BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The prevalence of mRNAs coding for the sea urchin embryo regulatory factors P3A1 and P3A2 was measured by single-strand probe excess solution hybridization. P3A1 and P3A2 are not homologous proteins, though they both bind specifically to a particular cis-regulatory sequence. Interaction at this target site is known to be required for lineage-specific expression of an aboral ectoderm-specific gene and probably for several other genes as well. Genome blot hybridizations show that both factors are encoded by single-copy genes. Maternal mRNAs for both factors are present at less than 10(3) molecules per egg, which places them in the rare mRNA class. During development to the mesenchyme blastula stage, the amount of P3A1 mRNA (per embryo) increases severalfold while that of P3A2 remains approximately constant. Specification of the aboral ectoderm founder cells and of their initial patterns of gene expression must occur during early to mid-cleavage stage. Therefore, the regulatory proteins needed for this process must be produced by this stage. We show that the quantities of the P3A proteins that can be synthesized from the numbers of mRNA molecules present in the large blastomeres of the early embryo are sufficient to be functional, because these proteins will be accumulated in the nuclei. Thus maternal P3A1 or P3A2 proteins asre not required, nor were these detected in earlier studies. Furthermore, differential spatial (as well as temporal) distribution of both of these newly synthesized factor species could result from the unequal cleavage pattern utilized in the sea urchin egg.

背景与目标： : 通过单链探针过量溶液杂交测量编码海胆胚胎调节因子P3A1和P3A2的mrna的患病率。P3A1和P3A2不是同源蛋白，尽管它们都与特定的顺式调节序列特异性结合。已知该靶位点的相互作用对于外胚层特异性基因的谱系特异性表达以及其他几个基因也是必需的。基因组印迹杂交表明，这两个因子均由单拷贝基因编码。两种因子的母体mRNA在每个卵中存在的分子少于10(3) 个，这使它们处于稀有mRNA类别中。在发育到间充质囊胚阶段期间，P3A1 mRNA的量 (每个胚胎) 增加了几倍，而P3A2的量保持大致恒定。必须在早期至中期切割阶段对外胚层创始细胞及其基因表达的初始模式进行规范。因此，此过程所需的调节蛋白必须在此阶段产生。我们表明，可以从早期胚胎大卵裂球中存在的mRNA分子的数量合成的P3A蛋白的数量足以发挥功能，因为这些蛋白将积聚在细胞核中。因此，不需要母体P3A1或P3A2蛋白，在早期研究中也未检测到这些蛋白。此外，这两种新合成的因子物种的空间 (和时间) 分布差异可能是由于海胆卵中使用的不相等的卵裂模式造成的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This study reviewed whether participants who were given a continence education package, which included a Continence Educational Brochure (CEB), and who indicated that they were bothered by incontinence symptoms changed health-seeking behaviors about their incontinence problem because of being given the brochure. METHOD:This study used a descriptive and exploratory design. Participants were given the CEB and asked to read the information. They were also asked to complete a continence questionnaire and mail this back to the research team. Participants who indicated that they were bothered by a continence problem and consented to being interviewed were telephoned 2 to 3 months later. They were asked questions to determine their actions and progress in relation to managing their continence problem and whether the CEB had influenced their behavior. SETTING AND SUBJECT:A total of 631 participants (352 females, 55.8%; 279 males, 44.2%) from 4 rural and regional settings in Victoria, Australia, participated. Of this sample, 111 participants (78 females, 70.3%; 33 males, 29.7%) who reported that they were bothered by a continence problem were interviewed 3 months after being given the CEB. RESULTS:Two thirds of the total sample of participants (n=111) sought help for their continence problem. Approximately 70.3% (n=78) continued to have a continence problem. Of this group, 84.6% were still bothered by the continence problem and 65.4% had taken action to treat their incontinence. Forty-nine participants (44.1%) indicated that they had discussed the issue of bladder or bowel problems with someone directly because of this study or the information contained in the brochure. More than 94% of participants who remembered the CEB indicated that they believed the brochure would be helpful if given to other people. