BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To assess the technical feasibility, thrombogenicity, and biocompatibility of a new biodegradable poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) anastomotic stent. METHODS:A polytetrafluoroethylene bifurcated graft was implanted in 17 pigs through a midline abdominal incision. After transverse graft incision, 17 316L stainless steel stents and 17 PLLA stents were randomly implanted at both iliac anastomotic sites and deployed with a 6-mm balloon under direct vision without angiography. Intended follow-up was 1 week in 6 pigs receiving oral acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and in 7 pigs receiving ASA/clopidogrel; 4 pigs receiving ASA/clopidogrel were followed for 6 weeks. At the end of the study, the segments containing the stents were surgically explanted and processed for histology to measure the mean luminal diameter, intimal thickness, and the vascular injury and inflammation scores. RESULTS:Initial technical success of stent placement was achieved in all animals without rupture of the suture. Two pigs died (unrelated to the stent) at 3 days after operation (1 in groups A and B). At 1 week, all PLLA stents showed thrombotic occlusion with the use of ASA alone. In contrast, all PLLA stents remained patent with concurrent administration of ASA/clopidogrel. All metal stents were patent regardless of the antiplatelet regimen. The mean luminal diameter of patent PLLA stents (4.13+/-0.17 mm) was comparable to metal stents (4.27+/-0.35 mm, p=0.78) at 1 week, but significantly diminished at 6 weeks (3.21+/-0.44 versus 4.19+/-0.18 mm, p=0.005). Histological analysis showed no signs of excessive recoil. PLLA stents induced a higher inflammation score (1.79+/-0.56) and more intimal hyperplasia (0.34+/-0.11 mm) compared to metal stents [1.27+/-0.44 mm (p<0.001) and 0.18+/-0.04 mm (p=0.006), respectively] at 6 weeks. Vascular injury was comparable between PLLA and metal stents. CONCLUSION:Biodegradable PLLA stents showed higher thrombogenicity and reduced patency compared to metal stents during early follow-up. Although ASA and clopidogrel prevented thrombotic occlusion, the increased inflammatory response and neointima formation remain major concerns of PLLA stents. A solution to this problem might be the incorporation of anti-inflammatory drugs into the PLLA stent.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mucin-type glycoproteins carrying sialylLeA antigens (SL-GP) were isolated from the ascites fluid of a patient with colorectal cancer. SL-GP bound to E-selectin on endothelial cells in Ca2+- and sialylLeA antigen-dependent manners. To examine the metabolic change in E-selectin caused by ligation, endothelial cells were labeled with 32P-phosphate or 35S-Met and 35S-Cys. Phosphorylation at one or more serine residues of E-selectin was elevated by ligation with SL-GP but not with sialylLeA hexasaccharide. Pulse-labeling of E-selectin with 35S-Met and 35S-Cys in the presence of SL-GP indicated that the degradation of E-selectin was accelerated by SL-GP ligation, but labeling after pre-ligation with SL-GP revealed an increase in the synthesis of E-selectin. The synthesis may reflect compensation for the E-selectin degraded on pre-ligation. These results indicate that the overall metabolism of E-selectin was enhanced by the ligation of SL-GP, with degradation and synthesis being apparently balanced.

