BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Seventy-two patients with tumor and ten with non-neoplastic colon disease were studied for the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) by three different methods. Only seven specimens (six primary adenocarcinomas and one recurrent cancer) had an ER concentration above 3 fm/mg of cytosolic protein, with no sex, age and tumor stage correlation. Our results suggest that the large bowel does not contain a cytosolic receptor for estradiol.

背景与目标： ：通过三种不同的方法研究了62例肿瘤患者和10例非肿瘤性结肠疾病患者中雌激素受体（ER）的存在。只有7个标本（6个原发性腺癌和1个复发癌）的ER浓度高于3 fm / mg的胞质蛋白，与性别，年龄和肿瘤分期无关。我们的结果表明，大肠不含有雌二醇的胞质受体。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:STDs are a significant cause of illness throughout the world. Female sex workers (FSWs) are commonly perceived as belonging to a social group which may engage in high-risk behaviour for acquiring or transmitting HIV and other STDs. The number of immigrant women engaged in sex work has increased in Catania, Sicily, over the last 10 years. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among Colombian and Dominican FSWs. METHODS:In total 118 (63.78%) of the FSWs contacted in the course of the project agreed to participate in the study. All women enrolled were counselled on STDs/HIV, safer sex practices and the use of condoms. Blood samples were taken and tested for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis. RESULTS:Of the 118 FSWs enrolled, all were negative for both HIV and HCV infection. Two women (1.6%) were positive for hepatitis B (HbsAg). Syphilis testing by VDRL showed three positive results (2.5%), which was confirmed by TPHA. DISCUSSION:This study showed that HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis seroprevalence among Colombian and Dominican FSWs remains low or very rare. It also indicates that these women were healthy when they arrived in Italy and that condom use with clients is high.

背景与目标： 简介：性病是世界范围内引起疾病的重要原因。女性性工作者（FSWs）通常被认为属于一个社会群体，该群体可能会为获取或传播艾滋病毒和其他性传播疾病而从事高风险行为。在过去的十年中，西西里岛卡塔尼亚从事性工作的移民妇女人数有所增加。这项研究的目的是估计哥伦比亚和多米尼加的FS​​W中HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒的患病率。
方法：在该项目过程中，总共有118名（63.78％）的FSW同意参与研究。为所有入选妇女提供性传播疾病/艾滋病毒，更安全的性行为和使用安全套方面的咨询。抽取血样并测试HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒。
结果：在118个FSW中，所有的HIV和HCV感染均为阴性。两名女性（1.6％）的乙型肝炎（HbsAg）阳性。 VDRL进行的梅毒测试显示三项阳性结果（2.5％），这已被TPHA证实。
讨论：这项研究表明，哥伦比亚和多米尼加地区FSW中的HIV，HBV，HCV和梅毒血清阳性率仍然很低或非常罕见。这也表明这些妇女到达意大利后就很健康，而且与客人一起使用避孕套的比例很高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cyclic AMP levels in rabbit carotid bodies incubated under control conditions, 100% O2- or 95% O2/5% CO2- equilibrated medium, are close to 1 pmol/mg wet tissue (range 0.4-2.43 pmol/mg). Isobutylmethylxanthine (0.5 mM) increases cyclic AMP levels by a factor of 14 and 8 in HEPES- and CO2/CH3O(-)-buffered medium, respectively. Forskolin (0.5-10 microM) applied during 30 min increases cyclic AMP levels in a dose-dependent manner. Incubation of carotid bodies at low O2 tensions resulted in an elevation of cyclic AMP levels both in the absence and in the presence of isobutymethylxanthine. In the latter conditions cyclic AMP increase was maximum at an O2 tension of 46 mm Hg and tended to decrease at extremely low PO2. In isobutylmethylxanthine-containing Ca2(+)-free medium, cyclic AMP increased linearly with decreasing PO2 from 66 to 13 mm Hg; the absolute cyclic AMP levels attained in Ca2(+)-free medium were smaller than those observed in Ca2(+)-containing medium at any PO2. The differences between Ca2(+)-free and Ca2(+)-containing media appear to be due to the action of released neurotransmitters in the latter conditions, because dopamine and norepinephrine, which are known to be released by hypoxia in a Ca2(+)-dependent manner, increase cyclic AMP in the carotid body. Low pH/high PCO2 and high [K+]e increase cyclic AMP levels only in Ca2(+)-containing medium. Forskolin potentiates the release of catecholamines induced by low PO2. These results suggest that cyclic AMP plays an important role in the modulation of the chemoreception process.