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that the CEB prompted individuals to discuss their continence problem and in fewer cases to seek professional help. Given these findings, distribution of a continence education package is advocated as a continence health promotion strategy.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Medial preoptic area (MPOA) and ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (VBST) neurons are involved in maternal behavior, but the neural sites to which the maternally relevant neurons project have not been determined. Since MPOA and VBST neurons express Fos during maternal behavior, we used a double-labeling immunocytochemical procedure to detect both Fos and a retrograde tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), in order to determine where these Fos neurons project. On Day 4 postpartum, fully maternal females were separated from their litters. On Day 5, WGA was iontophoretically injected into one of the following regions known to receive MPOA and/or VBST input: Lateral septum, medial hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus, lateral habenula, ventral tegmental area, retrorubral field, or periaqueductal gray. On Day 7, females received a 2-h test with either pups or candy, after which they were perfused and their brains were processed for the detection of Fos and WGA. As expected, females tested with pups had more Fos-containing neurons in the MPOA and VBST than did females tested with candy. After WGA injections into several brain sites, the number of double-labeled cells observed in the MPOA and VBST was greater for the maternal females when compared to the non-maternal females. Therefore, these results pinpointed neural circuits that were activated during maternal behavior. For the maternal females, Fos-containing neurons in the MPOA projected most strongly to the medial hypothalamus at the level of the ventromedial nucleus and to the lateral septum, while Fos-containing neurons in the VBST projected most strongly to the retrorubral field, ventral tegmental area, and medial hypothalamus. Although relatively few MPOA and VBST neurons which expressed Fos during maternal behavior projected to the periaqueductal gray, these Fos-expressing neurons made up a relatively large proportion of the MPOA and VBST projection to the periaqueductal gray. This study suggests that MPOA and VBST efferents project to a variety of regions to promote full maternal responsiveness.

背景与目标： : 视前区 (MPOA) 和纹状体 (VBST) 神经元的腹床核参与母体行为，但尚未确定与母系相关的神经元投射到的神经部位。由于MPOA和VBST神经元在母体行为中表达Fos，因此我们使用双标记免疫细胞化学程序来检测Fos和逆行示踪剂小麦胚芽凝集素 (WGA)，以确定这些Fos神经元的投射位置。产后第4天，将完全的产妇与产仔分开。在第5天，将WGA离子电渗注射到以下已知接受MPOA和/或VBST输入的区域之一: 外侧隔膜，腹内侧核水平的下丘脑内侧，外侧habenula，腹侧被盖区，脑后野，或导水管周围灰色。在第7天，雌性接受了2小时的幼崽或糖果测试，然后对其进行灌注，并对其大脑进行处理以检测Fos和WGA。正如预期的那样，与用糖果测试的雌性相比，用幼崽测试的雌性在MPOA和VBST中具有更多的含Fos的神经元。在将WGA注射到多个大脑部位后，与非母体女性相比，在MPOA和VBST中观察到的双标记细胞数量更多。因此，这些结果确定了在母体行为期间激活的神经回路。对于母体女性，MPOA中含Fos的神经元最强烈地投射到腹内侧核水平的下丘脑内侧和外侧隔，而VBST中含Fos的神经元最强烈地投射到脑后野，腹侧被盖区和下丘脑内侧。尽管在投射到导水管周围灰色的母体行为中表达Fos的MPOA和VBST神经元相对较少，但这些表达Fos的神经元在MPOA和VBST投射到导水管周围灰色的比例相对较大。这项研究表明，MPOA和VBST传出剂投射到各个地区，以促进孕产妇的全面反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Musical training has emerged as a useful framework for the investigation of training-related plasticity in the human brain. Learning to play an instrument is a highly complex task that involves the interaction of several modalities and higher-order cognitive functions and that results in behavioral, structural, and functional changes on time scales ranging from days to years. While early work focused on comparison of musical experts and novices, more recently an increasing number of controlled training studies provide clear experimental evidence for training effects. Here, we review research investigating brain plasticity induced by musical training, highlight common patterns and possible underlying mechanisms of such plasticity, and integrate these studies with findings and models for mechanisms of plasticity in other domains.