背景与目标： 从大肠癌患者的腹水中分离出携带唾液酸抗原 (sl-gp) 的粘蛋白型糖蛋白。SL-GP以Ca2 + 和唾液酸抗原依赖的方式与内皮细胞上的E-选择素结合。为了检查由连接引起的E-选择素的代谢变化，内皮细胞用32p磷酸盐或35S-Met和35S-Cys标记。通过与SL-GP连接而不是与唾液酸六糖连接，E-选择素的一个或多个丝氨酸残基的磷酸化升高。在SL-GP存在下，用35S-Met和35S-Cys对E-选择素进行脉冲标记表明，SL-GP连接可加速E-选择素的降解，但用SL-GP预连接后标记显示E-选择素的合成增加。合成可能反映了对预连接时降解的E-选择素的补偿。这些结果表明，SL-GP的连接增强了E-选择素的整体代谢，降解和合成明显平衡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Folva) to partial root-zone drying (PRD) were investigated in potted plants in a greenhouse (GH) and in plants grown in the field under an automatic rain-out-shelter. In the GH, irrigation was applied daily to the whole root system (FI), or to one-half of the root system while the other half was dried, for 9 d. In the field, the plants were drip irrigated either to the whole root system near field capacity (FI) or using 70% water of FI to one side of the roots, and shifted to the other side every 5-10 d (PRD). PRD plants had a similar midday leaf water potential to that of FI, whereas in the GH their root water potential (Psi(r)) was significantly lowered after 5 d. Stomatal conductance (g(s)) was more sensitive to PRD than photosynthesis (A) particularly in the field, leading to greater intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE) (i.e. A/g(s)) in PRD than in FI plants on several days. In PRD, the xylem sap abscisic acid concentration ([ABA](xylem)) increased exponentially with decreasing Psi(r); and the relative [ABA](xylem) (PRD/FI) increased exponentially as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) in the drying side decreased. In the field, the leaf area index was slightly less in PRD than in FI treatment, while tuber biomass was similar for the two treatments. Compared with FI, PRD treatment saved 30% water and increased crop water use efficiency (WUE) by 59%. Restrictions on leaf area expansion and g(s) by PRD-induced ABA signals might have contributed to reduced water use and increased WUE.

背景与目标： : 研究了马铃薯 (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Folva) 对部分根区干燥 (PRD) 的生理响应在温室 (GH) 的盆栽植物和在自动雨淋下在田间种植的植物中进行遮蔽。在GH中，每天对整个根系 (FI) 或根系的一半进行灌溉，而另一半干燥，持续9天。在田间，将植物滴灌到整个根系近场容量 (FI) 或使用70% 的FI水到根的一侧，并每5-10 d (PRD) 转移到另一侧。PRD植物的正午叶水势与FI相似，而在GH中，其根水势 (Psi(r)) 在5 d后显着降低。气孔导度 (g(s)) 对PRD比对光合作用更敏感 (a)，尤其是在田间，导致PRD的固有用水效率 (WUE) (即A/g(s)) 比FI工厂在几天内更高。在PRD中，木质部汁液脱落酸浓度 ([ABA](xylem)) 随Psi(r) 的降低呈指数增长; 随着干燥侧可蒸腾土壤水 (FTSW) 的比例降低，相对 [ABA](木质部) (PRD/FI) 呈指数增长。在田间，PRD的叶面积指数略低于FI处理，而两种处理的块茎生物量相似。59% 年，与FI相比，PRD处理可节省30% 水分，提高作物水分利用效率 (WUE)。PRD诱导的ABA信号对叶面积扩张和g(s) 的限制可能有助于减少用水量和增加WUE。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Imidacloprid was sprayed on mango cv. Dashehari at 0.3 mL L(-1) of water during pre-bloom stage with 6-8 cm panicle size (first week of March) to control hopper and carbosulfan was sprayed at 2.0 mL L(-1) of water in the trees of mango hybrid (H-1000) during fruit development stage (first week of May) to control leaf webber. Residues of both the insecticides were analysed in peel, pulp and fruit at different stages of fruit development and maturity. The initial residues of imidacloprid, after 30 days of spraying, were 1.21, 0.56 and 1.77 mg kg(-1) in peel, pulp and whole fruit, respectively. The residues persisted in peel for 60 days and in pulp for 50 days and dissipated with a half-life of 38 days. Mature Dashehari fruits at harvest (after 85 days of spraying) were free from imidacloprid residues. Carbosulfan in mango peel dissipated from 5.30 mg kg(-1) (after 1 h of spraying) to 0.05 mg kg(-1) at the time of harvest (after 45 days of spraying). Carbosulfan residue in pulp was very low (0.08 mg kg(-1)) after 1 h of spraying, which increased gradually to 0.90 mg kg(-1) after 10 days and finally came down to 0.04 mg kg(-1) after 26 days of spraying. The insecticide residue was not detected in the pulp at the time of harvest. The residues persisted in pulp for 26 days and in peel for 45 days and degraded with a half-life of 7 days. The dissipation of both imidacloprid and carbosulfan followed first order rate kinetics in whole fruit (peel + pulp). Therefore, the safe pre-harvest intervals were suggested to be 55 days for imidacloprid and 46 days for carbosulfan before consumption of mango fruits after spraying of these insecticides.