背景与目标： ：在对照条件下，100％O2-或95％O2 / 5％CO2平衡的培养基中孵育的兔颈动脉体中的循环AMP水平接近1 pmol / mg湿组织（0.4-2.43 pmol / mg范围）。在HEPES-和CO2 / CH3O（-）缓冲的培养基中，异丁基甲基黄嘌呤（0.5 mM）将循环AMP的水平分别提高14和8倍。在30分钟内施用的Forskolin（0.5-10 microM）以剂量依赖性方式增加循环AMP的水平。在不存在和存在异丁甲基黄嘌呤的情况下，在低O2张力下孵育颈动脉都会导致环AMP含量升高。在后一种情况下，循环AMP的增加在O2张力为46 mm Hg时最大，而在极低的PO2下趋于减少。在不含异丁基甲基黄嘌呤的不含Ca2（）的介质中，环状AMP随着PO2从66 mmHg降低到13 mm Hg而线性增加。不含Ca2（）的培养基中获得的绝对循环AMP水平要小于任何PO2含Ca2（）的培养基中观察到的绝对值。不含Ca2（）和含Ca2（）的培养基之间的差异似乎是由于后者条件下释放的神经递质的作用所致，因为已知多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素在依赖Ca2（）的情况下会通过低氧释放。方式，增加颈动脉体中的循环AMP。低pH /高PCO2和高[K] e仅在含Ca2（）的培养基中会增加循环AMP的水平。 Forskolin增强了低PO2诱导的儿茶酚胺释放。这些结果表明，环状AMP在化学感受过程的调节中起重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To describe the prevalence of oral diseases and their impact on oral-health-related quality of life in people with severe mental illness undertaking community-based psychiatric care. METHODS:A survey was conducted at eight outpatient psychiatric care clinics in Tower Hamlets, London, UK. One hundred and twelve consecutive patients with mental illness were invited to participate in this study. They were clinically examined and asked to complete the oral health impact profile (OHIP) questionnaire. RESULTS:The response rate was 79% (n = 89); 57 (64%) males and 58 persons over 45 years of age (65%) participated in this survey. Overall OHIP score was 25.4 (95% CI 23.3, 27.4), 70 (78%) were smokers and 45 (51%) had been to the dentist in the last two years. Forty-seven (53%) respondents had caries in at least one tooth, 60 (67%) had 21 teeth and more, and 14 (16%) used dentures. Advanced periodontal treatment was indicated in 42 (55%) of patients and 52.8% (n = 47) patients reported current pain. CONCLUSION:Overall, this survey found that oral health has a great impact on patients with severe mental illness being treated in the community setting and their oral health is poorer than the national adult general population. Future research should consider the causes that relate to the poorer oral health in this population and potential health promotion mechanisms in this population to encourage an upstream approach to health.

背景与目标： 目的：描述接受社区精神病治疗的重度精神疾病患者的口腔疾病患病率及其对口腔健康相关生活质量的影响。
方法：在英国伦敦塔哈姆雷特市的八家门诊精神病诊所进行了一项调查。连续邀请112名精神疾病患者参加这项研究。对他们进行了临床检查，并要求他们填写口腔健康影响概况（OHIP）问卷。
结果：回应率为79％（n = 89）；男性（57％）（64％）和58岁以上的58人（65％）参加了这项调查。 OHIP总体得分为25.4（95％CI 23.3、27.4），吸烟者为70（78％），最近两年去牙医的患者为45（51％）。 47名（53％）的被调查者的至少一颗牙齿上有龋齿； 60（67％）的人有21颗及以上的牙齿，以及14颗（16％）的假牙。 42名（55％）患者表示进行了牙周治疗，目前有疼痛的患者占52.8％（n = 47）。
结论：总体而言，该调查发现，口腔健康对在社区环境中接受治疗的严重精神疾病患者有很大影响，并且其口腔健康比全国成年人口还差。未来的研究应考虑与该人群口腔健康较差的原因以及该人群中潜在的健康促进机制，以鼓励采用上游健康方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the effect of homogeneous and inhomogeneous static magnetic field (SMF) exposure on the thermal nociceptive threshold of snail in the hot plate test (43 °C). Both homogeneous (hSMF) and inhomogeneous (iSMF) SMF increased the thermo-nociceptive threshold: 40.2%, 29.2%, or 41.7% after an exposure of 20, 30, or 40 min hSMF by p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, or p < 0.001, and 32.7% or 46.2% after an exposure of 20 or 40 min iSMF by p < 0.05 or p < 0.0001. These results suggest that SMF has an antinociceptive effect in snail. On the other hand, naloxone as an atypical opioid antagonist in an amount of 1 μg/g was found to significantly decrease the thermo-nociceptive threshold (41.9% by p < 0.002), which could be antagonized by hSMF exposure implying that hSMF exerts its antinociceptive effect partly via opioid receptors.

