BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:In healthy controls, the emotional charge of stimuli influences how well stimuli are remembered. Although patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) have deficits in memory and in emotional processing, studies on emotional memory modulation (EMM) in SCZ report contradictory results. The aim of this review was to investigate whether methodological differences could explain these contradictory results. METHOD:We reviewed the literature to investigate whether task differences could explain these differences. Due to the methodological differences, a meta-analysis was not possible. RESULTS:Fourteen studies were identified that used a total of 22 tasks to study EMM in patients with SCZ. Two-thirds of the tasks showed no differences in EMM between patients with SCZ and healthy controls. Differences in EMM were found more often when long-term compared to short-term memory was measured, when memory instructions were implicit instead of explicit and when stronger emotional stimuli were used. An overall memory deficit or the mode of retrieval was not related to EMM. CONCLUSION:Deficits in EMM in long-term compared to short-term memory point toward impaired emotional modulation of memory consolidation. Reduced EMM on implicit, but not explicit, tasks suggests a deficit in unconsciously using emotional content to modulate memory.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Germinal centers (GCs) support high-affinity, long-lived humoral immunity. How memory B cells develop in GCs is not clear. Through the use of a cell-cycle-reporting system, we identified GC-derived memory precursor cells (GC-MP cells) that had quit cycling and reached G0 phase while in the GC, exhibited memory-associated phenotypes with signs of affinity maturation and localized toward the GC border. After being transferred into adoptive hosts, GC-MP cells reconstituted a secondary response like genuine memory B cells. GC-MP cells expressed the interleukin 9 (IL-9) receptor and responded to IL-9. Acute treatment with IL-9 or antibody to IL-9 accelerated or retarded the positioning of GC-MP cells toward the GC edge and exit from the GC, and enhanced or inhibited the development of memory B cells, which required B cell-intrinsic responsiveness to IL-9. Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) produced IL-9, and deletion of IL-9 from T cells or, more specifically, from GC TFH cells led to impaired memory formation of B cells. Therefore, the GC development of memory B cells is promoted by TFH cell-derived IL-9.

背景与目标： : 生发中心 (GCs) 支持高亲和力、长寿的体液免疫。记忆b细胞如何在GCs中发育尚不清楚。通过使用细胞周期报告系统，我们确定了GC衍生的记忆前体细胞 (gc-mp细胞)，这些细胞在GC中退出循环并达到G0期，表现出与记忆相关的表型，并具有亲和成熟的迹象，并定位于GC边界。转移到过继宿主后，gc-mp细胞像真正的记忆b细胞一样重建了次级反应。Gc-mp细胞表达白介素9 (IL-9) 受体并对IL-9产生反应。用IL-9或抗体IL-9的急性治疗加速或延迟了gc-mp细胞朝向GC边缘的定位并从GC退出，并增强或抑制了记忆b细胞的发育，这需要b细胞对IL-9的内在反应性。滤泡辅助性T细胞 (TFH细胞) 产生IL-9，T细胞或更具体地说，GC TFH细胞中IL-9的缺失导致b细胞的记忆形成受损。因此，TFH细胞衍生的IL-9促进了记忆b细胞的GC发育。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PROBLEM:Immune tolerance with respect to a semi-allogeneic fetus plays a key role in the establishment of a pregnancy. Memory T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have a central role in the regulation of the adaptive immune response. Much of our knowledge of memory Tfh cells' function comes from immune-related diseases. However, the true physiological characteristics of memory Tfh cells and their mode of action in pregnancy remain unclear. METHODS OF STUDY:Deciduas and blood were obtained from 25 recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) patients undergoing surgical abortion and 19 normal women in early pregnancy undergoing elective termination. RSA patients were grouped into antibody-positive patients and antibody-negative patients, respectively. The memory Tfh cells with the CD4+ CXCR5+ PD1+ CCR7- and CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ ICOS+ phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. The B cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. A correlation analysis of the subsets of memory Tfh cells and B cells in antibody-positive RSA patients was made by the Pearson test. RESULTS:Memory Tfh cells with the CD4+ CXCR5+ PD1+ CCR7- and CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ ICOS+ phenotypes showed a significant increase in RSA patients compared to women with a normal pregnancy who had chosen termination. When RSA patients were grouped according positive or negative antibodies, it was surprising to find that decidual CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ ICOS+ memory Tfh cells significantly increased in RSA patients with positive antibody compared to RSA patients with negative antibody. However, the percentages of CD4+ CXCR5+ PD1+ CCR7- memory Tfh cells did not change in the deciduas of the two groups. Circulating and decidual B cells significantly increased in antibody-positive RSA patients compared with antibody-negative RSA patients. Correlation analysis indicated a strong association between the decidual CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ ICOS+ memory Tfh cells and B cells in antibody-positive RSA patients. CONCLUSION:These new findings provide unique insights into memory Tfh cells in mediating feto-maternal immune tolerance.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present study, we investigated the effects of repeated morphine pre-treatment on impairment of spatial memory acquisition induced by intra dorsal hippocampus (intra-CA1) administration of the non-selective cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor agonist, WIN55,212-2 in adult male rats. 2-day version of Morris water maze task has been used for the assessment of spatial memory. On the training day, rats were trained by a single training session of eight trials and 24 h later a probe trial test consist of 60s free swim period without a platform and the visible test was administered. Animals received pre-treatment subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of morphine, once daily for three days followed by five days drug-free treatment before training trials. The results indicated that bilateral pre-training intra-CA1 infusions of WIN55,212-2 (0.25 and 0.5 μg/rat) impaired acquisition of spatial memory on the training and test day. The amnesic effect of WIN55, 212-2 (0.5 μg/rat) was prevented in rats previously injected with morphine (20 mg/kg/day × 3 days, s.c.). Improvement in spatial memory acquisition in morphine-pretreated rats was inhibited by once daily administration of naloxone (1 and 2 mg/kg, s.c.) 15 min prior to injection of morphine for three days. The results suggest that sub-chronic morphine treatment may produced sensitization to cannabinoids, which in turn reversed the impairment of spatial memory acquisition induced by WIN55,212-2 and mu- opioid receptors may play an important role in this effect.

背景与目标： : 在本研究中，我们研究了重复吗啡预处理对非选择性大麻素CB1/CB2受体激动剂WIN55、212-2在成年雄性大鼠中给予背海马 (intra-CA1) 引起的空间记忆获取障碍的影响。莫里斯水迷宫任务的2天版本已用于评估空间记忆。在训练当天，对大鼠进行了八次试验的单次训练，24小时后进行了一次探针试验测试，该试验包括60s的自由游泳期，没有平台，并进行了可见测试。动物接受治疗前皮下注射吗啡，每天一次，持续三天，然后在训练试验前进行五天的无药治疗。结果表明，在训练和测试当天，双侧训练前intra-CA1输注WIN55，212-2 (0.25和0.5 μ g/大鼠) 会损害空间记忆的获取。在先前注射吗啡 (20 mg/kg/天 × 3天，s.C.) 的大鼠中预防WIN55，212-2 (0.5 μ g/大鼠) 的遗忘作用。每天服用一次纳洛酮 (1和2 mg/kg，s.C.) 可抑制吗啡预处理大鼠空间记忆的获取。注射吗啡前15分钟，持续三天。结果表明，亚慢性吗啡治疗可能会产生对大麻素的敏感性，从而逆转由WIN55，212-2和mu-阿片受体引起的空间记忆获取障碍可能在这种作用中起重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Emotional memory is a rapidly acquired and persistent form of memory, and its robustness is in part determined by the initial strength of the memory. Here, we provide new evidence that the protein phosphatase calcineurin (CaN), a potent negative regulator of neuronal signaling that is known to constrain learning and memory, critically regulates the establishment of emotional memory through mechanisms involving the immediate early gene Zif268 (also known as Egr1). We found that CaN is inhibited in the amygdala during the establishment of aversive memory, but Zif268 is activated. Using inducible transgenesis in mice, we further saw that CaN inhibition and Zif268 overexpression during memory establishment strengthen the memory trace and enhance its resistance to extinction. We found that CaN inhibition correlates with increased Zif268 expression and that a common pool of proteins is regulated in the amygdala after CaN inhibition and Zif268 overexpression. Together, these findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism for the control of emotional memory that depends on CaN and Zif268.