背景与目标： : 吡虫啉喷洒在芒果上。在开花前阶段以0.3 mL L(-1) 的水进行Dashehari，穗大小为6-8厘米 (3月的第一周) 以控制料斗，并在果实发育阶段 (第一个) 的芒果杂种 (H-1000) 的树木中喷洒2.0 mL L(-1) 的水5月的一周) 来控制叶韦伯。在果实发育和成熟的不同阶段，分析了两种杀虫剂在果皮，果肉和果实中的残留。喷洒30天后，吡虫啉的初始残留量分别为1.21，0.56和1.77 mg kg(-1)，在果皮，果肉和整个水果中。残留物在果皮中持续60天，在纸浆中持续50天，并消散，半衰期为38天。收获时成熟的Dashehari果实 (喷洒85天后) 不含吡虫啉残留物。芒果果皮中的硫丹从5.30 mg kg(-1) (喷雾1小时后) 消散至收获时 (喷雾45天后) 的0.05 mg kg(-1)。喷洒1小时后，纸浆中的硫丹碳残留量非常低 (0.08 mg kg(-1))，10天后逐渐增加到0.90 mg kg(-1)，最后在喷洒26天后降至0.04 mg kg(-1)。收获时未在果肉中检测到杀虫剂残留物。残留物在纸浆中持续26天，在果皮中持续45天，半衰期为7天。吡虫啉和硫丹的耗散均遵循整个果实 (果皮果肉) 的一级速率动力学。因此，建议在喷洒这些杀虫剂后食用芒果果实之前，吡虫啉的安全收获前间隔为55天，而硫丹的安全收获前间隔为46天。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Synaptosomes isolated from adult rat cerebral cortices were used for studying the uptake of L-leucine by the Na(+)-dependent route. Three non-metabolizable amino acid analogues, which had been used previously to discriminate the Na(+)-dependent A-type uptake system of animal cells, were employed in this study. It was found that Na(+)-dependent uptake of leucine was insensitive to inhibition by 2-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and N-methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) whereas N-methylalanine (NMA) was markedly inhibitory. Inhibition by NMA was stereospecific--only the L-isomer had a pronounced effect. Na(+)-dependent uptake of leucine as well as its inhibition by L-NMA were rather insensitive to changes in pH from 6 to 9. Kinetic analysis of inhibition by L-NMA of Na(+)-dependent uptake revealed a non-competitive type of inhibition with a Ki value of approximately 0.5 mM.

背景与目标： : 从成年大鼠大脑皮层分离的突触体用于研究Na () 依赖性途径对L-亮氨酸的吸收。本研究采用了三种不可代谢的氨基酸类似物，这些类似物以前曾用于区分动物细胞的Na () 依赖性a型摄取系统。发现亮氨酸的Na () 依赖性摄取对2-氨基异丁酸 (AIB) 和N-甲基氨基异丁酸 (MeAIB) 的抑制不敏感，而N-甲基丙氨酸 (NMA) 则明显抑制。NMA的抑制是立体定向的-只有L-异构体具有明显的作用。亮氨酸的Na () 依赖性摄取及其对L-NMA的抑制作用对pH从6到9的变化非常不敏感。通过L-NMA抑制Na () 依赖性摄取的动力学分析表明，Ki值约为0.5 mM的非竞争性抑制类型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The oxidized and semiquinone anion radical forms of flavin mononucleotide carried by flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate monooxygenase have been studied by resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. The RR spectra of their oxidized forms are compared with previously published RR data on various flavins and flavoproteins. Taking as a support available X-ray crystallographic data on flavoproteins, we have found correlations between the frequencies of RR bands II (1575-1588 cm-1), III (1534-1557 cm-1), and X (1244-1266 cm-1) and the H-bonding environment and/or the structure of the flavin ring. The present RR data provide strong evidence that the electron density, the conformation, and the H-bonding environment of the oxidized flavin mononucleotide of flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate monooxygenase are different. As far as the anionic semiquinone form of flavoproteins is concerned, the behavior of two bands observed at 1280-1300 and 1320-1350 cm-1 suggests that they have vibrational origins similar to those of RR bands II and III of oxidized compounds. On this basis, the differences in conformation and H-bonding environment of the isoalloxazine ring, observed for the oxidized form of flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate monooxygenase, appear to be preserved upon one-electron reduction of the flavin. For both flavoproteins, the RR spectra of the semiquinone form are affected by pyruvate binding. The data are interpreted in the frame of a change in H-bonding interaction of the C4&dbd;O carbonyl group of the flavin without significant alteration of the isoalloxazine conformation. This modification in electrostatic interaction quantitatively accounts for the pyruvate-induced changes of the oxidized/semiquinone and semiquinone/reduced redox potentials of the flavoproteins. Considering the high homology in the flavin catalytic sites of flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate monooxygenase, the observed differences in H-bonding environment and conformation of the FMN ring are related to the different biological functions of the two flavoproteins.

