BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present account it is proposed that in smokers the transition from peripheral airway disease to COPD is characterized by three sequential stages: Stage I, during which the closing volume eventually exceeds the functional residual capacity; Stage II, during which tidal expiratory flow limitation (EFL) is eventually exhibited; and Stage III, during which dynamic hyperinflation progressively increases leading to dyspnea and exercise limitation, which may be considered as markers of overt disease. Presence of airway closure (Stage I) and EFL (Stage II) in the tidal volume range may promote peripheral airway injury and accelerate the abnormalities of lung function. It is such injury that may determine which smoker is destined to develop COPD.

背景与目标： : 在本报告中，建议吸烟者从外周气道疾病到COPD的转变以三个连续阶段为特征: 阶段I，在此期间闭合量最终超过功能剩余容量; 阶段II，在此期间最终表现出呼气流量限制 (EFL); 第三阶段，在此期间，动态过度通货膨胀逐渐增加，导致呼吸困难和运动受限，这可能被认为是明显疾病的标志。潮气量范围内存在气道关闭 (I期) 和EFL (II期) 可能会促进周围气道损伤并加速肺功能异常。正是这种伤害可能决定了哪个吸烟者注定会发展为COPD。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diverse animals can orient using geomagnetic cues, but little is known about the neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie magnetic field detection. The marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea (Bergh) has a magnetic sense and its nervous system is amenable to cellular-level electrophysiological analysis. In a semi-intact whole-animal preparation, intracellular recordings from the large, visually identifiable neurons left pedal 5 (LPe5) and right pedal 5 (RPe5) in the brain of Tritonia revealed enhanced electrical activity in response to changes in ambient earth-strength magnetic fields. No such changes in activity were observed in approximately 50 other neurons subjected to identical magnetic stimuli. The responses of LPe5 were characterized by increases in spiking frequency occurring about 6-16 min after the ambient magnetic field had been rotated to a new position. The response was abolished when the brain had been isolated from the periphery of the animal by severing nerves, a procedure that also transected prominent neurites of LPe5. We hypothesize that LPe5 is one component of a neural circuit mediating detection of the earth's magnetic field or orientation to it.

背景与目标： : 各种动物可以使用地磁提示进行定向，但对磁场检测的神经生理机制知之甚少。海洋软体动物三倍体 (Bergh) 具有磁性，其神经系统易于进行细胞水平的电生理分析。在半完整的全动物制剂中，来自Tritonia大脑中视觉上可识别的大型神经元左踏板5 (LPe5) 和右踏板5 (RPe5) 的细胞内记录显示，响应周围地球强度磁场的变化，电活动增强。在大约50个其他受到相同磁刺激的神经元中未观察到这种活动变化。LPe5的响应的特征是在环境磁场旋转到新位置后约6-16分钟发生的尖峰频率增加。当通过切断神经将大脑与动物的外围隔离时，这种反应被消除了，这一过程也横切了lpe5的突出神经突。我们假设LPe5是介导检测地球磁场或对其定向的神经电路的一个组成部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether an 8-week whole-body vibration training program may improve recovery of knee flexion/extension muscular strength in athletes after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN:Randomized controlled trial. SETTING:Single outpatient rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS:Thirty-eight female volleyball/basketball players (aged between 20 and 30), randomized into 2 treatment groups. INTERVENTIONS:During a standardized six-month rehabilitation program, from week 13 to week 20 after surgery, the whole-body vibration group (n = 19) and the control group (n = 19) performed additional static knee flexor/extensor exercises on a vibration platform. For the whole-body vibration group, the vibration platform was set to 2.5 mm of amplitude and 26 Hz of frequency. The control group followed the same whole-body vibration board training with no vibrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:All patients were evaluated using an isokinetic strength test with a Biodex