BACKGROUND & AIMS:
In Africa the highest HIV infection rate has been reported among female commercial sex workers (CSWs) who are at increasing risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV infection. In October 1995, 176 CSWs were studied in Bamako, the capital city of Mali. The ages of the CSWs ranged from 15 to 50 years old (mean, 28.8 years). Only 20.45% of the 176 CSWs were Malian; the majority were from Nigeria (32.9%) and Ghana (31.8%), and the remaining were from other African countries. Forty-one percent were active for less than 1 year as a commercial sex worker, and the length of prostitution for the remaining women ranged from 1 to 15 years (mean, 2.76). A total of 81 (46.02%) of the 176 CSWs were positive for HIV antibodies; 63 (35.8%) were HIV-1 positive, (3.9%) were HIV-2 positive, 11 (6.2%) had antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2, and none of them had antibodies to group O viruses. For all HIV antibody-positive samples, PBMCs were separated and genetic subtypes of HIV-1 were determined using the heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), with ED5-ED12 as outer and ES7-ES8 as inner primers. Among the 66 HIV-1 strains characterized, 53 (80.3%) were subtype A, 2 (3.1%) belonged to subtype C, 1 (1.5%) belonged to subtype D, and 10 (15.1%) were identified as subtype G. Among the 10 subtype G strains, 8 were obtained from women who were very recent CSWs, with an activity of 1 year or less, assuming that there is a high probability that these infections occurred recently. Genetic subtypes of five HIV-2 viruses were determined by sequencing of the env and/or gag genes followed by phylogenetic analysis, and all of them belonged to subtype A. Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 seroprevalence data from our study with previous data from Mali shows a significant rise in HIV-1 prevalence and a significant decrease in HIV-2 prevalence and confirms similar trends observed in neighboring countries. We have found four different genetic subtypes of HIV-1; however, subtype A is predominant and accounts for 80% of the cases and 15% of the HIV-1 infections were subtype G. It is important to continue the surveillance of subtypes on a systematic basis in order to see to what extent the proportions of the different subtypes will change over time.
The genetic variability of HIV-1 was investigated in a 1995 study of 176 commercial sex workers (CSWs) recruited in different areas in Bamako, Mali. 36 CSWs (20.45%) were born in Mali; 58 (32.9%) were from Nigeria and 56 (31.8%) were from Ghana. They ranged in age from 15-50 years (mean, 28.8 years). 41% of sex workers had been active for less than 12 months; the remaining women had been CSWs for 1-15 years (mean, 2.76 years). Of the 81 CSWs (46.02%) who were HIV-positive, 63 (35.8%) were infected with HIV-1, 7 (3.9%) with HIV-2, and the remaining 11 (6.2%) had antibodies to both HIV-1 and HIV-2. In contrast to other studies conducted among CSWs in Africa, none of these sex workers had antibodies to group O viruses. HIV-1 prevalence increased with age and length of time in prostitution and was higher among women with a history of sexually transmitted diseases. Among the 66 HIV-1 strains characterized, 53 (80.3%) were subtype A, 2 (3.1%) belonged to subtype C, 1 (1.5%) belonged to subtype D, and 10 (15.1%) were identified as subtype G. These results indicate a significant rise in HIV-1 prevalence and significant decreases in HIV-2 and combined HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence (10%, 15%, and 13%, respectively, in 1985). Ongoing surveillance of HIV-1 subtypes in Africa is important to identify shifts in the proportions of different subtypes over time. The genetic diversity of HIV has important implications for vaccine development.
背景与目标:
据报道,在非洲,女性商业性工作者 (csw) 中艾滋病毒感染率最高,她们感染和传播艾滋病毒的风险越来越大。1995年10月,在马里首都巴马科研究了176名csw。Csw的年龄范围为15至50岁 (平均28.8岁)。176的csw中只有20.45% 是马里人; 大多数来自尼日利亚 (32.9%) 和加纳 (31.8%),其余来自其他非洲国家。40名1% 作为商业性工作者活跃的时间不到1年,其余妇女的卖淫时间为1至15年 (平均2.76年)。176例csw中共有81例 (46.02% 例) HIV抗体呈阳性; 63例 (35.8% 例) HIV-1阳性,(3.9% 例) HIV-2阳性,11例 (6.2% 例) 具有HIV-1和HIV-2抗体,并且它们都没有O组病毒的抗体。对于所有HIV抗体阳性样品,使用异双链迁移率测定 (HMA) 分离pbmc并确定HIV-1的遗传亚型,其中ED5-ED12为外部引物,ES7-ES8为内部引物。在表征的66个HIV-1菌株中,A亚型53个 (80.3%),C亚型2个 (3.1%),D亚型1个 (1.5%),G亚型10个 (15.1%)。在10个亚型G菌株中,有8个是从最近的csw妇女中获得的,活性为1年或更短,假设这些感染最近发生的可能性很高。通过对env和/或gag基因进行测序,然后进行系统发育分析,确定了5种HIV-2病毒的遗传亚型,它们均属于A亚型。我们研究的HIV-1和HIV-2血清阳性率数据与马里以前的数据的比较表明,HIV-1患病率显着上升,HIV-2患病率显着下降,并证实了在邻国观察到的类似趋势。我们发现了四种不同的HIV-1遗传亚型; 然而,A亚型占主导地位,占80% 例,HIV-1感染中有15% 例是G亚型。重要的是要在系统的基础上继续监测亚型,以了解不同亚型的比例将在多大程度上随着时间的推移而变化。
HIV-1的遗传变异性在一项针对不同地区招募的176名商业性工作者 (csw) 的1995研究中进行了调查在巴马科,马里。36名csw (20.45% 名) 出生在马里; 58 (32.9%) 来自尼日利亚,56 (31.8%) 来自加纳。他们的年龄范围为15-50岁 (平均28.8岁)。41% 性工作者的活动时间不到12个月; 其余妇女从事csw工作1-15年 (平均2.76年)。在81名HIV阳性的csw (46.02% 名) 中,有63名 (35.8% 名) 感染了HIV-1,7名 (3.9% 名) 感染了HIV-2,其余11名 (6.2% 名) 具有HIV-1和HIV-2抗体。与在非洲的csw中进行的其他研究相反,这些性工作者都没有O组病毒的抗体。HIV-1患病率随着卖淫的年龄和时间长短而增加,有性传播疾病史的妇女患病率更高。在表征的66个HIV-1菌株中,A亚型53个 (80.3%),C亚型2个 (3.1%),D亚型1个 (1.5%),G亚型10个 (15.1%)。这些结果表明HIV-1患病率显着上升,HIV-2以及HIV-1和HIV-2综合患病率显着下降 (1985年分别为10% 、15% 和13%)。对非洲HIV-1亚型的持续监测对于确定不同亚型比例随时间的变化非常重要。HIV的遗传多样性对疫苗开发具有重要意义。