BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To review the findings and discuss the implications of mechanical ventilator weaning protocols in children. DESIGN:A critical appraisal of Randolph et al. Effect of mechanical ventilator weaning protocols on respiratory outcomes in infants and children: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:2561-2568, and literature review. FINDINGS:There was no difference in ventilator weaning times between children randomized to a ventilator weaning protocol (pressure support, volume support, or no protocol). However, the study did show that increased sedative use during the first 24 hrs of weaning (the only time during which these data were collected) was an important predictor of weaning duration (p < .001) and weaning failure (p = .04). CONCLUSIONS:The majority of children are weaned from mechanical ventilation over a short period of time. Weaning protocols may not shorten this brief duration of weaning but may have other advantages such as improved collaboration between healthcare team members. Future research into the effects of sedation on weaning from mechanical ventilation is needed in children.

背景与目标： 目的：回顾研究结果并讨论机械呼吸机断奶方案对儿童的影响。
设计：Randolph等人的重要评估。机械呼吸机断奶方案对婴幼儿呼吸系统结局的影响：一项随机对照试验。 JAMA 2002； 288：2561-2568，以及文献综述。
结果：随机分配到呼吸机断奶方案（压力支持，容量支持或无协议）的儿童之间的呼吸机断奶时间没有差异。但是，该研究确实表明，在断奶的前24小时（收集这些数据的唯一时间）内镇静剂使用的增加是断奶持续时间（p <.001）和断奶失败（p = .04）的重要预测指标。 。
结论：大多数儿童在短时间内断奶了机械通气。断奶协议可能不会缩短这段短暂的断奶时间，但可能具有其他优势，例如改善医疗团队成员之间的协作。儿童需要镇静剂对机械通气对断奶的影响的未来研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Middle East and North Africa (MENA) encompass very unique populations, with a rich history and encompasses characteristic ethnic, linguistic and genetic diversity. The genetic diversity of MENA region has been largely unknown. The recent availability of whole-exome and whole-genome sequences from the region has made it possible to collect population-specific allele frequencies. The integration of data sets from this region would provide insights into the landscape of genetic variants in this region. We integrated genetic variants from multiple data sets systematically, available from this region to create a compendium of over 26 million genetic variations. The variants were systematically annotated and their allele frequencies in the data sets were computed and available as a web interface which enables quick query. As a proof of principle for application of the compendium for genetic epidemiology, we analyzed the allele frequencies for variants in transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) gene, associated with autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis. Our analysis revealed that the carrier frequency of selected variants differed widely with significant interethnic differences. To the best of our knowledge, al mena is the first and most comprehensive repertoire of genetic variations from the Arab, Middle Eastern and North African region. We hope al mena would accelerate Precision Medicine in the region.

背景与目标： ：中东和北非（MENA）拥有非常独特的人口，有着悠久的历史，并拥有独特的种族，语言和遗传多样性。中东和北非地区的遗传多样性在很大程度上是未知的。来自该地区的全外显子组和全基因组序列的最新可用性使得收集特定人群的等位基因频率成为可能。来自该区域的数据集的整合将提供对该区域遗传变异的概况的见识。我们系统地整合了来自该地区的多个数据集的遗传变异，以创建一个超过2600万种遗传变异的纲要。系统对变体进行了注释，并计算了数据集中的等位基因频率，并将其用作可快速查询的网络界面。作为遗传流行病学纲要应用原则的证明，我们分析了转谷氨酰胺酶1（TGM1）基因变异的等位基因频率，与常染色体隐性层状鱼鳞病相关。我们的分析表明，所选变体的载波频率差异很大，种族间存在显着差异。据我们所知，almena是阿拉伯，中东和北非地区遗传变异的第一个也是最全面的库。我们希望，法医学将促进该地区的精准医学。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Habitat destruction has resulted in the extinction of many plant species from the earth, and many more face extinction. Likely, the annual endemic Mediterranean knapweed (Centaurea tchihatcheffii) growing in the Golbasi district of Ankara, Turkey is facing extinction and needs urgent conservation. Plant tissue culture, a potentially useful technique for ex situ multiplication, was used for the restoration of this ill-fated plant through seed germination, micropropagation from stem nodes, and adventitious shoot regeneration from immature zygotic embryos. The seeds were highly dormant and very difficult to germinate. No results were obtained from the micropropagation of stem nodes. However, immature zygotic embryos showed the highest adventitious shoot regeneration on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, containing 1 mg l(-1) kinetin and 0.25 mg l(-1) NAA. Regenerated shoots were best rooted on MS medium containing 1 mg l(-1) IBA and transferred to the greenhouse for flowering and seed set. As such, the present work is the first record of in vitro propagation of critically endangered C. tchihatcheffii, using immature zygotic embryos, and is a step forward towards conservation of this indigenous species.