dynamometer at the beginning and at the end of the additional treatment protocol. The parameters tested were the peak torque and the maximum power of knee flexor and extensor muscles performing strength and endurance tests. RESULTS:No vibration-related side effects were observed. Improvements were noticed in both groups, but increase in knee muscle isokinetic strength values was statistically significant in the whole-body vibration group when compared with the control group (differences in extension: peak torque 11.316/10.263 N·m and maximum power 13.684/11.211 W; flexion: peak torque 9.632/11.105 N·m and maximum power 10.158/9.474 W; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:When combined with a standardized rehabilitation program, whole-body vibration may increase muscular strength and be an effective additional treatment option in the rehabilitation of athletes after ACL arthroscopic reconstruction.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This report is a study of structure, castability, mechanical properties as well as corrosion behaviour of titanium doped with up to 5 weight percentage (wt%) of a series of alloy elements, including Ta, Mo, Nb, Hf, Zr, Sn, Bi and Ag. The results indicate that, with addition of 1 wt% alloy element, Bi and Mo were most effective in enhancing the castability of titanium. With more alloy elements added, the castability values of most alloys more or less decreased. Except Ti-Mo system, all Ti alloys with a fine acicular morphology had the same crystal structure (hcp) as that of c.p. Ti with a typical lath type morphology. When 3 wt% or more Mo was added, a finer orthorhombic alpha'' phase was formed. The microhardness and bending strength values of Ti alloys were all higher than those of c.p. Ti. Among all alloys, Ti-Mo system exhibited the highest hardness and strength level. For a certain alloy, the bending strength did not necessarily increase with its alloy content. Except Ti-5Zr and Ti-Mo alloys, the bending moduli of most alloy systems were not much different from that of c.p. Ti. All alloys showed an excellent resistance to corrosion in Hanks' solution at 37 degrees C.

背景与目标： : 本报告研究了掺有高达5重量百分比 (wt %) 的一系列合金元素 (包括Ta，Mo，Nb，Hf，Zr，Sn，Bi和Ag) 的钛的结构，可铸造性，机械性能以及腐蚀行为。结果表明，添加1 wt % 合金元素时，Bi和Mo最有效地提高了钛的可铸造性。随着添加更多的合金元素，大多数合金的可铸造性值或多或少会降低。除Ti-Mo体系外，所有具有细针状形态的Ti合金均具有与c.p.相同的晶体结构 (hcp)。具有典型板条型形态的Ti。当添加3 wt % 或更多Mo时，形成了更细的正交晶型 α'' 相。Ti合金的显微硬度和弯曲强度值均高于c.p.Ti。在所有合金中，Ti-Mo体系表现出最高的硬度和强度水平。对于某种合金，弯曲强度不一定随其合金含量而增加。除Ti-5Zr和Ti-Mo合金外，大多数合金体系的弯曲模量与c.p.没有太大差异。Ti。所有合金在汉克斯溶液中在37 ℃ 下均表现出优异的耐腐蚀性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the application of gaseous ozone and Nd:YAG laser on glass-fibre post bond strength. Forty-two madibular premolar roots were cut, endodontically instrumented and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl. Post spaces were prepared and roots were divided into three groups (n = 14). The antimicrobial pretreatment was conducted as follows: gaseous ozone, Nd:YAG laser and control (no additional disinfection methods). Scanning electron microscope analysis was made for each group (n = 2). A resin cement was used for luting the posts. For push-out test, each root was cut horizontally (two cervical, two middle and two apical). Statistical analyses were performed with one-way anova (α = 0.05). Fracture types were observed. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in cervical and apical segments of laser and control groups (P < 0.05). The disinfection of the post spaces with Nd:YAG laser and ozone had no adverse effects on bond strength of glass-fibre post.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是研究气态臭氧和Nd:YAG激光对玻璃纤维后粘结强度的影响。