背景与目标： : 音乐训练已成为研究人脑中与训练相关的可塑性的有用框架。学习演奏乐器是一项高度复杂的任务，涉及几种模态和高阶认知功能的相互作用，并导致行为，结构和功能在从数天到数年内的时间范围内发生变化。虽然早期的工作侧重于音乐专家和新手的比较，但最近越来越多的受控训练研究为训练效果提供了明确的实验证据。在这里，我们回顾了研究由音乐训练引起的大脑可塑性的研究，强调了这种可塑性的常见模式和可能的潜在机制，并将这些研究与其他领域的可塑性机制的发现和模型相结合。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Acute stress reactions (ASR) and postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) are frequent after childbirth. The present study addresses the change and overlap of ASR and PDS from the 1- to 3-week postpartum and examines the interplay of caregiver support and subjective birth experience with regard to the development of ASR/PDS within a longitudinal path model. METHOD:A total of 219 mothers completed questionnaires about caregiver support and subjective birth experience (Salmon's Item List) at 48-6-h postpartum. ASR and PDS were measured for 1- and 3-week postpartum. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was used to assess ASR, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess PDS. RESULTS:ASR was frequent 1-week postpartum (44.7%) and declined till week 3 (24.8%, p <.001), while the prevalence of PDS was continuous (14.2% week 1; 12.6% week 3; p = .380). Favorable reports of caregiver support were related to better subjective childbirth experience, which was related to lower ASR and PDS (controlled for age, mode of delivery, parity, EDA and duration of childbirth). CONCLUSION:High quality of intrapartum care and positive birth experiences facilitate psychological adjustment in the first 3-week postpartum.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To quantify the economic burden of maternal health care services on Indian households and examine the levels of expenditure incurred in public and private health care institutions at the national, state and community levels. Cross-sectional population data from the 2004 National Sample Survey Organisation were used, which considered 9,643 households for the analysis where at least one woman received maternal health care services during the year preceding the survey. Multilevel linear regression techniques were used to estimate the effect of household, cluster and state characteristics on the proportion of maternal health care expenditures over total household expenditures. Over 80 % of households reported paying for maternal health care services, with those using private care facilities paying almost 4 times more than those using public facilities. Multilevel analyses show evidence of high burden of maternal health care expenditures, which varied significantly across states according to the level of health care utilisation, and with considerable heterogeneity at the household and community levels. Maternal health care services in India are offered free at the point of delivery, yet many families face significant out-of-pocket expenditures. The recent governmental policy interventions to encourage institutional births by providing nominal financial assistance is a welcome step but this might not help to compensate mothers for other indirect expenditures, especially those living in rural areas and poorer communities who are increasingly seeking care in private facilities.

背景与目标： : 量化孕产妇保健服务对印度家庭的经济负担，并检查国家，州和社区各级公共和私人保健机构的支出水平。使用了2004全国抽样调查组织的横断面人口数据，该数据考虑了9,643家庭进行分析，其中至少有一名妇女在调查前一年接受了孕产妇保健服务。使用多级线性回归技术来估计家庭，集群和州特征对孕产妇保健支出占家庭总支出的比例的影响。超过80% 的家庭报告为孕产妇保健服务付费，使用私人护理设施的家庭付费几乎是使用公共设施的家庭付费的4倍。多层次分析表明，孕产妇保健支出负担很高，根据保健利用水平，各州之间的差异很大，并且在家庭和社区层面具有相当大的异质性。印度的产妇保健服务在分娩时免费提供，但许多家庭面临着大量的自付费用。最近的政府政策干预措施通过提供名义财政援助来鼓励机构分娩是一个可喜的步骤，但这可能无助于补偿母亲的其他间接支出，特别是那些生活在农村地区和贫困社区的母亲，他们越来越多地在私人设施中寻求护理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Imidacloprid was sprayed on mango cv. Dashehari at 0.3 mL L(-1) of water during pre-bloom stage with 6-8 cm panicle size (first week of March) to control hopper and carbosulfan was sprayed at 2.0 mL L(-1) of water in the trees of mango hybrid (H-1000) during fruit development stage (first week of May) to control leaf webber. Residues of both the insecticides were analysed in peel, pulp and fruit at different stages of fruit development and maturity. The initial residues of imidacloprid, after 30 days of spraying, were 1.21, 0.56 and 1.77 mg kg(-1) in peel, pulp and whole fruit, respectively. The residues persisted in peel for 60 days and in pulp for 50 days and dissipated with a half-life of 38 days. Mature Dashehari fruits at harvest (after 85 days of spraying) were free from imidacloprid residues. Carbosulfan in mango peel dissipated from 5.30 mg kg(-1) (after 1 h of spraying) to 0.05 mg kg(-1) at the time of harvest (after 45 days of spraying). Carbosulfan residue in pulp was very low (0.08 mg kg(-1)) after 1 h of spraying, which increased gradually to 0.90 mg kg(-1) after 10 days and finally came down to 0.04 mg kg(-1) after 26 days of spraying. The insecticide residue was not detected in the pulp at the time of harvest. The residues persisted in pulp for 26 days and in peel for 45 days and degraded with a half-life of 7 days. The dissipation of both imidacloprid and carbosulfan followed first order rate kinetics in whole fruit (peel + pulp). Therefore, the safe pre-harvest intervals were suggested to be 55 days for imidacloprid and 46 days for carbosulfan before consumption of mango fruits after spraying of these insecticides.