背景与目标： ：栖息地的破坏导致地球上许多植物的灭绝，还有更多物种面临灭绝。可能在土耳其安卡拉的戈尔巴西地区生长的一年生地中海甲鱼（Centaurea tchihatcheffii）面临灭绝，需要紧急保护。植物组织培养是一种可能有用的非原位繁殖技术，它通过种子发芽，茎节的微繁殖以及不成熟合子胚的不定芽再生来恢复这种命运不佳的植物。种子高度休眠，很难发芽。从茎节的微繁没有获得任何结果。但是，未成熟的合子胚在Murashige和Skoog（MS）培养基上显示出最高的不定芽再生，该培养基含有1 mg l（-1）激动素和0.25 mg l（-1）NAA。再生芽最好在含有1 mg l（-1）IBA的MS培养基上生根，然后转移到温室中进行开花和结实。因此，目前的工作是利用未成熟的合子胚在体外繁殖重度濒危柯氏梭菌的第一个记录，是朝着保护这一土著物种迈出的一步。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mutations in the gene encoding hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1beta result in maturity-onset diabetes of the young-(MODY)5, by impairing insulin secretory responses and, possibly, by reducing beta-cell mass. The functional role of HNF1beta in normal beta-cells is poorly understood; therefore, in the present study, wild-type (WT) HNF1beta, or one of two naturally occurring MODY5 mutations (an activating mutation, P328L329del, or a dominant-negative form, A263insGG) were conditionally expressed in the pancreatic beta-cell line, insulin-1 (INS-1), and the functional consequences examined. Surprisingly, overexpression of the dominant-negative mutant did not modify any of the functional properties of the cells studied (including insulin secretion, cell growth and viability). By contrast, expression of WT HNF1beta was associated with a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of INS-1 cell proliferation and a marked increase in apoptosis. Induction of WT HNF1beta also inhibited the insulin secretory response to nutrient stimuli, membrane depolarisation or activation of protein kinases A and C and this correlated with a significant decrease in pancrease-duodenum homeobox-1 protein levels. The attenuation of insulin secretion was, however, dissociated from the inhibition of proliferation and loss of viability, since expression of the P328L329del mutant led to a reduced rate of cell proliferation, but failed to induce apoptosis or to alter insulin secretion. Taken together, the present results suggest that mature rodent beta-cells are sensitive to increased expression of WT HNF1beta and they imply that the levels of this protein are tightly regulated to maintain secretory competence and cell viability.

背景与目标： ：编码肝细胞核因子（HNF）1beta的基因突变会削弱胰岛素分泌反应，并可能减少β细胞的数量，从而导致年轻的（MODY）5发病。 HNF1beta在正常的β细胞中的功能作用了解甚少。因此，在本研究中，野生型（WT）HNF1beta或两个自然发生的MODY5突变之一（激活突变P328L329del或显性负性形式A263insGG）在胰腺β细胞系中有条件表达，胰岛素-1（INS-1），并检查其功能后果。出人意料的是，显性负突变体的过表达并未改变所研究细胞的任何功能特性（包括胰岛素分泌，细胞生长和生存力）。相比之下，WT HNF1beta的表达与INS-1细胞增殖的时间和剂量依赖性抑制以及凋亡的显着增加有关。 WT HNF1beta的诱导还抑制了胰岛素对营养刺激，膜去极化或蛋白激酶A和C活化的分泌反应，这与胰十二指肠同源盒1蛋白水平的显着降低有关。然而，由于P328L329del突变体的表达导致细胞增殖率降低，但是胰岛素分泌的减弱与增殖抑制和生存力丧失分离，但不能诱导细胞凋亡或改变胰岛素分泌。综上所述，本发明结果表明成熟的啮齿动物β细胞对WTHNF1β表达的增加敏感，并且暗示该蛋白的水平被严格调节以维持分泌能力和细胞生存力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Loss of function mouse models comprise knock-out mice, where a gene is deleted in the germline, and conditional knock-out mice with somatic deletion of a floxed allele in defined tissues. Both types of mice are used for comprehensive studies of gene functions in vivo. Here, we describe a simple method for simultaneous generation of mice with conditional or knock-out alleles for the transcription factor fra-2 (Fos-related antigen 2) using a single embryonic stem (ES) cell clone. ES cells with a floxed fra-2 allele were transiently transfected with a Cre-recombinase expression plasmid and plated at low density. Most of the resulting ES cell colonies consisted of a mixture of cells that have either retained or lost the conditional allele. We demonstrate that these mixed ES cell clones can be directly used for generation of chimeras that give rise to offspring with conditional or knock-out alleles simultaneously. This strategy shortens the time and reduces the number of germline transmission events to generate genetically modified mice.