切开42个颌前磨牙根，进行牙髓器械治疗并用2.5% NaOCl冲洗。准备了柱子空间，将根分为三组 (n = 14)。抗菌预处理如下: 气态臭氧，Nd:YAG激光和对照 (无其他消毒方法)。对每组进行扫描电子显微镜分析 (n = 2)。使用树脂水泥来润滑柱子。对于推出测试，将每个根部水平切割 (两个子宫颈，两个中间和两个顶端)。用单因素方差分析 (α = 0.05) 进行统计分析。观察到骨折类型。各组间差异无统计学意义 (P> 0.05)。激光组和对照组的宫颈和根尖节段差异有统计学意义 (P <0.05)。Nd:YAG激光和臭氧对桩间隙的消毒对玻璃纤维桩的粘结强度没有不利影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:During hospitalization, stroke patients are bedridden due to neurologic impairment, leading to loss of muscle mass, weakness, and functional limitation. There have been few studies examining respiratory muscle strength (RMS) in the acute phase of stroke. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to evaluate the RMS of patients with acute stroke compared with predicted values and to relate this to anthropometric variables, risk factors, and neurologic severity. METHODS:This is a cross-sectional study in the acute phase of stroke. After admission, RMS was evaluated by maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP); anthropometric data were collected; and neurologic severity was evaluated by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. The analysis of MIP and MEP with predicted values was performed by chi-square test, and the relationship between anthropometric variables, risk factors, and neurologic severity was determined through multiple linear regression followed by residue analysis by the Shapiro-Wilk test; P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS:In the 32 patients studied, MIP and MEP were reduced when compared with the predicted values. MIP declined significantly by 4.39 points for each 1 kg/m2 increase in body mass index (BMI), and MEP declined significantly by an average of 3.89 points for each 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI. There was no statistically significant relationship between MIP or MEP and risk factors, and between MIP or MIP and neurologic severity in acute phase of stroke. CONCLUSION:There is a reduction of RMS in the acute phase of stroke, and RMS was lower in individuals with increased age and BMI.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the distribution, transfer and fate of both polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cyanotoxins via phytoplankton routes were systematically investigated in two Chinese lakes. Results indicated that PCB adsorption/bioaccumulation dynamics has significantly positive correlations with the biomass of green alga and diatoms. Total lipid content of phytoplankton is the major factor that influences PCB adsorption/bioaccumulation. Cyanobacterial blooms with relatively lower lipid content could also absorb high amount of PCBs due to their high cell density in the water columns, and this process was proposed as major route for the transfer of PCBs in Chinese eutrophic freshwater. According to these findings, a novel route on fates of PCBs via phytoplankton and a green bioadsorption concept were proposed and confirmed. In the practice of mechanical collections of bloom biomass from Lake Taihu, cyanotoxin/cyanobacteria and PCBs were found to be removed simultaneously very efficiently followed this theory.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，系统地研究了两个中国湖泊中通过浮游植物路线的多氯联苯 (pcb) 和氰基毒素的分布，转移和命运。结果表明，PCB的吸附/生物蓄积动力学与绿藻和硅藻的生物量呈显着正相关。浮游植物的总脂质含量是影响PCB吸附/生物积累的主要因素。由于水柱中细胞密度高，脂质含量相对较低的蓝藻水华也可以吸收大量的多氯联苯，这一过程被认为是中国富营养化淡水中多氯联苯转移的主要途径。根据这些发现，提出并证实了通过浮游植物获得多氯联苯命运的新途径和绿色生物吸附概念。在机械收集太湖盛开生物质的实践中，发现根据该理论同时非常有效地去除了氰基毒素/蓝细菌和多氯联苯。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Guerra, RS, Amaral, TF, Sousa, AS, Fonseca, I, Pichel, F, and Restivo, MT. Comparison of Jamar and Bodygrip dynamometers for handgrip strength measurement. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1931-1940, 2017-Studies that compared the agreement between Jamar and other models of dynamometers for handgrip strength (HGS) measurement have exhibited variability in the provided results. The lack of comparability between dynamometers led to the development of the Bodygrip dynamometer. This study aims to examine the reliability of the Bodygrip for HGS measurement, to compare it with the Jamar, and to explore the HGS differences between instruments considering the ergonomic effect of using the Bodygrip with 2 different handles. A cross-sectional study was conducted in free-living (n = 114, 18-89 years) and inpatient (n = 50, 65-93 years) volunteers. Nondominant HGS was tested randomly with the Jamar and Bodygrip, the latter using 2 different handles-curved and straight types. Handgrip strength was obtained for each participant under the same conditions. Each individual performed 2 HGS measurements with each dynamometer, and the maximum HGS value was considered for dynamometers comparison. Differences in the maximum HGS value between the 2 devices (Jamar-Bodygrip), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland and Altman plots, and limits of agreement were obtained. Correlation between the highest HGS measurement obtained for the nondominant hand with the Jamar and with the Bodygrip using each handle was excellent (ICCs: 0.93-0.95). Mean differences of -0.5 (limits of agreement: -4.6; 3.5) kgf with the curved handle and of 1.0 (-7.7; 9.7) kgf with the straight handle for the free-living participants were obtained, whereas for inpatients these values were -1.0 (-3.8; 1.9) kgf and 2.1 (-3.3; 7.5) kgf, respectively, for the curved and straight handles. The Bodygrip is comparable to the Jamar in free-living adults and in hospitalized older adults, exhibiting excellent interinstrument reliability. The Bodygrip with the curved handle produces results closer to the Jamar when compared with Bodygrip with the straight handle, which emphasizes the importance of grip handle ergonomics to measurement reliability.

背景与目标： : Guerra，RS，Amaral，TF，Sousa，AS，Fonseca，I，Pichel，F和Restivo，MT。Jamar和Bodygrip测力计用于手握强度测量的比较。J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1931-1940，2017-比较Jamar和其他模型的测力计之间的一致性的研究在提供的结果中显示出可变性。测功机之间缺乏可比性导致了Bodygrip测功机的发展。本研究旨在检验用于HGS测量的人体握把的可靠性，并将其与Jamar进行比较，并考虑到使用具有2种不同手柄的人体工程学效果，探讨仪器之间的HGS差异。在自由生活 (n = 114，18-89岁) 和住院 (n = 50，65-93岁) 志愿者中进行了横断面研究。使用Jamar和Bodygrip随机测试非显性HGS，后者使用2种不同的手柄-弯曲和笔直类型。在相同条件下为每个参与者获得了握力。每个人使用每个测力计进行2次HGS测量，并考虑最大HGS值进行测力计比较。获得了2个设备 (Jamar-Bodygrip) 之间的最大HGS值差异，类内相关系数 (ICCs)，平淡和Altman图以及一致性极限。使用Jamar和非优势手和使用每个手柄的身体握把获得的最高HGS测量值之间的相关性非常好 (ICCs: 0.93-0.95)。获得了自由生活参与者的-0.5 (协议限制: -4.6; 3.5) kgf与弯曲手柄的1.0 (-7.7; 9.7) kgf与直手柄的平均差异，而对于住院患者，这些值为-1.0 (-3.8; 1.9) kgf和2.1 (-3.3; 7.5) kgf分别用于弯曲和直柄。在自由生活的成年人和住院的老年人中，Bodygrip与Jamar相当，具有出色的器械间可靠性。与直柄的身体握把相比，弯曲手柄的身体握把产生更接近Jamar的结果，这强调了握把手柄人体工程学对测量可靠性的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Ovariectomy (OVX) results in bone loss caused by increased bone resorption. RANKL is an essential mediator of bone resorption. We examined whether the RANKL inhibitor osteoprotegerin (OPG) would preserve bone volume, density, and strength in OVX rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Rats were OVX or sham-operated at 3 mo of age. Sham controls were treated for 6 wk with vehicle (Veh, PBS). OVX rats were treated with Veh or human OPG-Fc (10 mg/kg, 2/wk). Serum RANKL and TRACP5b was measured by ELISA. BMD of lumbar vertebrae (L(1)-L(5)) and distal femur was measured by DXA. Right distal femurs were processed for bone histomorphometry. Left femurs and the fifth lumbar vertebra (L(5)) were analyzed by muCT and biomechanical testing, and