背景与目标： 已通过共振拉曼 (RR) 光谱研究了黄细胞色素b2和L-乳酸单加氧酶携带的黄素单核苷酸的氧化和半醌阴离子自由基形式。将其氧化形式的RR光谱与先前发布的各种黄素和黄素蛋白的RR数据进行比较。以可用的关于黄素蛋白的x射线晶体学数据为支持，我们发现RR波段II (1575-1588厘米-1)，III (1534-1557厘米-1)，和X (1244-1266厘米-1) 和H键环境和/或黄素环的结构。当前的RR数据提供了有力的证据，表明黄细胞色素b2和L-乳酸单加氧酶的氧化黄素单核苷酸的电子密度，构象和H键环境不同。就黄素蛋白的阴离子半醌形式而言，在1280-1300和1320-1350厘米-1处观察到的两个带的行为表明它们具有类似于氧化化合物的RR带II和III的振动起源。在此基础上，对于黄色素b2和L-乳酸单加氧酶的氧化形式观察到的异alloxazine环的构象和H键环境的差异似乎在黄素的单电子还原后得以保留。对于两种黄素蛋白，半醌形式的RR光谱均受丙酮酸结合的影响。在C4和dbd的H键相互作用变化的框架内解释数据; 黄素的O羰基，而异alloxazine构象没有明显改变。静电相互作用中的这种修饰定量地解释了丙酮酸诱导的黄素蛋白的氧化/半醌和半醌/降低的氧化还原电位的变化。考虑到黄细胞色素b2和L-乳酸单加氧酶的黄素催化位点的高度同源性，观察到的H键环境和FMN环构象的差异与两种黄素蛋白的不同生物学功能有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rat brain synaptosomal membranes that are depleted of endogenous excitatory amino acids cannot bind [(+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d]cyclohept-5,10-imine maleate] ([3H]MK-801). However, they do so upon the restoration of excitatory amino acid agonists such as L-glutamate. [3H]MK-801 provides a molecular probe which is specific for a binding site located within the ionophore of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-type excitatory amino acid receptor, [3H]MK-801 does not bind to non-N-methyl-D-aspartate excitatory amino acid receptors. Exploiting [3H]MK-801 binding as a quantitative measure of agonist activity with respect to ability of inducing the open channel conformation, the present study demonstrates that L-homocysteate is an agonist almost equivalent to L-glutamate in terms of efficacy (maximal N-methyl-D-aspartate response) as well as potency (EC50). The effect of L-homocysteate was dose-dependent, stereospecific (L-homocysteate greater than DL-homocysteate greater than D-homocysteate), suppressible by the N-methyl-D-aspartate-selective competitive antagonist (+/-)-3(2-carboxy-piperazine-4-yl)propyl-l-phosphonate, and potentiated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate-selective "allosteric" modulator glycine. The demonstrated inactivity of L-homocysteine (and virtually all naturally occurring, non-acidic amino acids) implies that the omega-sulphonic acid moiety is an acceptable substitute for the omega carboxyl group for activating the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. While the potency of L-homocysteate at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors was by a factor of only 1.6 smaller than that of L-glutamate, the affinity of L-homocysteate for kainate-type excitatory amino acid receptors was approximately four-fold lower than that of L-glutamate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