背景与目标： ：我们在热板测试（43°C）中研究了均匀和不均匀的静磁场（SMF）暴露对蜗牛的热伤害感受性阈值的影响。均质（hSMF）和不均质（iSMF）SMF均可在暴露20、30或40分钟的hSMF时通过p <0.001，p <0.0001或p提高热伤害感受性阈值：40.2％，29.2％或41.7％ iSMF暴露p≤0.05或p≤0.0001后，<0.001，以及32.7％或46.2％。这些结果表明，SMF对蜗牛具有镇痛作用。另一方面，发现纳洛酮作为一种非典型的阿片类药物拮抗剂，可显着降低热伤害感受性阈值（41.9％，p <0.002），可被hSMF暴露所拮抗，暗示hSMF发挥了其作用。部分通过阿片样物质受体产生抗伤害感受作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :From 1982 to 1987, 2,433 lesions of the thyroid gland in 1,796 patients were examined by fine needle aspiration (FNA). Cytopathology classified 66.91% of the aspirates as benign, 10.76% as thyroiditis, 4.89% as suspected (unspecified) neoplasia, 1.31% as positive for malignancy and 16.11% (392) as unsatisfactory. The histologic diagnoses in 257 cases were compared with cytologic diagnoses to determine the accuracy of FNA cytology of thyroid lesions, yielding a sensitivity of 71.43%, a specificity of 100% and an accuracy of 95.09%. This data strongly supports thyroid FNA as an important preoperative diagnostic tool. Follicular carcinomas were difficult to cytologically differentiate from nonmalignant follicular neoplasms, and papillary thyroid carcinomas less than 2 cm in diameter in elderly patients were frequently misdiagnosed or diagnosed only as "suspect lesion."

背景与目标： ：从1982年到1987年，通过细针穿刺术（FNA）检查了1,796例患者的2,433例甲状腺的病变。细胞病理学将良性抽吸物分为66.91％，甲状腺炎为10.76％，疑似肿瘤（未指明）为4.89％，恶性肿瘤阳性为1.31％，不满意为16.11％（392）。将257例患者的组织学诊断结果与细胞学诊断结果进行比较，以确定FNA甲状腺病变细胞学检查的准确性，其敏感性为71.43％，特异性为100％，准确性为95.09％。该数据强烈支持甲状腺FNA作为重要的术前诊断工具。滤泡状癌很难在细胞学上与非恶性滤泡性肿瘤区分开，并且老年患者中直径小于2 cm的乳头状甲状腺癌经常被误诊或仅诊断为“可疑病变”。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mutations in the senataxin (SETX) gene can cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 4 (ALS4), an autosomal dominant form of juvenile onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or result in autosomal recessive ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2. Great caution regarding the possible disease causation, especially of missense variations, has to be taken. Here, we evaluated the significance of all previously reported SETX missense mutations as well as six newly identified variations in 54 patients suspected of having ALS4. Yet, epidemiologic and in silico evidence indicates that all newly identified variations and two previously published ALS4-related missense variations (C1554G and I2547T) are most likely non-pathogenic, demonstrating the problems of interpretation of SETX missense alleles in the absence of functional assays.