背景与目标： : 吡虫啉喷洒在芒果上。在开花前阶段以0.3 mL L(-1) 的水进行Dashehari，穗大小为6-8厘米 (3月的第一周) 以控制料斗，并在果实发育阶段 (第一个) 的芒果杂种 (H-1000) 的树木中喷洒2.0 mL L(-1) 的水5月的一周) 来控制叶韦伯。在果实发育和成熟的不同阶段，分析了两种杀虫剂在果皮，果肉和果实中的残留。喷洒30天后，吡虫啉的初始残留量分别为1.21，0.56和1.77 mg kg(-1)，在果皮，果肉和整个水果中。残留物在果皮中持续60天，在纸浆中持续50天，并消散，半衰期为38天。收获时成熟的Dashehari果实 (喷洒85天后) 不含吡虫啉残留物。芒果果皮中的硫丹从5.30 mg kg(-1) (喷雾1小时后) 消散至收获时 (喷雾45天后) 的0.05 mg kg(-1)。喷洒1小时后，纸浆中的硫丹碳残留量非常低 (0.08 mg kg(-1))，10天后逐渐增加到0.90 mg kg(-1)，最后在喷洒26天后降至0.04 mg kg(-1)。收获时未在果肉中检测到杀虫剂残留物。残留物在纸浆中持续26天，在果皮中持续45天，半衰期为7天。吡虫啉和硫丹的耗散均遵循整个果实 (果皮果肉) 的一级速率动力学。因此，建议在喷洒这些杀虫剂后食用芒果果实之前，吡虫啉的安全收获前间隔为55天，而硫丹的安全收获前间隔为46天。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in the leukocyte and differential leukocyte counts in different trimesters of pregnancy and the initial postpartum period. The study population consisted of 40,325 pregnant women. A full blood count and automated differential leukocyte count were performed and all the haemogram results in the different trimesters of pregnancy were recorded. Percentiles were calculated using statistical software. A total of 82,786 complete blood count evaluations were performed in 40,325 subjects from the 6th to 41st week of pregnancy and in the initial postpartum period. The leukocyte counts increased from the 1st to the 3rd trimester and peaked in the initial postpartum period. Our reference values for the total and differential leukocyte counts may assist clinicians in distinguishing between leukocytosis and pathological elevation of the white blood cell count during pregnancy and the initial postpartum period. Impact statement Pregnancy requires profound adaptation by multiple systems to accommodate the demands of the developing foetus. Similar to all other systems, many haematological changes occur during pregnancy. Studies of normal variation in leukocyte counts were insufficient to distinguish normal from abnormal leukocyte counts during pregnancy and in the initial postpartum period, due to small numbers of patients and a lack of differential leukocyte counts. Without reference leukocyte levels, infections may be more difficult to assess during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. In this study, we report the 3rd, 5th, 10th, 50th, 95th and 99th percentile values for the total and differential leukocyte counts according to trimester in normal pregnancy and the initial postpartum period. Our reference values for the total and differential leukocyte counts in each trimester and the initial postpartum period may assist clinicians in distinguishing between normal leukocytosis and pathological elevation of the white blood cell count during pregnancy and the initial postpartum period. Our results may prevent misdiagnosis of physiological elevated leukocytes as bacterial infection that leads to unnecessary medication use that may compromise the foetus.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是调查妊娠不同三个月和产后初期白细胞和白细胞计数差异的变化。研究人群由40,325名孕妇组成。进行了全血细胞计数和自动差异白细胞计数，并记录了妊娠不同三个月的所有血象结果。使用统计软件计算百分位数。从怀孕的第6周至第41周和产后初期，对40,325名受试者进行了总共82,786次全血细胞计数评估。白细胞计数从第1个月到第3个月增加，并在产后初期达到峰值。我们的总白细胞计数和差异白细胞计数参考值可以帮助临床医生区分白细胞增多和妊娠和产后初期白细胞计数的病理升高。影响声明怀孕需要多个系统进行深刻的适应，以适应发育中的胎儿的需求。与所有其他系统相似，许多血液学变化发生在怀孕期间。由于患者人数少且缺乏差异的白细胞计数，对白细胞计数正常变化的研究不足以区分妊娠期间和产后初期的正常白细胞计数与异常白细胞计数。如果没有参考白细胞水平，则在怀孕期间和产后期间可能更难评估感染。在这项研究中，我们根据正常妊娠和产后初期的三个月报告了总白细胞计数和差异白细胞计数的第3、5、10、50、95和99个百分位数值。我们在每个孕期和产后初期的总白细胞计数和差异白细胞计数的参考值可以帮助临床医生区分正常的白细胞增多和妊娠和产后初期的白细胞计数的病理升高。