背景与目标： : 情绪记忆是一种快速获得和持久的记忆形式，其健壮性部分取决于记忆的初始强度。在这里，我们提供了新的证据，表明蛋白磷酸酶钙调磷酸酶 (CaN) 是神经元信号传导的有效负调节剂，已知会限制学习和记忆，通过涉及立即早期基因Zif268 (也称为Egr1) 的机制严格调节情绪记忆的建立。我们发现，在建立厌恶记忆的过程中，杏仁核中的CaN被抑制，但Zif268被激活。在小鼠中使用诱导型转基因，我们进一步看到在记忆建立过程中抑制和Zif268过表达可以增强记忆痕迹并增强其对灭绝的抵抗力。我们发现CaN抑制与Zif268表达增加相关，并且在CaN抑制和Zif268过表达后，杏仁核中调节了一个共同的蛋白质库。这些发现共同揭示了一种先前未知的控制情绪记忆的机制，该机制依赖于CaN和zif268。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive optical technique for bedside evaluation of cerebral metabolism that has clinical potential for monitoring the efficacy of pharmacological treatment. In this pilot study, we investigated the cognitive effects of methylphenidate (MP) on prefrontal function using fNIRS in healthy subjects. METHODS:Thirteen right-handed healthy subjects underwent working memory tasks (0-back and 2-back) after a single oral dose of MP (20 mg) or placebo administered in a double-blind crossover design on two different days separated by 1-3 days. We measured changes in oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) concentrations during the tasks in bilateral prefrontal regions after MP or placebo administration using two-channel fNIRS. RESULTS:There were significantly more correct responses and fewer missed responses during the 2-back task performance after MP treatment as compared with placebo. Baseline-corrected oxy-Hb was significantly decreased after MP treatment compared with the placebo in the 2-back task in the right frontal region but was not different in the 0-back task. Baseline-corrected deoxy-Hb and total-Hb concentrations were not significant between MP and placebo conditions in either of the cognitive tasks. CONCLUSIONS:These data are consistent with previous positron emission tomography findings of MP-mediated reduction in lateral prefrontal activity accompanied by improved cognitive performance.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated patients with Bipolar Disorder's abilities to generate specific past and future events in response to positive and negative cues words as well as emotional intensity related to these ones. The relationships between the number of generated specific events cognitive functioning, interpersonal problems and the ability to problem solving were investigated. Nineteen BD and nineteen healthy controls completed a French version of the AMT to evaluate the past and future events recall, in function of their valence, and emotions related. Furthermore, they completed the Optional Thinking Test, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems and the neuropsychological measures. Compared to healthy controls, BD recollected (1) fewer specific past negative events and (2) fewer future specific positive and negative events furthermore, (3) they felt more emotional intensity related to future events. These results were explained in the light of theoretical models. Finally, specific past memories deficits in BD were linked with issues in problem solving but not with levels of distress arising from interpersonal problems. In view of AM functions in everyday life, all types of deficits should be taken into consideration, and AM remediation envisaged.

背景与目标： : 这项研究调查了双相情感障碍患者对积极和消极暗示词以及与这些暗示词相关的情绪强度产生特定过去和未来事件的能力。研究了产生的特定事件的数量之间的关系认知功能，人际关系问题和解决问题的能力。19名BD和19名健康对照者完成了法语版本的AMT，以评估过去和未来事件的回忆，根据其效价和相关的情绪。此外，他们完成了可选的思维测试，人际关系问题清单和神经心理学措施。与健康对照组相比，BD回忆起 (1) 较少的特定过去的负面事件和 (2) 较少的未来特定的正面和负面事件。此外，(3) 他们感到与未来事件相关的情感强度更高。根据理论模型解释了这些结果。最后，BD中特定的过去记忆缺陷与解决问题的问题有关，但与人际关系问题引起的困扰程度无关。鉴于日常生活中的AM功能，应考虑所有类型的缺陷，并设想AM补救。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The development of adaptive responses to novel situations via learning has been demonstrated in a wide variety of animal taxa. However, knowledge on the learning abilities of one of the oldest extant vertebrate groups, Chondrichthyes, remains limited. With the increasing interest in global wildlife tourism and shark feeding operations, it is important to understand the capacities of these animals to form associations between human activities and food. We used an operant conditioning regime with a simple spatial cognitive task to investigate the effects of reinforcement frequency and reward magnitude on the learning performance and memory retention of Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni). Twenty-four Port Jackson sharks were assigned one of four treatments differing in reward magnitude and reinforcement frequency (large magnitude-high frequency; large magnitude-low frequency; small magnitude-high frequency; small magnitude-low frequency). The sharks were trained over a 21-day period to compare the number of days that it took to learn to pass an assigned door to feed. Sharks trained at a high reinforcement frequency demonstrated faster learning rates and a higher number of passes through the correct door at the end of the trials, while reward magnitude had limited effects on learning rate. This suggests that a reduction in reinforcement frequency during tourism-related feeding operations is likely to be more effective in reducing the risk of sharks making associations with food than limiting the amount of food provided.