背景与目标： 功能丧失的小鼠模型包括敲除小鼠（其中种系中的基因缺失）和条件性敲除小鼠，其在定义的组织中体细胞性等位基因缺失。两种类型的小鼠都用于体内基因功能的综合研究。在这里，我们描述了使用单个胚胎干（ES）细胞克隆同时生成具有转录因子fra-2（Fos相关抗原2）的条件或敲除等位基因的小鼠的简单方法。用Cre-重组酶表达质粒瞬时转染带有fra-2等位基因的ES细胞，并以低密度铺板。产生的大多数ES细胞集落由保留或丢失条件等位基因的细胞混合物组成。我们证明，这些混合的ES细胞克隆可直接用于产生嵌合体，这些嵌合体同时产生条件等位基因或敲除等位基因。该策略缩短了时间并减少了产生遗传修饰小鼠的种系传播事件的数量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Proteins are often classified in a binary fashion as either structured or disordered. However this approach has several deficits. Firstly, protein folding is always conditional on the physiochemical environment. A protein which is structured in some circumstances will be disordered in others. Secondly, it hides a fundamental asymmetry in behavior. While all structured proteins can be unfolded through a change in environment, not all disordered proteins have the capacity for folding. Failure to accommodate these complexities confuses the definition of both protein structural domains and intrinsically disordered regions. We illustrate these points with an experimental study of a family of small binding domains, drawn from the RNA polymerase of mumps virus and its closest relatives. Assessed at face value the domains fall on a structural continuum, with folded, partially folded, and near unstructured members. Yet the disorder present in the family is conditional, and these closely related polypeptides can access the same folded state under appropriate conditions. Any heuristic definition of the protein domain emphasizing conformational stability divides this domain family in two, in a way that makes no biological sense. Structural domains would be better defined by their ability to adopt a specific tertiary structure: a structure that may or may not be realized, dependent on the circumstances. This explicitly allows for the conditional nature of protein folding, and more clearly demarcates structural domains from intrinsically disordered regions that may function without folding.

背景与目标： ：Protein通常以二进制方式分类为结构化或无序。但是，这种方法存在一些缺陷。首先，蛋白质折叠总是以物理化学环境为条件。在某些情况下结构化的蛋白质在其他情况下会变得无序。其次，它掩盖了行为的基本不对称性。虽然所有结构化蛋白质都可以通过环境变化来展开，但并非所有无序蛋白质都具有折叠能力。无法适应这些复杂性会混淆蛋白质结构域和内在无序区域的定义。我们通过对腮腺炎病毒及其近亲的RNA聚合酶绘制的一系列小结合域的实验研究说明了这些观点。按面值评估，这些域位于结构连续体上，具有折叠，部分折叠和接近非结构化的成员。然而，该家族中存在的病症是有条件的，并且这些紧密相关的多肽可以在适当的条件下进入相同的折叠状态。强调构象稳定性的蛋白质结构域的任何启发式定义都将该结构域家族分为两部分，这是没有生物学意义的。结构域可以采用特定的三级结构的能力来更好地定义：根据情况，该结构可能会实现，也可能不会实现。这明确地允许蛋白质折叠的条件性质，并且更清楚地从可能无折叠而起作用的内在无序的区域划定结构域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In his commentary on Varni et al.'s (Qual Life Res. doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0370-4 , 2013) article, McIntosh (Qual Life Res. doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0465-y , 2013) has two main arguments. First, we should have paid more attention to statistical tests (i.e., χ 2 values) instead of approximate fit indexes for our analysis, especially with the baseline model. Second, Bayesian methods are better than the frequentist methods we used in determining the model's invariance across age and gender groups. We believe that statistical tests do have a place in assessing model fit, but overemphasis on them, especially with larger sample sizes, can lead to errant decisions. Second, while we agree that Bayesian methods have the potential to contribute much to the field of assessing invariance, more development needs to be conducted before they can be widely utilized in assessing factorial invariance across groups.