背景与目标： : 消耗内源性兴奋性氨基酸的大鼠脑突触体膜不能结合 [(+)-5-甲基-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a，d]cyclohept-5，马来酸10-亚胺] ([3H]MK-801)。它们是在兴奋性氨基酸激动剂如L-谷氨酸恢复时这样做的。[3H]MK-801提供了一种分子探针，该探针对位于N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸型兴奋性氨基酸受体的离子载体内的结合位点具有特异性，[3H]MK-801不结合非N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸兴奋性氨基酸受体。利用 [3H]MK-801结合作为关于诱导开放通道构象能力的激动剂活性的定量测量，本研究表明，L-同型半胱氨酸在功效 (最大N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸反应) 和效力 (EC50) 方面几乎等同于L-谷氨酸。L-同型半胱氨酸的作用是剂量依赖性的，立体特异性 (L-高半胱氨酸大于DL-高半胱氨酸大于D-高半胱氨酸)，可被N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸选择性竞争性拮抗剂 (/-)-3(2-羧基哌嗪-4-基) 丙基-l-膦酸酯抑制，并由N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸选择性 “变构” 调节剂甘氨酸增强。已证明L-高半胱氨酸 (几乎所有天然存在的，非酸性氨基酸) 意味着 ω-磺酸部分是激活N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体的 ω 羧基的可接受替代品。而L-同型半胱氨酸在N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体上的效力仅比1.6小L-谷氨酸，L-同型半胱氨酸对红藻氨酸型兴奋性氨基酸受体的亲和力大约比L-谷氨酸低4倍。(摘要截短于250字)

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The osmotolerant yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is sensitive to the toxic L-proline analogue, L-azetidine-2-carboxylate (AZC). The possibility of use of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MPR1 gene (ScMPR1) encoding the AZC-detoxifying enzyme as a dominant selection marker in Z. rouxii was examined. The heterologous expression of ScMPR1 in two Z. rouxii strains resulted in AZC-resistant colonies, but that of ScMPR1 as a dominant marker gene in vectors was affected by a high frequency of spontaneously resistant colonies. The same was found for an AZC-sensitive S. cerevisiae strain in which the ScMPR1 was expressed. In both yeasts, ScMPR1 can be used only as an auxiliary marker gene.

背景与目标： : 耐渗透酵母酵母rouxii对有毒的L-脯氨酸类似物L-azetidine-2-carboxylate (AZC) 敏感。研究了使用编码AZC解毒酶的酿酒酵母MPR1基因 (ScMPR1) 作为Z. rouxii中主要选择标记的可能性。ScMPR1在两个Z. rouxii菌株中的异源表达导致AZC抗性菌落，但是ScMPR1作为载体中的显性标记基因受到自发抗性菌落的高频率影响。对于表达ScMPR1的AZC敏感的酿酒酵母菌株，发现了相同的结果。在两种酵母中，ScMPR1只能用作辅助标记基因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Using a melt-pressing technique, we produced a small solid cylinder containing cisplatin (CDDP) embedded in poly-d, l-lactic acid (CDDP-PLA). The in vitro release of CDDP from the polymer was examined in an immersion system. CDDP was released continuously for more than four weeks with no initial burst. Drug distribution for CDDP-PLA was compared with CDDP solution (CDDP-SOL) by subcutaneous administration into the back of rats. In the CDDP-PLA group, a high concentration of CDDP was maintained in the subcutaneous tissues near the implants for 20 days. However, in the CDDP-SOL group, the concentration of CDDP was low by 10 days after drug administration. CDDP-PLA may become a useful tool in locoregional chemotherapy as a solid type of drug delivery system with longlasting release.