我们的结果可以防止将生理性白细胞升高误诊为细菌感染，从而导致不必要的药物使用，从而可能损害胎儿。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Self-regulation processes and violent contexts play an important role in predicting adolescents' aggressive behavior; less clear is how all three constructs are linked to each other over time. The present study examined the longitudinal relations among adolescents' self-reported effortful control (EC), exposure to community violence, both as a witness and as a victim, and aggressive behavior. Participants were 768 Italian adolescents (358 males) living in a high-risk context, with a mean age at T1 of 11 years in the younger cohort and 14 years in the older cohort. In a four-wave cross-lagged panel design, low EC was a strong predictor of aggressive behavior across each time point, whereas aggressive behavior was found to positively predict adolescents' violence exposure both as witnesses and victims. Some evidence of transactional relations was also found between adjustment problems and exposure to community violence and between EC and externalizing problems. Moreover, EC was indirectly related to exposure to violence through externalizing problems, and mediated the relation of witnessing community violence to aggression, thus supporting the view that top-down regulatory processes play a complex role in the development of violence and other externalizing problems. The importance of considering interventions that take in account these complex relations is discussed.

背景与目标： : 自我调节过程和暴力环境在预测青少年的攻击行为中起着重要作用; 不太清楚的是随着时间的推移，所有三个结构如何相互联系。本研究调查了青少年自我报告的努力控制 (EC)，作为证人和受害者暴露于社区暴力以及攻击行为之间的纵向关系。参与者为768名生活在高风险环境中的意大利青少年 (358名男性)，在T1时，年轻队列的平均年龄为11岁，而老年队列的平均年龄为14岁。在四波交叉滞后面板设计中，低EC是每个时间点攻击行为的有力预测指标，而攻击行为被发现可以积极预测青少年作为证人和受害者的暴力暴露。在调整问题和社区暴力暴露之间以及欧共体和外部化问题之间，也发现了一些交易关系的证据。此外，欧共体通过外部化问题与暴力接触间接相关，并调解了目睹社区暴力与攻击的关系，从而支持自上而下的监管程序在暴力和其他外部化问题的发展中起着复杂作用的观点。讨论了考虑这些复杂关系的干预措施的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This review describes epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, treatment and prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents. As one of the leading causes of death of young adults, adolescent suicide has become a public health problem and an increase in the adolescent suicide rate has been observed over the past several decades. One important risk factor thought to contribute to the recent rise in suicidal behavior among young adults is increasing alcohol abuse among adolescents. The link between alcohol and suicide in adolescents is complicated and multiple risk factors are important in explaining and understanding suicidal behavior among adolescents. Comorbid psychopathology, which is common among adolescent alcohol abusers, substantially increases the risk for suicide behavior. Availability of alcohol and guns at home may also contribute to suicide risk in adolescents. Studies of stress hormones, brain neurotransmitters, hereditary factors, behavioral measures and gender differences shed light in understanding this complex phenomenon. Ideally, treatment of adolescents who receive a diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder and co-occurring suicidality should follow an integrated protocol that addresses both conditions. Future studies of psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of suicidality in adolescents with alcohol and/or substance abuse are merited.

