The current study included four steps: 1) community knowledge, 2) a community survey using interviews, home visits, and child nutrition evaluation, 3) formation of work groups in a community meeting, and 4) an educational program, working with a self-diagnostic tool taking child nutritional status into account. Our work focused on two areas simultaneously: family nutrition and the alfalfa concentrate as a way to improve it. Although this process was lengthy, it resulted in the acceptance and inclusion of alfalfa concentrate. In addition, the community groups formed in the process remain as an ongoing organizational resource.

背景与目标： : 这项研究描述了在墨西哥哈利斯科州的两个社区进行的流行教育过程。目的是在人群的饮食中添加苜蓿浓缩物，作为当地可用的替代食物来源。先前的研究表明，苜蓿含有较高的蛋白质，维生素和必需氨基酸水平，可用于补充和改善儿童营养。由于缺乏有关其特性以及收获和加工程序的知识，并且由于传统上将其用作牲畜饲料，因此以前没有使用过该资源。当前的研究包括四个步骤: 1) 社区知识，2) 使用访谈，家访和儿童营养评估进行社区调查，3) 在社区会议中组建工作组，以及4) 一项教育计划，考虑儿童营养状况的自我诊断工具。我们的工作同时集中在两个领域: 家庭营养和苜蓿浓缩物，以此来改善它。尽管此过程很长，但导致紫花苜蓿精矿的接受和加入。此外，在此过程中形成的社区团体仍然是一种持续的组织资源。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The impact of illicit drug markets on the occurrence of violence varies tremendously depending on many factors. Over the last years, Mexico and the USA have increased security border issues that included many aspects of drug-related trade and criminal activities. Mexico experienced only a small reduction in trauma deaths after the enforcement of severe crime reinforcement policies. This strategy in the war on drugs is shifting the drug market to other Central American countries. This phenomenon is called the ballooning effect, whereby the pressure to control illicit drug-related activities in one particular area forces a shift to other more vulnerable areas that leads to an increase in crime and violence. A human rights crisis characterized by suffering, injury, and death related to drug trafficking continues to expand, resulting in the exorbitant loss of lives and cost in productivity across the continent. The current climate of social violence in Central America and the illegal immigration to the USA may be partially related to this phenomenon of drug trafficking, gang violence, and crime. A health care initiative as an alternative to the current war approach may be one of the interventions needed to reduce this crisis.

背景与目标： : 非法药物市场对暴力发生的影响因许多因素而异。在过去的几年中，墨西哥和美国增加了安全边界问题，其中包括与毒品有关的贸易和犯罪活动的许多方面。在执行严厉的犯罪强化政策后，墨西哥的创伤死亡人数仅小幅减少。毒品战争中的这一策略正在将毒品市场转移到其他中美洲国家。这种现象被称为膨胀效应，即在一个特定领域控制与非法药物有关的活动的压力迫使转移到其他更脆弱的地区，从而导致犯罪和暴力增加。以与毒品贩运有关的痛苦，伤害和死亡为特征的人权危机继续扩大，导致整个非洲大陆的生命损失和生产力成本过高。中美洲当前的社会暴力气氛和向美国的非法移民可能部分与这种贩毒，帮派暴力和犯罪现象有关。作为当前战争方法的替代方案的医疗保健倡议可能是减少这场危机所需的干预措施之一。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To study the impact of diabetes on the long-term cognitive trajectories of older adults in two countries with different socioeconomic and health settings, and to determine if this relationship differs by cognitive domains. This study uses Mexico and the United States to confirm if patterns hold in both populations, as these countries have similar diabetes prevalence but different socioeconomic conditions and diabetes-related mortality. METHODS:Two nationally representative cohorts of adults aged 50 years or older are used: the Mexican Health and Aging Study for Mexico, and the Health and Retirement Study for the U.S., with sample sizes of 18, 810 and 26, 244 individuals, respectively, followed over 14 years. The outcome is cognition measured as a total composite score, and by domain (memory and non-memory). Mixed-effect linear models are used to test the effect of diabetes on cognition at 65 years old and over time in each country. RESULTS:Diabetes is associated with lower cognition and non-memory scores at baseline and over time in both countries. In Mexico, diabetes only predicts lower memory scores over time, while in the U.S. it only predicts lower memory scores at baseline. Women have higher total cognition and memory scores than men in both studies. The magnitude of the effect of diabetes on cognition is similar in both countries. DISCUSSION:Despite the overall lower cognition in Mexico and different socioeconomic characteristics, the impact of diabetes on cognitive decline and the main risk and protective factors for poor cognition are similar in both countries.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In September 2003, Mexico City introduced "Conduce sin Alcohol" (CSA)-drive without alcohol-a program that monitors breath alcohol concentration limits among drivers to reduce road traffic crashes. To our knowledge, no study has evaluated the impact of this program on mortality. We estimated the effect of CSA on the monthly rate of traffic-related deaths (deaths per one million people) in Mexico City. We applied interrupted time series analyses (ITSA) using monthly data from 1998 to 2016, adjusting for number of people covered by a public health insurance, monthly number of public health care facilities in the city, monthly average rain precipitation in milliliters, and number of vehicles registered. Our results show a statistically significant average reduction in the monthly trend of traffic-related deaths of 0.08 per 1 million people/per month after the program was implemented relative to the pre-intervention trend. The relative difference comparing pre- and post-intervention predicted values from the ITSA model shows that there was a 23.2% reduction in the fatality rate. Findings from this study can be used to scale up programs to monitor alcohol concentration limits among drivers in cities with high alcohol-related crashes and deaths where the program has not been implemented.