背景与目标： : 通过学习对新情况的适应性反应的发展已经在各种各样的动物类群中得到了证明。然而，关于现存最古老的脊椎动物群体之一软骨鱼类的学习能力的知识仍然有限。随着人们对全球野生动物旅游和鲨鱼饲养活动的兴趣日益浓厚，了解这些动物在人类活动和食物之间形成联系的能力非常重要。我们使用具有简单空间认知任务的操作性条件反射机制来研究强化频率和奖励幅度对杰克逊港鲨鱼 (heterdontus portusjacksoni) 的学习表现和记忆保持的影响。24条杰克逊港鲨鱼被分配了奖励幅度和强化频率不同的四种处理方法之一 (大幅度-高频; 大幅度-低频; 小幅度-高频; 小幅度-低频)。鲨鱼接受了21天的训练，以比较学习通过指定的进食门所花费的天数。在试验结束时，以高强化频率训练的鲨鱼表现出更快的学习率和更多的通过正确门的次数，而奖励幅度对学习率的影响有限。这表明，与限制提供的食物量相比，减少与旅游有关的进食操作期间的加强频率可能更有效地减少鲨鱼与食物产生关联的风险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Overinhibition is assumed one of the main causes of cognitive deficits (e.g. memory impairment) in mouse models of Down syndrome (DS). Yet the mechanisms that drive such exaggerated synaptic inhibition and their behavioral effects remain unclear. Here we report the existence of bidirectional alterations to the synaptic inhibition on CA1 pyramidal cells in the Ts2Cje mouse model of DS which are associated to impaired spatial memory. Furthermore, we identify triplication of the kainate receptor (KAR) encoding gene Grik1 as the cause of these phenotypes. Normalization of Grik1 dosage in Ts2Cje mice specifically restored spatial memory and reversed the bidirectional alterations to CA1 inhibition, but not the changes in synaptic plasticity or the other behavioral modifications observed. We propose that modified information gating caused by disturbed inhibitory tone rather than generalized overinhibition underlies some of the characteristic cognitive deficits in DS.

背景与目标： : 在唐氏综合症 (DS) 的小鼠模型中，过度抑制被认为是认知缺陷 (例如记忆障碍) 的主要原因之一。然而，驱动这种夸张的突触抑制及其行为影响的机制仍不清楚。在这里，我们报告了DS的Ts2Cje小鼠模型中CA1锥体细胞突触抑制的双向改变的存在，这与空间记忆受损有关。此外，我们确定了编码基因Grik1的kainate受体 (KAR) 的三重复制是这些表型的原因。Ts2Cje小鼠中Grik1剂量的正常化可以特异性地恢复空间记忆，并将双向改变逆转为CA1抑制，但没有观察到突触可塑性的变化或其他行为改变。我们建议，由抑制音调干扰而不是广义的过度抑制引起的修改的信息门控是DS中一些特征性认知缺陷的基础。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to identify ERP correlates of perceptual object priming that are insensitive to factors affecting explicit, episodic memory. EEG was recorded from 21 participants while they performed a visual object recognition test on a combination of unstudied items and old items that were previously encountered during either a 'deep' or 'shallow' levels-of-processing (LOP) study task. The results demonstrated a midline P150 old/new effect which was sensitive only to objects' old/new status and not to the accuracy of recognition responses to old items, or to the LOP manipulation. Similar outcomes were observed for the subsequent P200 and N400 effects, the former of which had a parietal scalp maximum and the latter, a broadly distributed topography. In addition an LPC old/new effect typical of those reported in past ERP recognition studies was observed. These outcomes support the proposal that the P150 effect is reflective of perceptual object priming and moreover, provide novel evidence that this and the P200 effect are independent of explicit recognition memory process(es).