背景与目标： ：senataxin（SETX）基因的突变可引起肌萎缩性侧索硬化4（ALS4），这是一种常染色体显性形式的青少年发作性肌萎缩性侧索硬化，或导致常染色体隐性共济失调并伴有2型动眼性运动失用。特别是错义的变化，必须采取。在这里，我们评估了54位怀疑患有ALS4的患者中所有先前报道的SETX错义突变以及6个新近发现的变异的重要性。然而，流行病学和计算机病学证据表明，所有新发现的变异和两个先前发布的与ALS4相关的错义变异（C1554G和I2547T）极有可能是非致病性的，这表明在缺乏功能检测的情况下，SETX错义等位基因的解释存在问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adolescents who are changing residence, as well as their social and economic circumstances may experience lifestyle changes that have an effect on body composition outcomes such as undernutrition, overweight or obesity. This paper uses data from Birth to Twenty, a birth cohort of South African urban children, to determine the relationship between residential mobility and body mass index (BMI) amongst Black adolescents aged 15 (n=1613), and to examine the role of changes in household socioeconomic status (SES). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample was 25% in females and 8% in males. Amongst the females, a strong positive association between residential mobility and BMI was observed for those who also experienced an increase in household SES between birth and 15 years (β=0.42, SE=0.13), while no effect was identified for males. The study shows the potential for environmental change and increased resources to influence the risk for obesity. It also highlights the value in considering the range of social environmental factors and changes across the early life course that might play a part in evolving nutritional patterns in urban transitioning environments.

背景与目标： ：正在改变居住地的青少年，以及他们的社会和经济状况，可能会经历生活方式的改变，这些改变会影响身体组成的结果，例如营养不良，超重或肥胖。本文使用南非城市儿童的出生队列出生至二十岁的数据来确定15岁黑人青少年（n = 1613）的居住流动性与体重指数（BMI）之间的关系，并研究变化的作用家庭社会经济地位（SES）。样本中超重和肥胖的患病率在女性中为25％，在男性中为8％。在女性中，对于那些出生至15岁之间家庭SES也有所增加的人，其居住活动性与BMI之间存在很强的正相关性（β= 0.42，SE = 0.13），而对男性没有影响。研究显示环境变化和增加资源影响肥胖风险的潜力。它还强调了考虑社会环境因素的范围和整个生命过程中的变化的价值，这些因素可能在城市过渡环境中不断演变的营养模式中发挥作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Descriptive studies have indicated a rising trend in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) incidence in young adults, especially females. Increasing evidence has suggested that some risk factors associated with HL may vary by age or gender. Recent studies have reported an increased risk of HL associated with increasing body mass index (BMI), but the results have been inconsistent. The objectives of this study were to examine whether the associations between measures of body size (height, weight, and BMI) and HL risk vary by age and/or gender. METHODS:A population-based case-control study was conducted in Connecticut and Massachusetts. A total of 567 HL cases and 679 controls were recruited in 1997-2000. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:Among younger women <35 years old, being overweight (25-29.9 kg/m(2)) versus normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) was significantly associated with an increased risk of HL (OR = 2.1, 95 % CI = 1.1-4.0). The risk increased with increasing weight and BMI (p trends <0.01). Among women ≥35 years old, by contrast, higher weight and BMI were associated with a reduced risk of HL (p trends <0.01). Conversely, there was no significant association between BMI and risk of HL in younger or older males. CONCLUSIONS:These findings show that the associations between body size and risk of HL vary by gender and age, and require confirmation in other populations.