背景与目标： ：在对Varni等人（Qual Life Res。doi：10.1007 / s11136-013-0370-4，2013）文章的评论中，McIntosh（Qual Life Res。doi：10.1007 / s11136-013-0465-y， 2013年）有两个主要论点。首先，我们应该更加重视统计检验（即χ2值），而不是近似拟合指标来进行分析，尤其是对于基线模型。其次，贝叶斯方法要比我们用来确定模型在年龄和性别组中的不变性的常用方法更好。我们认为统计测试确实可以在评估模型拟合度中占有一席之地，但是过分强调它们（尤其是在样本量较大的情况下）可能会导致错误的决策。其次，虽然我们同意贝叶斯方法有可能在评估不变性方面做出很大贡献，但在将其广泛用于评估各组的因式不变性之前，还需要进行更多的开发。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cooperation declines in repeated public good games because individuals behave as conditional cooperators. This is because individuals imitate the social behaviour of successful individuals when their payoff information is available. However, in human societies, individuals cooperate in many situations involving social dilemmas. We hypothesize that humans are sensitive to both success (payoffs) and how that success was obtained, by cheating (not socially sanctioned) or good behaviour (socially sanctioned and adds to prestige or reputation), when information is available about payoffs and prestige. We propose and model a repeated public good game with heterogeneous conditional cooperators where an agent's donation in a public goods game depends on comparing the number of donations in the population in the previous round and with the agent's arbitrary chosen conditional cooperative criterion. Such individuals imitate the social behaviour of role models based on their payoffs and prestige. The dependence is modelled by two population-level parameters: affinity towards payoff and affinity towards prestige. These affinities influence the degree to which agents value the payoff and prestige of role models. Agents update their conditional strategies by considering both parameters. The simulations in this study show that high levels of cooperation are established in a population consisting of heterogeneous conditional cooperators for a certain range of affinity parameters in repeated public good games. The results show that social value (prestige) is important in establishing cooperation.

背景与目标： ：在反复的公益活动中，合作减少了，因为个人表现为有条件的合作者。这是因为，当可获得他们的回报信息时，个人会模仿成功人士的社交行为。但是，在人类社会中，个人在许多涉及社会困境的情况下进行合作。我们假设人们对成功（收益）以及成功与否（无论是通过作弊（未受到社会制裁）还是良好行为（受到社会认可并会增加声望或声誉））都非常敏感，只要他们可以获得有关收益和声望的信息。我们提出了一个具有异类条件合作者的重复公共物品博弈并对其进行建模，其中代理在公共物品博弈中的捐赠取决于将前一轮中人口捐赠的数量与代理的任意选择的条件合作标准进行比较。这些人根据他们的回报和声望来模仿榜样的社会行为。依赖关系由两个总体级别的参数建模：对收益的亲和力和对声望的亲和力。这些亲和力会影响代理人重视榜样的回报和声望的程度。代理通过考虑两个参数来更新其条件策略。本研究中的模拟显示，在重复的公益游戏中，对于特定范围的亲和力参数，在由异质条件合作者组成的群体中建立了高水平的合作。结果表明，社会价值（信誉）在建立合作中很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fe-Mn-C-Al alloy is a new steel grade of TWIP steel developed in recent years. It has an excellent combination of elongation and tensile strength, as well as good anti-delayed fracture property. However, the crack sensitivity of this new TWIP steel has not been reported yet. In this study, differential thermal analysis (DTA) method was used, combined with professional thermodynamic software ThermoCalc to analyze the solidification behavior for Fe-Mn-C-Al alloys with different chemical compositions. Based on this, the crack sensitivity of TWIP steel is further determined. Through this study, it was found that Fe-Mn-C-Al TWIP steel may have a solidification sequence with high crack sensitivity, belonging to hypo-peritectic steel. Moreover, it was found that the carbon content has a large influence on the solidification behavior, and the manganese content also affects the solidification sequence. It can make the phase transition sequence of the solidification process change significantly, which may avoid the solidification behavior of hypo-peritectic reaction. The analysis results by thermodynamic software ThermoCalc are in good agreement with the experimental results. It displays thermoCalc can be a cost-effective way to develop Fe-Mn-C-Al TWIP steel. It is of great significance for shortening the development period of new Fe-Mn-C-Al steel grades.