背景与目标： 使用熔融压制技术，我们生产了一个小的固体圆柱体，其中包含嵌入聚d，l-乳酸 (CDDP-PLA) 中的顺铂 (CDDP)。在浸没系统中检查了CDDP从聚合物中的体外释放。CDDP连续发布超过四个星期，没有初始爆发。通过皮下给药到大鼠背部，将CDDP-PLA的药物分布与CDDP溶液 (CDDP-SOL) 进行比较。在cddp-pla组中，在植入物附近的皮下组织中维持高浓度的CDDP 20天。然而，在CDDP-SOL组中，给药后10天CDDP的浓度较低。Cddp-pla作为一种具有持久释放的固体药物输送系统，可能成为局部化疗的有用工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of immobilization on cell physiology and how this determines cell metabolic performance is an important concern for developing bioprocess. This is particularly true for genetically modified microorganisms and their genetic stability. For this reason the stability and physiological state of plasmid-bearing E. coli cells were ascertained by flow cytometry. Differences in the cellular DNA and protein content (15-20%) permit discrimination of control and plasmid-bearing cells, as well as adaptation to continuous cultivation conditions in both freely suspended and immobilized states to be monitored. Moreover, the observed metabolic burden due to maintenance and over-expression of plasmid-coded genetic material and slow cell growth in poorly-viable immobilized cells were found to be the main factors contributing to strain stabilization.

背景与目标： : 固定化对细胞生理的影响以及这如何决定细胞代谢性能是发展生物过程的重要问题。对于转基因微生物及其遗传稳定性尤其如此。因此，通过流式细胞术确定了带有质粒的大肠杆菌细胞的稳定性和生理状态。细胞DNA和蛋白质含量 (15-20%) 的差异允许区分对照和携带质粒的细胞，以及适应在自由悬浮和固定状态下的连续培养条件，以进行监测。此外，发现由于质粒编码的遗传物质的维持和过度表达以及活动性较差的固定化细胞中的细胞生长缓慢而导致的代谢负担是导致菌株稳定的主要因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Winterhardiness in cereals is the consequence of a number of complex and interacting componentscold tolerance, vernalization requirement and photoperiod sensitivity. An understanding of the genetic basis of these component traits should allow for more effective selection. Genome map-based analyses hold considerable promise for dissecting complex phenotypes. A 74-point linkage map was developed from one hundred double haploid lines derived from a winter x spring barley cross and used as the basis for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses to determine the chromosome location of genes controlling components of winterhardiness. Despite the greater genome coverage provided by the current map, a previously-reported interval on chromosome 7 remains the only region where significant QTL effects for winter survival were detected in this population. QTLs for heading date under 24 h light map to the same region. A QTL for heading date under this photoperiod regime also maps to chromosome 2. A distinct set of QTLs mapping to chromosomes 1, 2, 3 and 5 determined heading date under 8 h light. Patterns of differential QTL expression underscore the complexity of Winterhardiness.

背景与目标： 谷物的耐寒性是许多复杂且相互作用的成分的耐受性，春化要求和光周期敏感性的结果。对这些组成性状的遗传基础的理解应该可以进行更有效的选择。基于基因组图谱的分析为解剖复杂的表型提供了可观的前景。从来自冬季x春季大麦杂交的100个双单倍体系开发了一个74点连锁图谱，并将其用作定量性状基因座 (QTL) 分析的基础，以确定控制耐寒性成分的基因的染色体位置。尽管当前地图提供了更大的基因组覆盖率，但先前报道的7号染色体间隔仍然是在该人群中检测到冬季生存的显着QTL影响的唯一区域。24 h光照图下到同一区域的航向日期的qtl。在这种光周期下，用于抽头日期的QTL也映射到2号染色体。映射到1、2、3和5号染色体的一组不同的qtl确定了在8小时光照下的标题日期。差异QTL表达的模式强调了耐寒性的复杂性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Angiotensin II is involved in tumor growth; however, the precise mechanism is not known. Platelets also contribute to tumor growth, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) is expressed on the platelet surface. We hypothesized that interaction of platelets with tumor cells through AT1 receptor signaling promotes tumor metastasis. B16F1 melanoma cells were intravenously injected into Agtr1a knockout mice (AT1a(-/-)) and wild-type littermates (WT); the AT1a(-/-) mice exhibited a reduction in lung colonies. Angiotensin II induced expression of P-selectin on platelets in WT but not in AT1a(-/-) mice. A selective P-selectin neutralizing antibody decreased lung colony numbers in WT but not in AT1a(-/-) mice. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) receptor in platelets at metastatic locus were lower in AT1a(-/-) mice. Treatment of neutralizing antibodies against VEGF and CXCR4 decreased lung colony numbers in WT but not in AT1a(-/-) mice. In AT1a(-/-) mice, and both mobilization of progenitor cells expressing CXCR4(+)VEGFR1(+) cells from bone marrow and their recruitment to lung tissues were suppressed. These results suggest that AT1A signaling plays a critical role in tumor metastasis through P-selectin-mediated interactions of platelets with tumor and endothelial cells and through the AT1A signaling-dependent production of VEGF and SDF-1, which may be involved in mobilization of CXCR4(+)VEGFR1(+) cells.