背景与目标： : 这篇综述描述了青少年自杀行为流行病学，病理生理学，危险因素，治疗和预防。作为年轻人死亡的主要原因之一，青少年自杀已成为公共卫生问题，并且在过去几十年中观察到青少年自杀率上升。被认为是导致年轻人自杀行为最近上升的一个重要危险因素是青少年酗酒增加。青少年酒精与自杀之间的联系很复杂，多种危险因素对于解释和理解青少年的自杀行为很重要。在青少年酗酒者中常见的合并症精神病理学大大增加了自杀行为的风险。家里有酒精和枪支也可能导致青少年自杀风险。对应激激素，脑神经递质，遗传因素，行为措施和性别差异的研究为理解这一复杂现象提供了启示。理想情况下，接受酒精使用障碍和同时发生自杀的诊断的青少年的治疗应遵循解决这两种情况的综合方案。值得对酗酒和/或滥用药物的青少年自杀的心理和神经生物学机制进行进一步研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Non-compliance with oral self-care recommendations, despite education and motivation, is a major problem in preventive dentistry. Forming concrete if-then action plans has been successful in changing self-care behavior in other areas of preventive medicine. This is the first trial to test the effects of a brief planning intervention on interdental hygiene behavior. Two hundred thirty-nine participants received a packet of floss, information, and a flossing guide. They were randomly assigned to a control or an intervention group. The intervention took 1.16 minutes and consisted of forming a concrete plan of where, when, and how to floss. Baseline measures and two-week and two-month follow-ups included self-report, residual floss, and theory of planned behavior variables. The intervention significantly affected flossing in that group at two-week and two-month follow-ups, as compared with the control group. This study provides evidence for the effects of a concise intervention on oral self-care behavior.

背景与目标： : 尽管受过教育和动机，但不遵守口腔自我保健建议是预防牙科的主要问题。制定具体的if-then行动计划已成功地改变了预防医学其他领域的自我护理行为。这是第一个测试简短计划干预对齿间卫生行为影响的试验。两百三十九名参与者收到了一包牙线，信息和牙线指南。他们被随机分配到对照组或干预组。干预花费了1.16分钟，包括在哪里，何时以及如何使用牙线形成具体计划。基线测量以及两周和两个月的随访包括自我报告，残留牙线和计划行为变量理论。与对照组相比，该干预在两周和两个月的随访中显着影响了该组的牙线。这项研究为简明干预对口腔自我护理行为的影响提供了证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Millions of people worldwide use over-the-counter analgesics on a regular basis; yet little is known about how decisions to self-medicate are made. This study used the theory of planned behavior to explore the influence of beliefs about medicines (Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire) and individual pain experience as predictors of intent to self-medicate. Both emerged as significant predictors of intent to self-medicate. Furthermore, intent to self-medicate significantly predicted reported use of analgesics. These findings indicate that use of over-the-counter pain medication is more likely when the value of the pain relief is greater than concerns about harm.