背景与目标： ：Fe-Mn-C-Al合金是近年来开发的TWIP钢的新钢种。它具有优异的伸长率和拉伸强度组合，以及良好的抗延迟断裂性能。但是，尚未报道这种新的TWIP钢的裂纹敏感性。在这项研究中，使用差热分析（​​DTA）方法，结合专业的热力学软件ThermoCalc分析具有不同化学成分的Fe-Mn-C-Al合金的凝固行为。基于此，进一步确定了TWIP钢的裂纹敏感性。通过这项研究，发现Fe-Mn-C-Al TWIP钢可能具有高裂纹敏感性的凝固序列，属于低晶包晶钢。此外，发现碳含量对凝固行为具有很大的影响，并且锰含量也影响凝固顺序。它可以使凝固过程的相变顺序发生显着变化，从而可以避免低包晶反应的凝固行为。热力学软件ThermoCalc的分析结果与实验结果吻合良好。它显示thermoCalc是开发Fe-Mn-C-Al TWIP钢的一种经济有效的方式。对于缩短新型Fe-Mn-C-Al钢的开发周期具有重要意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Change in References list order. [...].

背景与目标： ：更改参考列表的顺序。 [...]。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to derive longitudinal reference values of fetal growth (estimated fetal weight [EFW] and abdominal circumference [AC]) during the third trimester and to develop coefficients for conditional growth assessment. PATIENTS AND METHODS:A prospective cohort study was conducted involving consecutive singleton pregnancies in a low-risk population for a routine third-trimester scan at 30+0-34+6 weeks and follow-up at 37+0-38+6 weeks for an additional ultrasound. Statistical analysis was based on multilevel modeling using MLwiN software. Unconditional centiles were calculated from z-values at each gestational age, and conditional centiles were calculated from z-values at a given measurement (30-34 weeks) and the expected measurement (37-38 weeks). RESULTS:At 30-34 weeks, 8 and 9.3% of the fetuses had an unconditional EFW below the 10th and above the 90th centile, respectively. At 37-38 weeks, these figures were 10.3 and 9.3%, respectively. Regarding the unconditional AC, at the first scan, 8.9 and 9.6% had values below the 10th and above the 90th centile, while at the second scan 10.5 and 10.5% had values below the 10th and above the 90th centile, respectively. The proportion with a conditional EFW below the 10th and above the 90th centile was 10.2 and 9.4% at the second scan, respectively. For conditional AC, these figures were 10.7 and 10.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION:We have produced reference centiles for EFW and AC growth during the third trimester as a useful tool for quantifying growth.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是得出妊娠中期胎儿生长的纵向参考值（估计的胎儿体重[EFW]和腹围[AC]），并建立条件生长评估的系数。
患者和方法：进行了一项前瞻性队列研究，涉及低危人群中连续单胎妊娠，在30 0-34 6周进行常规的孕中期扫描，并在37 0-38 6周进行随访，以进行额外的超声检查。统计分析基于使用MLwiN软件的多级建模。根据每个胎龄的z值计算无条件的百分位数，根据给定的测量值（30-34周）和预期的测量值（37-38周）的z值计算条件的百分位。
结果：在30-34周时，分别有8％和9.3％的胎儿在第10个百分位以下和第90个百分位以上有无条件的EFW。在第37-38周时，这些数字分别为10.3和9.3％。对于无条件AC，在第一次扫描时，8.9和9.6％的值低于第10个百分位，在第90个百分点之上，而在第二次扫描中，10.5和10.5％的值分别在第10个百分位数和第90个百分率以上。在第二次扫描时，条件EFW低于第10个百分位和高于第90个百分位的比例分别为10.2％和9.4％。对于有条件的AC，这些数字分别为10.7％和10.3％。
结论：我们为妊娠晚期的EFW和AC增长绘制了参考百分位，作为量化增长的有用工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :1. The strain M 5 al of Klebsiella pneumoniae grows excellently with starches. We were able to show that besides the pullulanase associated with the external membrane of the cells the bacterium produces an inducible, extracellular cyclodextrin glucanotransferase [1,4-alpha-D-glucan-4-alpha-(1,4-alpha-glucano)-transferase (cyclising) (EC 2.4.1.19)]. Potato starch and cyclohexaamylose or cycloheptaamylose were found to be the best "inducing" carbon sources for the synthesis of the enzyme. When the bacteria are grown batchwise, maltose is a poorly "inducing" carbon source; larger quantities of the enzyme are synthesized by continuous cultivation with maltose as growth limiting factor. 2. For the determination of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase-activity an assay method wsa worked out. 3. The enzyme could be separated from the culture filtrate and purified to more than 90% in few steps. At a total yield of 61.2% related to the activity of the culture filtrate employed we received an enzyme solution with the specific activity of 26.6 units/mg protein. Some properties of the enzyme are described. 4. The products formed from amylopectin by the enzyme were analyzed. Somewhat more than half the amylopectin was found as cyclodextrins. 29.3% of the cyclodextrin fraction were cycloheptaamylose, 47.2% cyclohexaamylose and 10.7% exo-branched cyclohexaamylose. 12.8% of cyclohexaamylose were obtained from a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase-limit dextrin after debranching by pullulanase and exposing the product to the action of the glucanotransferase again. 5. The importance of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase for the utilization of starches by this strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae is discussed. After a first characterization the enzyme is compared to the amylase of Bacillus macerans.