背景与目标： 目的：描述性研究表明，霍奇金淋巴瘤（HL）的发病率在年轻人中，尤其是女性中呈上升趋势。越来越多的证据表明，与HL相关的某些危险因素可能随年龄或性别而变化。最近的研究报告了与体重指数（BMI）增加相关的HL风险增加，但结果不一致。这项研究的目的是检查身体大小（身高，体重和BMI）与HL风险之间的关系是否随年龄和/或性别而变化。
方法：在康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州进行了一项基于人群的病例对照研究。在1997-2000年间，共招募了567例HL病例和679例对照。使用无条件逻辑回归来计算比值比（OR）和95％置信区间（CIs）。
结果：<35岁的年轻女性中，超重（25-29.9 kg / m（2））与正常体重（18.5-24.9 kg / m（2））与HL风险增加显着相关（OR = 2.1 ，95％CI = 1.1-4.0）。风险随着体重和BMI的增加而增加（p趋势<0.01）。相比之下，≥35岁的女性中，体重增加和BMI升高与HL风险降低相关（p趋势<0.01）。相反，年轻或老年男性的BMI与HL风险之间没有显着相关性。
结论：这些发现表明，体型与HL风险之间的关联因性别和年龄而异，需要在其他人群中进行确认。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The anti-inflammatory potential of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors was coincidentally expanded to a dual inhibition of p38α MAPK and phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), and the potential benefits arising from the blockage of both inflammation-related enzymes were thoroughly investigated. The most promising compound, CBS-3595 (1), was successively evaluated in in vitro experiments as well as in ex vivo and in vivo preclinical studies after administration of 1 to rodents, dogs, and monkeys. The resulting data clearly indicated a potent suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha release. For reconfirming the findings of the animal studies when administering 1 to healthy human volunteers, a phase I clinical trial was conducted. Apart from further information regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of 1, it was demonstrated that dual inhibition of p38α MAPK and PDE4 is able to synergistically attenuate the excessive anti-inflammatory response.

背景与目标： ：p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）抑制剂的抗炎潜能同时扩展到了p38αMAPK和磷酸二酯酶4（PDE4）的双重抑制作用，并且两种炎症相关酶均被阻断产生了潜在的益处调查。给啮齿动物，狗和猴子施用1后，在体外实验以及离体和体内临床前研究中相继评估了最有前途的化合物CBS-3595（1）。所得数据清楚地表明有效抑制了肿瘤坏死因子α的释放。为了确认对健康的人类志愿者给药1时动物研究的结果，进行了I期临床试验。除了有关1的药代动力学和药效学特性的进一步信息外，还证明了对p38αMAPK和PDE4的双重抑制能够协同减弱过度的抗炎反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:We modified and reconstructed a high image quality portable non-mydriatic fundus camera and compared it with the tabletop fundus camera to evaluate the efficacy of the new camera in detecting retinal diseases. METHODS:We designed and built a novel portable handheld fundus camera with telemedicine system. The image quality of fundus cameras was compared to that of existing commercial tabletop cameras by taking photographs of 364 eyes from the 254 patients. In all 800 fundus images taken by two camera types, 400 images per camera, were graded with the four image clarity classifications. RESULTS:Using the portable fundus camera, 63% (252/400) images were graded as excellent overall quality, 20.5% (82/400) were good, 11.75% (47/400) were fair, and 4.75% (19/400) were inadequate. Using the tabletop fundus camera, 70.75% (283/400) images were graded as excellent overall quality, 20.4% (51/400) were good, 13.25% (53/400) were fair, and 3.25% (13/400) were inadequate. Common retinal diseases were easily identified from fundus images obtained from the portable fundus camera. CONCLUSION:The new type of non-mydriatic portable fundus camera was qualified to have professional quality of fundus images. The revolutionary screening camera provides a foundational platform which can potentially improve the accessibility of retinal screening programmes.

背景与目标： 背景：我们修改并重建了高图像质量的便携式非散瞳眼底照相机，并将其与台式眼底照相机进行比较，以评估新照相机在检测视网膜疾病中的功效。
方法：我们设计并制造了一种新型的带有远程医疗系统的便携式手持眼底照相机。通过拍摄254名患者的364眼照片，将眼底照相机的图像质量与现有商用台式照相机的图像质量进行了比较。在两种相机类型拍摄的全部800张眼底图像中，每台相机400张图像被分为四个图像清晰度分类。
结果：使用便携式眼底照相机，将63％（252/400）的图像评为总体质量优良，20.5％（82/400）的图像质量良好，11.75％（47/400）的图像是良好的，以及4.75％（19/400）的图像）不足。使用台式眼底照相机，将70.75％（283/400）的图像评为总体质量优良，20.4％（51/400）的图像质量良好，13.25％（53/400）的图像质量良好，3.25％（13/400）的图像质量良好不足。从便携式眼底照相机获得的眼底图像很容易识别出常见的视网膜疾病。
结论：新型非散瞳便携式眼底照相机经鉴定具有专业的眼底图像质量。革命性的筛查摄像机提供了一个基础平台，可以潜在地改善视网膜筛查程序的可及性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia constitute risk factors for morbidity and premature mortality. Based on animal and in vitro studies, resveratrol reverts these risk factors via stimulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), but data in human subjects are scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of high-dose resveratrol in obese human subjects. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and parallel-group design, 24 obese but otherwise healthy men were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of resveratrol or placebo treatment. Extensive metabolic examinations including assessment of glucose turnover and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) were performed before and after the treatment. Insulin sensitivity, the primary outcome measure, deteriorated insignificantly in both groups. Endogenous glucose production and the turnover and oxidation rates of glucose remained unchanged. Resveratrol supplementation also had no effect on blood pressure; resting energy expenditure; oxidation rates of lipid; ectopic or visceral fat content; or inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. The lack of effect disagrees with persuasive data obtained from rodent models and raises doubt about the justification of resveratrol as a human nutritional supplement in metabolic disorders.