背景与目标： : 在2003年9月，墨西哥城推出了 “Conduce sin Alcohol” (CSA)-无酒精驾驶-该程序可监视驾驶员之间的呼吸酒精浓度限制，以减少道路交通事故。据我们所知，没有研究评估该计划对死亡率的影响。我们估计了CSA对墨西哥城交通相关死亡率 (每100万人死亡) 的影响。我们使用每月数据1998年2016年应用中断时间序列分析 (ITSA)，并根据公共健康保险覆盖的人数，城市中公共医疗保健设施的每月数量，每月平均降雨量 (以毫升为标准) 和登记的车辆数量进行调整。我们的结果显示，相对于干预前的趋势，实施该计划后，与交通相关的死亡每月趋势平均减少了0.08/100万人/月。比较ITSA模型的干预前后预测值的相对差异表明，死亡率23.2% 降低。这项研究的结果可用于扩大计划的规模，以监测与酒精有关的撞车事故和死亡人数较高的城市中驾驶员的酒精浓度限值，而该计划尚未实施。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We present a study on the control and elimination of the fungi affecting the mummies specifically at the museum "El Carmen", in San Angel, Mexico City. Twelve analysed mummies presented an important deterioration attributed to colonizing fungi. The degree of fungal contamination and the efficacy of imazalil were evaluated. Two samplings were performed in order to isolate and identify the fungal genera, one for control and the other after the treatment. Isolation was done by the carpet-square technique and identification was performed by morphological features. Each sampling gave a total of 100 samples as follows: 17 from the air, 23 from the walls and 60 from the mummies. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. From the first sampling a total of 649 colonies corresponding to 24 genera were obtained being the most frequent Penicillium, Cladophialophora and Aspergillus. From the second sampling, after the imazalil treatment, which was applied by means of lit candles containing the antifungal drug, 57 colonies were recovered, representing a 91.2% fungal reduction; 18 genera were eliminated. In spite of resistance showed by many Penicillium strains, the imazalil is an alternative drug for the control of fungal colonization on these studied materials.

背景与目标： : 我们特别在墨西哥城圣天使的 “El Carmen” 博物馆进行了一项有关控制和消除影响木乃伊的真菌的研究。十二个分析的木乃伊表现出重要的退化归因于定植真菌。评价了真菌的污染程度和imazalil的功效。为了分离和鉴定真菌属，进行了两次采样，一个用于对照，另一个在处理后。通过地毯方形技术进行分离，并通过形态特征进行鉴定。每个样本总共提供了100个样本，如下所示: 空气中的17个，墙壁中的23个和木乃伊中的60个。样品在Sabouraud葡萄糖琼脂上培养。从第一次采样中，总共获得了649个菌落，分别对应于24个属，它们是最常见的青霉菌，枝霉和曲霉。从第二次采样中，在通过含有抗真菌药物的点燃蜡烛施加的imazalil处理之后，回收了57个菌落，代表了91.2% 的真菌减少; 消除了18个属。尽管许多青霉菌菌株显示出耐药性，但imazalil还是控制这些研究材料上真菌定植的替代药物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Given the rapid population decline and recent petition for listing of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) under the Endangered Species Act, an accurate estimate of the Eastern, migratory population size is needed. Because of difficulty in counting individual monarchs, the number of hectares occupied by monarchs in the overwintering area is commonly used as a proxy for population size, which is then multiplied by the density of individuals per hectare to estimate population size. There is, however, considerable variation in published estimates of overwintering density, ranging from 6.9-60.9 million ha-1. We develop a probability distribution for overwinter density of monarch butterflies from six published density estimates. The mean density among the mixture of the six published estimates was ∼27.9 million butterflies ha-1 (95% CI [2.4-80.7] million ha-1); the mixture distribution is approximately log-normal, and as such is better represented by the median (21.1 million butterflies ha-1). Based upon assumptions regarding the number of milkweed needed to support monarchs, the amount of milkweed (Asclepias spp.) lost (0.86 billion stems) in the northern US plus the amount of milkweed remaining (1.34 billion stems), we estimate >1.8 billion stems is needed to return monarchs to an average population size of 6 ha. Considerable uncertainty exists in this required amount of milkweed because of the considerable uncertainty occurring in overwinter density estimates. Nevertheless, the estimate is on the same order as other published estimates. The studies included in our synthesis differ substantially by year, location, method, and measures of precision. A better understanding of the factors influencing overwintering density across space and time would be valuable for increasing the precision of conservation recommendations.