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是确定对影响显性，情节记忆的因素不敏感的感知对象启动的ERP相关性。记录了21名参与者的EEG，他们对未研究的项目和以前在 “深度” 或 “浅” 处理水平 (LOP) 研究任务中遇到的旧项目进行了视觉对象识别测试。结果表明，中线P150旧/新效果仅对对象的旧/新状态敏感，而对对旧项目或LOP操作的识别响应的准确性不敏感。对于随后的P200和N400效应，观察到类似的结果，前者具有顶叶头皮最大值，而后者具有广泛分布的地形。此外，还观察到过去ERP识别研究中报告的典型LPC新旧效应。这些结果支持P150效应反映了感知对象启动的建议，此外，还提供了新颖的证据，证明P200效应与显式识别记忆过程无关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Impaired everyday function is a diagnostic criterion for dementia, and a determinant of healthcare utilization and caregiver burden. Although many previous studies have demonstrated a cross-sectional relationship between cognition (particularly executive functions and memory) and everyday function in older adults, very little is known about longitudinal relationships between these domains. This study examined the association between longitudinal change in episodic memory (MEM) and executive functioning (EXEC) and change in everyday function. Participants were a cognitively heterogeneous group of 100 elderly persons including those with normal cognition, as well as those with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. They were followed for an average of 5 years. Random effects modeling showed that change in both MEM and EXEC were independently associated with rate of change in informant-rated instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), even after controlling for age, education, and gender. Findings indicate that declines in MEM and EXEC over time make unique and independent contributions to declines in older adults' ability to function in daily life.

背景与目标： : 日常功能受损是痴呆症的诊断标准，也是医疗保健利用和护理人员负担的决定因素。尽管以前的许多研究表明，老年人的认知 (尤其是执行功能和记忆) 与日常功能之间存在横截面关系，但对这些领域之间的纵向关系知之甚少。这项研究检查了情节记忆 (MEM) 和执行功能 (EXEC) 的纵向变化与日常功能变化之间的关联。参与者是100名老年人的认知异质组，包括正常认知的老年人以及轻度认知障碍和痴呆的老年人。平均随访5年。随机效应模型表明，即使在控制了年龄，教育程度和性别之后，MEM和EXEC的变化也与信息者评估的日常生活工具性活动 (iadl) 的变化率独立相关。研究结果表明，随着时间的流逝，MEM和EXEC的下降对老年人日常生活能力的下降做出了独特而独立的贡献。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:Perinatal death is a profound experience for childbearing families and mementoes are key to providing essential records of the baby's life and death. The aim of this observational study was to evaluate the caregiver's feelings on 1 year of using memory boxes in the neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care center. METHOD:Anonymous survey containing 14 questions. RESULTS:During the study period, a memory box was made for 31 neonates (24 preterm and 7 term infants) and 4 infants. Thirty-nine (54%; 32/62 nurses; 7/12 physicians) answers were obtained. Caregivers considered that memory boxes: i) were appropriate for death in the neonatal period (80-92%) or for infants who had never returned home (80%), ii) helped parents in their grieving process (77%), and iii) helped caregivers to support parents respecting their spirituality and emotional needs (62%). Some restrictions were mentioned such as the symbolic impact of the box mimicking a coffin and the modeling clay used for footprints recalling children's toys (10%) and the possibility of hurting parents in their religious convictions (18%) or feelings (20%). For the majority of the caregivers, memory boxes were considered helpful for families (82%); a few thought they were helpful for the ICU team (26%). CONCLUSIONS:This is the first study describing caregivers' opinions about the memory box practices. Memory boxes are considered helpful for bereaved parents, especially in the neonatal period, but are of little help to the caregivers.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Emerging studies have emphasized the importance of the fidelity of cortical representation in forming enduring episodic memory. No study, however, has examined whether there are age-related reductions in representation fidelity that can explain memory declines in normal aging. Using functional MRI and multivariate pattern analysis, we found that older adults showed reduced representation fidelity in the visual cortex, which accounted for their decreased memory performance even after controlling for the contribution of reduced activation level. This reduced fidelity was specifically due to older adults' poorer item-specific representation, not due to their lower activation level and variance, greater variability in neuro-vascular coupling, or decreased selectivity of categorical representation (i.e., dedifferentiation). Older adults also showed an enhanced subsequent memory effect in the prefrontal cortex based on activation level, and their prefrontal activation was associated with greater fidelity of representation in the visual cortex and better memory performance. The fidelity of cortical representation thus may serve as a promising neural index for better mechanistic understanding of the memory declines and its compensation in normal aging.