背景与目标： : 血管紧张素II参与肿瘤生长; 然而，确切的机制尚不清楚。血小板也有助于肿瘤生长，血管紧张素II 1型受体 (AT1) 在血小板表面表达。我们假设血小板通过AT1受体信号与肿瘤细胞的相互作用促进肿瘤转移。将B16F1黑色素瘤细胞静脉注射到Agtr1a基因敲除小鼠 (AT1a(-/-)) 和野生型同窝动物 (WT) 中; AT1a(-/-) 小鼠的肺集落减少。血管紧张素II在WT中诱导P-选择素在血小板上的表达，但在AT1a(-/-) 小鼠中不诱导P-选择素的表达。选择性P-选择素中和抗体降低了WT中的肺集落数量，但在AT1a(-/-) 小鼠中却没有。在AT1a(-/-) 小鼠中，转移基因座的血小板中血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF) 和基质细胞衍生因子1 (SDF-1) 受体的水平较低。针对VEGF和CXCR4的中和抗体的处理减少了WT中的肺集落数量，但在AT1a(-/-) 小鼠中却没有。在AT1a(-/-) 小鼠中，表达CXCR4 () VEGFR1 () 细胞的祖细胞从骨髓中的动员及其向肺组织的募集均受到抑制。这些结果表明，AT1A信号通过P-选择素介导的血小板与肿瘤和内皮细胞的相互作用以及通过AT1A信号依赖性产生VEGF和SDF-1在肿瘤转移中起关键作用，这可能与CXCR4 () VEGFR1 () 细胞的动员有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In anther cultures of Solanum carolinense L., Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) supplemented with 2.2 mg · l(-1) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6.0 mg · l(-1) kinetin (KIN) served as callus induction medium. Cytological observations confirmed that the callus originated from pollen grains. Upon transfer to medium lacking 2,4-D, callus cultures regenerated shoots exclusively. However, maximum efficiency in regeneration occurred only after callus had been maintained in the presence of 2,4-D for a minimum of 12 weeks. Callus younger than this or older than 16 weeks showed a significant decline in organogenic competence when transferred to the appropriate medium. It is suggested that 2,4-D may establish a transitory potential for regeneration in pollen-derived callus cultures but must be removed before this potential can be expressed.