背景与目标： : 鉴于人口迅速减少，并且最近根据《濒危物种法》要求将帝王蝶 (Danaus plexippus L.) 列入名单，因此需要对东部迁徙种群数量进行准确估计。由于难以计算单个君主，因此通常将越冬地区君主所占的公顷数用作人口规模的替代指标，然后将其乘以每公顷的个人密度来估算人口规模。然而，在已公布的越冬密度估计值中存在相当大的变化，范围为690-6090万ha-1。我们从六个已发布的密度估算值中开发了帝王蝶越冬密度的概率分布。六个已公布的估计值的混合物中的平均密度为2790万蝴蝶ha-1 (95% CI [2.4-80.7] 百万ha-1); 混合物分布近似于对数正态分布，因此最好用中位数表示 (2110万蝴蝶ha-1)。根据关于支持君主所需马利筋数量的假设，美国北部损失的马利筋 (Asclepias spp。) 的数量 (8.6亿茎) 加上剩余的马利筋数量 (13.4亿茎)，我们估计需要> 18亿个茎才能使君主恢复到6公顷的平均人口规模。由于越冬密度估计中存在相当大的不确定性，因此所需数量的马利筋存在相当大的不确定性。尽管如此，估计数与其他已发布的估计数的顺序相同。我们合成中的研究因年份，位置，方法和精密度而有很大差异。更好地了解影响时空越冬密度的因素对于提高保护建议的准确性将很有价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) requires a high-flow catheter for adequate cell collection by apheresis and long i.v. support, this is usually achieved by multiple catheters. We analyzed our experience with Mahurkar or Permacath for apheresis and long-term i.v. support in PBSCT, cared for exclusively by an i.v. therapy team. Fifty-six catheters were used in 53 patients that completed PBSCT (28 Permacath and 28 Mahurkar). In 10 patients (19%) the same catheter was used for multiple PBSCT. The average stay was 58.4 days (7-219), Permacath 76.8 days (14-219) and Mahurkar 42 days (7-106). The incidence of infectious complications was 2.2 x 1000 catheter-days (1.7 Permacath and 3.0 Mahurkar); during neutropenia it was 3.7 x 1000 cathether-days. The incidence of thrombosis was 0.9 x 1000 catheter-days. There was a total of seven infectious episodes (12.7%). Five (9%) were local and two were (3.6%) bacteremias. The microorganism most commonly isolated was Staphylococcus sp. (57%). Four catheters (7.1%) were removed because of complicationsone thrombosis and three infections. Both catheters have proven useful and safe for long-lasting vascular access in patients undergoing PBSCT. No statistical difference was found in infectious and non-infectious complications between either catheters.