背景与目标： : 全世界有数百万人定期使用非处方止痛药; 然而，对于如何做出自我药物的决定知之甚少。这项研究使用计划行为理论来探索对药物的信念 (关于药物的信念问卷) 和个人疼痛体验的影响，以此作为自我治疗意图的预测指标。两者都成为自我治疗意图的重要预测指标。此外，自我药物治疗的意图显著预测了镇痛药的使用。这些发现表明，当缓解疼痛的价值大于对伤害的担忧时，使用非处方止痛药的可能性更大。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PROBLEM:It is unclear if the immunologic alterations induced by pregnancy could persist. METHOD OF STUDY:Antenatal rubella sero-negativity was correlated with gravidity, abortions and parity in 112 083 gravidae managed during 1997-2015, with further analysis stratified for factors known to influence rubella serology. RESULTS:The 10.2% sero-negative gravidae had different characteristics, and the incidence showed significant difference and positive trend (P<.001 for both) with gravidity, abortions and parity. The pattern remained consistent when analysis was stratified for advanced age, high body mass index and medical history, but was negated by hepatitis B virus infection except for abortions, and by high body mass index for parity. For gravidity 2-4, no difference in rubella sero-negativity was found between gravidae with all previous pregnancies ended in abortion vs delivery. CONCLUSION:Prior pregnancies diminished rubella immunity in a dose-dependent manner, which may be a reflection of the cumulative effect of pregnancy-associated maternal immunologic alteration.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The goal of the study was to elucidate the relationship between serum circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and body weight reduction via lifestyle modification and behavior therapy in obese non-diabetic patients with chronic schizophrenia. Thirty-three obese non-diabetic subjects with schizophrenia treated with stable antipsychotic medication in a day-care unit for at least 3 months were recruited. Thirty age-, body weight-matched subjects without psychiatric disorders were enrolled as controls. All participants underwent a 10-week weight reduction program, including lifestyle modification, psychosocial treatment, behavior therapy and exercise in the day-care unit. Blood biochemistry, serum BDNF, adipokine (adiponectin), inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6) and oral glucose tolerance test were evaluated before and after the program. Serum BDNF concentrations were significantly lower among patients with schizophrenia compared to control subjects. Serum BDNF levels were significantly increased following the weight reduction program. Elevations in serum BDNF levels were positively correlated with body weight and body mass index reduction. Altogether, our results demonstrate that a non-pharmacological weight reduction program effectively reduces body weight with significant elevation of serum BDNF levels in obese non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia.

背景与目标： : 该研究的目的是阐明肥胖的非糖尿病慢性精神分裂症患者血清循环脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF) 与通过改变生活方式和行为疗法减轻体重之间的关系。招募了33名肥胖的非糖尿病精神分裂症患者，他们在日托病房接受了稳定的抗精神病药物治疗至少3个月。纳入了30名年龄，体重匹配的无精神疾病的受试者作为对照。所有参与者都接受了为期10周的减肥计划，包括改变生活方式，心理社会治疗，行为治疗和在日托单元进行锻炼。方案前后分别进行血生化、血清BDNF、脂肪因子 (脂联素) 、炎症标志物 (C-反应蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子-α 和interleukin-6) 及口服葡萄糖耐量试验。与对照组相比，精神分裂症患者的血清BDNF浓度显着降低。减肥计划后，血清BDNF水平显着增加。血清BDNF水平升高与体重和体重指数降低呈正相关。总之，我们的结果表明，在肥胖的非糖尿病精神分裂症患者中，非药物减肥计划可有效降低体重，并显着提高血清BDNF水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Do free will beliefs influence moral judgments? Answers to this question from theoretical and empirical perspectives are controversial. This study attempted to replicate past research and offer theoretical insights by analyzing World Values Survey data from residents of 46 countries (n = 65,111 persons). Corroborating experimental findings, free will beliefs predicted intolerance of unethical behaviors and support for severe criminal punishment. Further, the link between free will beliefs and intolerance of unethical behavior was moderated by variations in countries' institutional integrity, defined as the degree to which countries had accountable, corruption-free public sectors. Free will beliefs predicted intolerance of unethical behaviors for residents of countries with high and moderate institutional integrity, but this correlation was not seen for countries with low institutional integrity. Free will beliefs predicted support for criminal punishment regardless of countries' institutional integrity. Results were robust across different operationalizations of institutional integrity and with or without statistical control variables.

背景与目标： : 自由意志信仰会影响道德判断吗？从理论和实证的角度回答这个问题是有争议的。本研究试图通过分析来自46个国家 (n = 65,111人) 的居民的世界价值调查数据来复制过去的研究并提供理论见解。证实了实验结果，自由意志信念预测了对不道德行为的不容忍以及对严厉刑事处罚的支持。此外，自由意志信念与对不道德行为的不容忍之间的联系受到国家机构完整性差异的调节，机构完整性的定义是国家对公共部门负责的程度，无腐败。自由意志信念预测了机构完整性高和中等国家的居民对不道德行为的不容忍，但是对于机构完整性低的国家却没有这种相关性。自由意志信念预测，无论国家的机构完整性如何，都将支持刑事处罚。在机构完整性的不同操作中，无论有无统计控制变量，结果都是稳健的。