背景与目标： 肥胖，糖尿病，高血压和高脂血症是发病率和过早死亡的危险因素。根据动物和体外研究，白藜芦醇通过刺激无声交配类型信息调节2同源物1（SIRT1）来逆转这些危险因素，但人类受试者的数据却很少。这项研究的目的是检查高剂量白藜芦醇在肥胖人类受试者中的代谢作用。在随机，安慰剂对照，双盲和平行组设计中，将24名肥胖但其他方面健康的男性随机分配到白藜芦醇或安慰剂治疗4周。在治疗之前和之后进行了广泛的代谢检查，包括评估葡萄糖更新和胰岛素敏感性（高胰岛素正常血糖钳夹）。两组的主要结果指标胰岛素敏感性均无显着性恶化。内源性葡萄糖的产生以及葡萄糖的周转率和氧化率保持不变。补充白藜芦醇对血压也没有影响。静态能量消耗；脂质的氧化速率；异位或内脏脂肪含量；或炎症和代谢生物标志物。缺乏效果与从啮齿动物模型获得的有说服力的数据不同，并引起人们对白藜芦醇作为代谢障碍中人类营养补充剂的合理性的怀疑。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The prevalence of renal diseases is rising and reaching 5-15% of the adult population. Renal damage is associated with disturbances of body homeostasis and the loss of equilibrium between exogenous and endogenous elements including drugs and metabolites. Studies indicate that renal diseases are influenced not only by environmental but also by genetic factors. In some cases the disease is caused by mutation in a single gene and at that time severity depends on the presence of one or two mutated alleles. In other cases, renal disease is associated with the presence of alteration within a gene or genes, but environmental factors are also necessary for the development of disease. Therefore, it seems that the analysis of genetic aspects should be a natural component of clinical and experimental studies. The goal of personalized medicine is to determine the right drug, for the right patient, at the right time. Whole-genome examinations may help to change the approach to the disease and the patient resulting in the creation of "personalized medicine" with new diagnostic and treatment strategies designed on the basis of genetic background of each individual. The identification of high-risk patients in pharmacogenomics analyses will help to avoid many unwarranted side effects while optimizing treatment efficacy for individual patients. Personalized therapies for kidney diseases are still at the preliminary stage mainly due to high costs of such analyses and the complex nature of human genome. This review will focus on several areas of interest: renal disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, rate of progression and the prediction of prognosis.