背景与目标： 外周血干细胞移植 (PBSCT) 需要高流量导管，以便通过单采和长时间静脉内收集足够的细胞。支持，这通常是通过多个导管来实现的。我们分析了我们在Mahurkar或Permacath进行单采和长期静脉注射的经验。PBSCT的支持，由i.v.独家照顾。治疗小组。53例完成PBSCT的患者 (28例Permacath和28例Mahurkar) 使用了56根导管。在10例患者 (19%) 中，相同的导管用于多个PBSCT。平均停留时间为58.4天 (7-219)，Permacath 76.8天 (14-219) 和Mahurkar 42天 (7-106)。感染并发症的发生率为2.2 × 1000导管天 (1.7 Permacath和3.0 Mahurkar); 中性粒细胞减少症期间为3.7 × 1000导管天。血栓形成的发生率为0.9 × 1000导管天。总共发生了7次传染性发作 (12.7%)。五个 (9%) 是局部菌血症，两个 (3.6%) 是细菌性菌血症。最常分离的微生物是葡萄球菌 (57%)。4个导管 (7.1%) 被移除，因为一个血栓形成和三个感染的并发症。事实证明，两种导管对于接受PBSCT的患者的持久血管通路都是有用且安全的。两种导管之间的感染性和非感染性并发症均未发现统计学差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:This study describes the epidemiology of epilepsy on the Arizona-Mexico border. METHODS:Households in Southern Arizona were identified using two strategies. County-wide random digit dialing telephone surveys were supplemented with door-to-door recruitment in three Arizona border communities. Utilizing a two-step screening process, individuals with a seizure disorder or epilepsy were identified. A consensus diagnosis was arrived at after reviewing results from the detailed interview, medical records and clinical examination. RESULTS:A total of 15,738 household individuals were surveyed. Two hundred and three individuals were identified as having had epilepsy at some point in their life; 25% of them were previously not diagnosed. The sex and age-adjusted prevalence estimate was 14.3 per 1000 (95% CI: 12.5-16.1) for lifetime epilepsy, and 11.8 per 1000 (CI: 10.2-13.5) for active epilepsy (seizures in the past 5 years or currently taking antiseizure medications). Non-Hispanic Whites were two times more likely to have active epilepsy than Hispanics. The majority of individuals with lifetime history of epilepsy had idiopathic or cryptogenic epilepsy; most were localization-related epilepsy although the exact location could not be determined for the majority. Although most individuals with epilepsy report receiving care from a neurology specialist, they were more likely to have visited a non-specialist in the past 3 months. SIGNIFICANCE:The lower prevalence of epilepsy among Hispanics compared to non-Hispanics supports previous survey findings in the Southwest US and may be due to language, acculturation factors, stigma, or a reflection of the "healthy immigrant effect". The surprisingly high proportion of previously un-diagnosed individuals shows a need for further investigation as well as a need to increase community awareness.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in two geographic regions of Mexico - Oaxaca (rural area) and Mexico City (urban area) - to determine the main factors for predicting participation in Cervical Cytology Screening Programs (CCSP), in populations with high mortality due to cervical cancer. We included 4,208 women aged between 15 and 49 years, randomly selected through a national household-sample frame. Knowledge of what the Pap test is used for strongly predisposes use of CCSP in Mexico City (odds ratio [OR] = 46.1, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 33.1-64.1) and Oaxaca state (OR = 61.5, CI = 42.0-89.9), as well as high socioeconomic level (MexicoOR = 2.0, CI = 1.1-7.

6; Oaxaca:OR = 4.1, CI = 3.1-5.

3), high education level (MexicoOR = 3.6, CI = 1.5-8.

8; Oaxaca:OR = 5.3, CI = 2.8-10.

0), and access to social security (MexicoOR = 1.7, CI = 1.4-2.

2; Oaxaca:OR = 2.2, CI = 1.8-2.7). Low coverage of the CCSP is confirmed as an important problem in Mexico.

背景与目标： 在墨西哥的两个地理区域-瓦哈卡 (农村地区) 和墨西哥城 (城市地区)-进行了横断面研究，以确定预测参与宫颈细胞学筛查计划 (CCSP) 的主要因素子宫颈癌死亡率高的人群。我们纳入了4,208名年龄在15至49岁之间的女性，通过全国家庭样本框架随机选择。了解在墨西哥城 (优势比 [OR] = 46.1，95% 置信区间 [CI] = 33.1-64.1) 和瓦哈卡州 (OR = 61.5，CI = 42.0-89.9)，以及高社会经济水平 (墨西哥 = 2.0，CI = 1.1-7。
6; 瓦哈卡州 :OR = 4.1，CI = 3.1-5。
3)，高等教育水平 (墨西哥 = 3.6，CI = 1.5-8。
8; 瓦哈卡州 :OR = 5.3，CI = 2.8-10。
0)，以及获得社会保障 (墨西哥 = 1.7，CI = 1.4-2。
2; 瓦哈卡州 :OR = 2.2，CI = 1.8-2.7)。CCSP覆盖率低被确认为墨西哥的一个重要问题。