L(6) was analyzed for ash weight. RESULTS:OVX was associated with significantly greater serum RANKL and osteoclast surface and with reduced areal and volumetric BMD. OPG markedly reduced osteoclast surface and serum TRACP5b while completely preventing OVX-associated bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae, distal femur, and femur neck. Vertebrae from OPG-treated rats had increased dry and ash weight, with no significant differences in tissue mineralization versus OVX controls. muCT showed that trabecular compartments in OVX-OPG rats had significantly greater bone volume fraction, vBMD, bone area, trabecular thickness, and number, whereas their cortical compartments had significantly greater bone area (p < 0.05 versus OVX-Veh). OPG improved cortical area in L(5) and the femur neck to levels that were significantly greater than OVX or sham controls (p < 0.05). Biomechanical testing of L(5) and femur necks showed significantly greater maximum load values in the OVX-OPG group (p < 0.05 versus OVX-Veh). Bone strength at both sites was linearly correlated with total bone area (r(2) = 0.54-0.74, p < 0.0001), which was also significantly increased by OPG (p < 0.05 versus OVX). CONCLUSIONS:OPG treatment prevented bone loss, preserved trabecular architecture, and increased cortical area and bone strength in OVX rats.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A study was carried out on shoulder muscle strength using an isokinetic dynamometer device, and normal parameters were established on 20 men and 20 women for a total of 80 shoulders. This population consisted of fit, athletic individuals with a mean age of 26·65 years and 25·35 years for the women and men; respectively. Peak torque, angle of peak torque, and arc of maximum strength (= peak±2 N m) were measured. Emphasis was placed on the arc of maximum strength in that it may reflect a more functional measurement than the single angle value for peak torque. For all movements women were approximately 50% as strong as men. There were no significant differences between the means for dominant versus non-dominant arms. The strongest muscle group was the adductors, with a mean peak torque of 28·8 N m for women and 48·-0 N m for men. With 48 N m internal and external rotation, women had a significantly greater range of motion than men but the peak torques remained around the neutral position.

背景与目标： : 使用等速测力计设备对肩部肌肉力量进行了研究，并在20名男性和20名女性中建立了正常参数，总共80个肩膀。该人群由健康的运动个体组成，男女平均年龄分别为26·65岁和25·35岁; 分别。测量了峰值扭矩，峰值扭矩的角度和最大强度的弧度 (= 峰值 ± 2 N m)。重点放在最大强度的弧上，因为它可能比峰值扭矩的单角度值反映出更多功能的测量。在所有运动中，女性大约50% 男性一样强壮。优势臂和非优势臂的手段之间没有显着差异。最强的肌肉群是内收肌，女性的平均峰值扭矩为28·8 N m，男性为48·-0 N m。在48 N m的内部和外部旋转下，女性的运动范围明显大于男性，但峰值扭矩仍保持在中立位置附近。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A technique for the assessment of individual dynamic strength and lifting capacity, known as 'Liftest', has been devised and tested in the USA by Kroemer. We sought to confirm, or otherwise, his estimates of the reliability of the test within sessions, and the applicability of the test in a heavy industry (coal mining). The coefficient of variation for maximal overhead lifts from a height of 24 cm by 19 healthy miners was 2·6% (c.f. Kroemer' s value of 3·2% for males), with a mean load of 48·1 kg. A psychophysically acceptable overhead lift, at a frequency of one a minute for a working day, was less reliable. All subjects, except one, were capable of loads in excess of Kroemer's recommended safe maximum for lifts to knuckle height. There was no problem with systematic errors, i.e. fatigue or a learning effect. We concluded that 'Liftest' was a reliable means of dynamic strength assessment for the overhead-reach lift.