背景与目标： ：肾脏疾病的患病率正在上升，并达到成年人口的5-15％。肾脏损害与体内稳态紊乱以及包括药物和代谢产物在内的外源性和内源性元素之间失去平衡有关。研究表明，肾脏疾病不仅受环境影响，而且受遗传因素影响。在某些情况下，该疾病是由单个基因的突变引起的，当时的严重程度取决于一个或两个突变等位基因的存在。在其他情况下，肾脏疾病与一个或多个基因内的改变的存在有关，但是环境因素对于疾病的发展也是必不可少的。因此，似乎遗传方面的分析应该是临床和实验研究的自然组成部分。个性化医学的目标是在正确的时间为正确的患者确定正确的药物。全基因组检查可能有助于改变疾病和患者的治疗方法，从而根据每个人的遗传背景设计新的诊断和治疗策略，从而创建“个性化药物”。在药物基因组学分析中鉴定高危患者将有助于避免许多不必要的副作用，同时优化单个患者的治疗效果。肾脏疾病的个性化治疗仍处于初步阶段，这主要是由于此类分析的高昂费用和人类基因组的复杂性。这篇综述将集中在几个感兴趣的领域：肾脏疾病的发病机制，诊断，治疗，进展速度和预后的预测。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The coexistence of different ungulate species in a given ecosystem has been the focus of many studies. Differences between ruminant foregut fermenters and hindgut fermenters were remarkable for example in the way they ingest and digest high fibre diets. Digestion trials based on total collections are difficult to conduct or are sometimes even not possible for wild animals in the field or in zoos. To gain information on the fibre digestion achieved by these animals and the influence of body mass (BM) thereon, a method using spot sampling is desirable. In this study, in vitro fermentation of faecal neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was used as a measure of fibre digestion in large ungulates. Food and faecal samples of 10 ruminant foregut fermenting and 7 hindgut fermenting species/breeds were collected. All animals received 100% grass hay with ad libitum access. The NDF of food and faeces was fermented in vitro in a Hohenheim gas test (HGT) for 96 h. The digestion type generally had an effect on the gas production (GP) of faecal NDF in the HGT with hindgut fermenters showing higher values than ruminant foregut fermenters. At any time interval of incubation, BM had no influence on GP. The results are in accordance with both findings that ruminant foregut fermenters have longer mean retention times and more comprehensive particle reduction and findings of a lack of influence of BM on digesta mean retention time. It can be stated that the HGT (96 h) is a useful and quick method to show also small differences within groups in fibre digestion.

背景与目标： 在一个给定的生态系统中，有蹄类动物的共存一直是许多研究的重点。反刍动物前肠发酵罐和后肠发酵罐之间的差异非常明显，例如，它们摄取和消化高纤维饮食的方式不同。基于总收集物的消化试验很难进行，有时甚至对于野外或动物园中的野生动物也无法进行。为了获得有关这些动物实现的纤维消化及其体重（BM）的影响的信息，需要一种使用点采样的方法。在这项研究中，粪便中性洗涤剂纤维（NDF）的体外发酵被用作大有蹄类动物中纤维消化的量度。收集了10种反刍动物前肠发酵食品和7种后肠发酵物种/品种的食物和粪便样本。所有动物均自由采食100％干草。食物和粪便的NDF在Hohenheim气体试验（HGT）中进行了96 h的体外发酵。消化类型通常会对HGT中粪便NDF的产气量（GP）产生影响，其中后肠发酵罐的值要高于反刍动物前肠发酵罐的值。在任何孵育时间间隔，BM对GP均无影响。结果与两个发现均一致：反刍动物前肠发酵罐具有更长的平均保留时间和更全面的颗粒减少，并且发现BM对消化物的平均保留时间缺乏影响。可以说，HGT（96 h）是一种有用且快速的方法，可以显示纤维消化组内的细微差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Deposition of alpha-synuclein (alphaS) aggregates inside brain cells is a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Recently, extracellular alphaS was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of humans. We investigated whether CSF influences alphaS aggregation in vitro using fluorescence spectroscopy with thioflavin S and electron microscopy. We found that CSF obtained from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and DLB patients enhanced the alphaS fibril formation compared with tauopathy and non-central nervous system disease. Thus, CSF of AD and DLB characterized by aggregation of Abeta or alphaS might promote falphaS formation.

背景与目标： ：沉积在脑细胞内的α-突触核蛋白（αS）聚集体是几种神经退行性疾病的病理学标志，包括帕金森氏病（PD）和路易体痴呆（DLB）。最近，在人的脑脊髓液（CSF）和血浆中检测到细胞外αS。我们使用硫代黄素S和电子显微镜通过荧光光谱研究了CSF是否会影响体外的αS聚集。我们发现，与tauopathy和非中枢神经系统疾病相比，从阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）和DLB患者获得的CSF增强了alphaS原纤维的形成。因此，以Abeta或alphaS聚集为特征的AD和DLB的CSF可能会促进falphaS的形成。