背景与目标： : 新兴研究强调了皮质表示的保真度在形成持久的情景记忆中的重要性。然而，没有研究检查是否存在与年龄相关的代表保真度降低，可以解释正常衰老时的记忆力下降。使用功能MRI和多变量模式分析，我们发现老年人在视觉皮层中的表现保真度降低，即使在控制了激活水平降低的贡献后，他们的记忆表现也会降低。保真度的降低是特别由于老年人的项目特异性表现较差，而不是由于其激活水平和差异较低，神经-血管偶联的变异性较大或分类表现的选择性降低 (即去分化)。老年人还显示出基于激活水平的前额叶皮层增强的后续记忆效应，并且他们的前额叶激活与视觉皮层中更大的表现保真度和更好的记忆性能相关。因此，皮质表示的保真度可以作为一种有前途的神经指标，以更好地从机械上理解记忆力下降及其在正常衰老中的补偿。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Erythrophleum ivorense (A Chev.) is a common plant in the tropics. Its use as ordeal poison in folklore medicine is controversial. The incoordination and behavioral changes following consumption are often associated with guilt. This study is aimed at dispelling or upholding this belief by investigating the actions of E. ivorense on the brain and behavior using rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Sixty male Wistar rats were equally divided into five groups; control group received distilled water, test groups were administered 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg ethanolic extract of E. ivorense in a daily oral dose for 28 days. Cognition (Morris water maze) depression (forced swim test), motor function (hanging wire and inverted wire mesh grid grip tests) and exploratory assessments were done. Brains were stained with H&E, Cresyl violet and immunohistochemistry was done using GFAP, anticalbindin-D28k, Iba-1 and MBP antibodies. RESULTS:At all doses, E. ivorense significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased escape latency in the Morris water maze compared to control. Forced swim test showed a dose-related increase in duration of immobility, significant reduction in hanging latency in hanging wire and wire mesh grid grip test was also observed. Depletion of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and hippocampal neurons was observed with H&E and cresyl violet. Immuno-staining revealed astrocytic activation in the cerebellum, loss of dendritic spines, cortical microglial activation and demyelination in the cerebellum and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. CONCLUSION:The ethanolic extract of E. ivorense stem bark caused a dose-dependent deficit in learning, memory and motor coordination with evidences of depression in rats. It is concluded that the plant is neurotoxic and induce several neurobehavioral changes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:SINGLE CASE: DT is a savant with exceptional abilities in numerical memory and mathematical calculations. DT also has an elaborate form of synaesthesia for visually presented digits. Further more, DT also has Asperger syndrome (AS). We carried out two preliminary investigations to establish whether these conditions may contribute to his savant abilities. NEUROIMAGING:In an fMRI digit span study, DT showed hyperactivity in lateral prefrontal cortex when encoding digits, compared with controls. In addition, while controls showed raised lateral prefrontal activation in response to structured (compared to unstructured) sequences of digits, DT's neural activity did not differ between these two conditions. In addition, controls showed a significant performance advantage for structured, compared with unstructured sequences whereas no such pattern was found for DT. We suggest that this performance pattern reflects that DT focuses less on external mathematical structure, since for him all digit sequences have internal structure linked to his synaesthesia. Finally, DT did not activate extra-striate regions normally associated with synaesthesia, suggesting that he has an unusual and more abstract and conceptual form of synaesthesia. This appears to generate structured, highly-chunked content that enhances encoding of digits and aids both recall and calculation. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY:People with AS preferentially attend to local features of stimuli. To test this in DT, we administered the Navon task. Relative to controls, DT was faster at finding a target at the local level, and was less distracted by interference from the global level. DISCUSSION:The propensity to focus on local detail, in concert with a form of synaesthesia that provides structure to all digits, may account for DT's exceptional numerical memory and calculation ability. This neural and cognitive pattern needs to be tested in a series of similar cases, and with more constrained control groups, to confirm the significance of this association.

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