背景与目标： : Kroemer在美国设计并测试了一种用于评估个人动态强度和起重能力的技术，称为 “举重”。我们试图以其他方式确认他对会议内测试可靠性的估计，以及该测试在重工业 (煤矿) 中的适用性。19名健康矿工从24厘米高度获得的最大高架举升的变异系数为2·6% (男性的c.f.Kroemer's值为3·2%)，平均负荷为48·1千克。在心理上可以接受的高架升降机 (每天一分钟的频率) 不太可靠。除一名受试者外，所有受试者的负荷均超过Kroemer建议的最大安全负荷，以提升至转向节高度。系统错误没有问题，即乏力或学习效果。我们得出的结论是，“举升” 是对高架举升进行动态强度评估的可靠方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Healing of the rat Achilles tendon is sensitive to mechanical loading, and the callus strength is reduced by 3/4 after 14 days, if loading is prevented. Exogenous GDFs stimulate tendon healing. This response is influenced by loading: without loading, cartilage and bone formation is initiated. This implies BMP signaling is crucial during tendon healing and influenced by mechanical loading. We therefore asked if mechanical loading influences the gene expression of the BMP signaling system in intact and healing tendons, and how the BMP signaling system changes during healing. The genes were four BMPs (OP-1/BMP-7, GDF-5/CDMP-1/BMP-14, GDF-6/CDMP-2/BMP-13, and GDF-7/CDMP-3/BMP-12), two receptors (BMPR1b and BMPR2), and the antagonists follistatin and noggin. The Achilles tendon was transected in rats and left to heal. Half of the rats had one Achilles tendon unloaded by injection of Botox in the calf muscles. Ten tendons were analyzed before transection and for each of four time points. All genes except noggin were expressed at all time points, but followed different patterns during healing. Loading strongly decreased the expression of follistatin, which could lead to increased signaling. The BMP system appears involved in tendon maintenance and healing, and may respond to mechanical loading.

背景与目标： : 大鼠跟腱的愈合对机械负荷敏感，如果防止负荷，则在14天后愈伤组织强度降低3/4。外源性GDFs刺激肌腱愈合。这种反应受负荷影响: 在没有负荷的情况下，开始软骨和骨形成。这意味着BMP信号在肌腱愈合过程中至关重要，并受到机械负荷的影响。因此，我们询问机械负荷是否会影响完整和愈合肌腱中BMP信号系统的基因表达，以及BMP信号系统在愈合过程中如何变化。基因是四个bmp (OP-1/BMP-7，GDF-5/CDMP-1/BMP-14，GDF-6/CDMP-2/BMP-13和GDF-7/CDMP-3/BMP-12)，两个受体 (BMPR1b和BMPR2) 以及拮抗剂follistatin和noggin。在大鼠中横切跟腱并使其愈合。通过在小腿肌肉中注射肉毒杆菌毒素，一半的大鼠的跟腱被卸载。在横切之前和四个时间点中的每一个都分析了十根肌腱。除noggin外，所有基因均在所有时间点表达，但在愈合过程中遵循不同的模式。负载强烈降低了卵泡抑素的表达，这可能导致信号传导增加。BMP系统似乎参与肌腱的维护和愈合，并且可能对机械负荷做出反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Effects of imatinib mesylate, a Kit receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on spontaneous activity of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and smooth muscles in the stomach were investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH:Effects of imatinib on spontaneous electrical and mechanical activity were investigated by measuring changes in the membrane potential and tension recorded from smooth muscles of the guinea-pig stomach. Its effects on spontaneous changes in intracellular concentration of Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) (Ca(2+) transients) were also examined in fura-2-loaded preparations. KEY RESULTS:Imatinib (1-10 microM) suppressed spontaneous contractions and Ca(2+) transients. Simultaneous recordings of electrical and mechanical activity demonstrated that imatinib (1 microM) reduced the amplitude of spontaneous contractions without suppressing corresponding slow waves. In the presence of nifedipine (1 microM), imatinib (10 microM) reduced the duration of slow waves and follower potentials in the antrum and accelerated their generation, but had little affect on their amplitude. In contrast, imatinib reduced the amplitude of antral slow potentials and slow waves in the corpus. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:Imatinib may suppress spontaneous contractions of gastric smooth muscles by inhibiting pathways that increase [Ca(2+)](i) in smooth muscles rather than by specifically inhibiting the activity of ICC. A high concentration of imatinib (10 microM) reduced the duration of slow waves or follower potentials in the antrum, which reflect activity of ICC distributed in the myenteric layers (ICC-MY), and suppressed antral slow potentials or corporal slow waves, which reflect activity of ICC within the muscle bundles (ICC-IM), presumably by inhibiting intracellular Ca(2+) handling.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:This study examined adaptations in body composition and physical fitness during a 21-wk strength and/or endurance training period in 40- to 65-yr-old men. We also compared the usefulness of different methods for the analysis of body composition to detect training-induced adaptations. METHODS:Fifty-three men were randomized into the endurance training (E: N = 14), strength training (S: N = 13), combined strength and endurance training (SE: N = 15), or control (C: N = 11) groups. S and E trained 2 and SE 2 x 2 times a week for strength and endurance. RESULTS:Percentage of fat (fat%) decreased (5-8%) similarly in all training groups. Fat% measured by DXA at baseline and its change correlated with those recorded by bioimpedance (r = 0.90 and 0.66), skinfolds (r = 0.80 and 0.78), and waistline (r = 0.84 and 0.74). Lean mass in legs (DXA) increased only in S (2.0 +/- 1.5%, P < 0.001), but the thickness of vastus lateralis and intermedius measured by ultrasound increased (7-11%) in all training groups, and that of triceps brachii increased in S (22%) and SE (20%). Maximal concentric force increased significantly in S, SE, and E (by 22, 23, and 7%), and maximal oxygen uptake increased in both E (11%) and SE (11%). CONCLUSIONS:Waist circumference and skinfold thickness seem to reasonably assess changes in percent body fat during training. However, only DXA was capable to separate small differences between the groups in training-induced changes in lean body mass. Combined strength and endurance training is of greater value than either alone in optimizing body composition or improving physical fitness in older men.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) domains are found in >4,000 proteins in species from all kingdoms of life, yet their functions are largely unknown. Tandem CBS domains are associated with membrane transport proteins, most notably members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily; voltage-gated chloride channels and transporters; cation efflux systems; and various enzymes, transcription factors, and proteins of unknown function. We now show that tandem CBS domains in the osmoregulatory ABC transporter OpuA are sensors for ionic strength that control the transport activity through an electrostatic switching mechanism. The on/off state of the transporter is determined by the surface charge of the membrane and the internal ionic strength that is sensed by the CBS domains. By modifying the CBS domains, we can control the ionic strength dependence of the transporter: deleting a stretch of C-terminal anionic residues shifts the ionic strength dependence to higher values, whereas deleting the CBS domains makes the system largely independent of ionic strength. We present a model for the gating of membrane transport by ionic strength and propose a new role for CBS domains.

背景与目标： : 胱硫醚-β-合酶 (CBS) 结构域在来自所有生命王国的物种中的> 4,000蛋白质中发现，但它们的功能在很大程度上是未知的。串联CBS结构域与膜转运蛋白有关，最著名的是ATP结合盒 (ABC) 超家族的成员; 电压门控氯离子通道和转运蛋白; 阳离子外排系统; 以及各种功能未知的酶，转录因子和蛋白质。现在，我们表明渗透调节ABC转运蛋白OpuA中的串联CBS域是离子强度的传感器，可通过静电切换机制控制传输活性。转运蛋白的开/关状态由膜的表面电荷和CBS域检测到的内部离子强度决定。通过修改CBS域，我们可以控制转运蛋白的离子强度依赖性: 删除一段C末端阴离子残基将离子强度依赖性转移到更高的值，而删除CBS域使系统在很大程度上独立于离子强度。我们提出了一个通过离子强度对膜传输进行门控的模型，并提出了CBS域的新作用。