背景与目标： : 在茄属植物的花药培养物中，补充了2.2 mg·L (-1) 2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸 (2,4-d) 和6.0 mg · l(-1) 激动素 (KIN) 的Murashige和Skoog's培养基 (MS) 用作愈伤组织诱导培养基。细胞学观察证实愈伤组织起源于花粉粒。转移到缺乏2,4-d的培养基后，愈伤组织培养物仅再生芽。然而，只有在2,4-d存在下将愈伤组织维持至少12周后，才能产生最大的再生效率。小于此年龄或大于16周的愈伤组织转移到适当的培养基后，其器官发生能力显着下降。建议2,4-d可能会在花粉衍生的愈伤组织培养物中建立短暂的再生潜力，但必须先将其去除，然后才能表达这种潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) favours cholesterol loading in macrophages and formation of "foam cells", typical of the early atheroma lesions. LDL cholesterol oxidation generates oxysterols, extremely cytotoxic molecular species with diverse biological activities. Vegetable polyphenols are dietary components of pharmacological interest for their anti-oxidant properties. Ginkgo biloba L. (Gingkoaceae) leaves and Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae) fruits are known for their beneficial effects in the treatment of various diseases involving free radicals and oxidative damage to biological lipids. In this study we investigated the effect of Ginkgo biloba L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. extracts on the formation of cholesterol oxides during the photo induced oxidation of human LDL. The results demonstrate a concentration dependent inhibition of oxysterol formation in the presence of both extracts. Protection against oxidation was confirmed by the partial restoration of the normal electrophoretic mobility of LDL, which has been influenced by the UV irradiation. These effects extend knowledge of the therapeutic action of Ginkgo biloba L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. as agents in anti-atherosclerotic regimens.

背景与目标： : 低密度脂蛋白 (LDL) 的氧化有利于巨噬细胞中的胆固醇负荷和 “泡沫细胞” 的形成，这是早期动脉粥样硬化病变的典型特征。LDL胆固醇氧化生成氧固醇，具有多种生物活性，具有极强的细胞毒性分子。植物多酚因其抗氧化特性而具有药理学意义的饮食成分。银杏L.(银杏科) 叶子和越橘桃金娘。(Ericaceae) 水果以其在治疗涉及自由基和对生物脂质的氧化损伤的各种疾病中的有益作用而闻名。在这项研究中，我们研究了银杏叶和桃花越橘提取物在光诱导的人LDL氧化过程中对胆固醇氧化物形成的影响。结果表明，在两种提取物的存在下，氧固醇形成的浓度依赖性抑制作用。LDL正常电泳迁移率的部分恢复证实了抗氧化作用，这已受到紫外线照射的影响。这些作用扩展了银杏叶和桃花越橘作为抗动脉粥样硬化治疗药物的治疗作用的知识。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Relationships among traits were investigated on the genomic and residual levels using novel methodology. This included inference on these relationships via Bayesian networks and an assessment of the networks with structural equation models. The methodology employed three steps. First, a Bayesian multiple-trait Gaussian model was fitted to the data to decompose phenotypic values into their genomic and residual components. Second, genomic and residual network structures among traits were learned from estimates of these two components. Network learning was performed using six different algorithmic settings for comparison, of which two were score-based and four were constraint-based approaches. Third, structural equation model analyses ranked the networks in terms of goodness of fit and predictive ability, and compared them with the standard multiple-trait fully recursive network. The methodology was applied to experimental data representing the European heterotic maize pools Dent and Flint (Zea mays L.). Inferences on genomic and residual trait connections were depicted separately as directed acyclic graphs. These graphs provide information beyond mere pairwise genetic or residual associations between traits, illustrating for example conditional independencies and hinting at potential causal links among traits. Network analysis suggested some genetic correlations as potentially spurious. Genomic and residual networks were compared between Dent and Flint.

背景与目标： : 使用新颖的方法在基因组和残留水平上研究了性状之间的关系。这包括通过贝叶斯网络对这些关系的推断以及使用结构方程模型对网络的评估。该方法采用了三个步骤。首先，将贝叶斯多性状高斯模型拟合到数据，以将表型值分解为其基因组和残差成分。其次，从这两个组成部分的估计中学习了性状之间的基因组和残余网络结构。网络学习是使用六种不同的算法设置进行比较的，其中两种是基于分数的，四种是基于约束的方法。第三，结构方程模型分析根据拟合优度和预测能力对网络进行了排名，并将它们与标准的多性状全递归网络进行了比较。该方法应用于代表欧洲杂种玉米库Dent和Flint (Zea mays L.) 的实验数据。关于基因组和残余性状连接的推论被分别描述为有向无环图。这些图提供的信息不仅仅是性状之间的成对遗传或残留关联，例如说明条件独立性并暗示性状之间的潜在因果关系。网络分析表明，某些遗传相关性可能是虚假的。比较了凹痕和火石之间的基因组和残余网络。