背景与目标： ：1。肺炎克雷伯菌的菌株M 5 al与淀粉一起生长良好。我们能够证明，除与细胞外膜相关的支链淀粉酶外，细菌还产生诱导型胞外环糊精葡聚糖转移酶[1,4-α-D-葡聚糖-4-α-（1,4-α-葡聚糖） -转移酶（环化）（EC 2.4.1.19）]。发现马铃薯淀粉和环己淀粉或环庚淀粉是合成该酶的最佳“诱导”碳源。当细菌分批生长时，麦芽糖是不良的“诱导”碳源。通过以麦芽糖为生长限制因子的连续培养来合成大量的酶。 2.为了测定环糊精的葡糖基转移酶活性，制定了一种测定方法。 3.可以从培养滤液中分离出酶，并通过几个步骤将其纯化至90％以上。与所使用的培养滤液的活性有关的总产率为61.2％，我们获得了比活性为26.6单位/ mg蛋白质的酶溶液。描述了酶的一些特性。 4.分析了由支链淀粉通过酶形成的产物。发现大约一半以上的支链淀粉是环糊精。 29.3％的环糊精级分是环庚直链淀粉，47.2％的环己直链淀粉和10.7％的外分支支化的环己直链淀粉。在通过支链淀粉酶脱支并且使产物再次暴露于葡聚糖转移酶的作用之后，从环糊精葡聚糖转移酶-极限糊精中获得12.8％的环己糖。 5.讨论了环糊精葡聚糖转移酶对于该肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株利用淀粉的重要性。在首次鉴定后，将该酶与马氏芽孢杆菌的淀粉酶进行比较。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Buck and Duffy (1980) and Borod et al. (1985) found evidence of deficits in spontaneous expressiveness in right brain-damaged (RBD) patients relative to LBD patients and controls. Using FACS, Mammucari et al. (1988) failed to replicate this result and questioned our methods and findings. This paper replies (a) that Mammucari et al. (1988)'s review of our work is selective and misleading; (b) that there are aspects of their study that can account for their null results, including the insufficient sensitivity of FACS for the measurement of spontaneous expressiveness; and (c) that the results of Mammucari et al. (1988) regarding "aversive eye movements" to a negative film in LBD and control, but not RBD, patients are in fact compatible with our findings. This paper also suggests a general strategy for the objective and comprehensive analysis of spontaneous emotional expressiveness.

背景与目标： ：Buck and Duffy（1980）和Borod等。 （1985年）发现相对于LBD患者和对照组，右脑损伤（RBD）患者自发性表达缺乏的证据。 Mammucari等人使用FACS。 （1988）未能复制这个结果，并质疑我们的方法和发现。本文答复（a）Mammucari等。 （1988）对我们工作的评论是有选择性和误导性的； （b）他们研究的某些方面可以解释其无效的结果，包括流式细胞仪对自发表达能力的敏感性不足； （c）Mammucari等人的结果。 （1988年）关于在LBD和对照组（而非RBD）中使负片“平均眼球运动”，患者实际上与我们的发现相符。本文还提出了一种客观和全面分析自发情绪表达能力的一般策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) has been widely used to assess physical activity in healthy populations. The present study compared physical activity assessed by the long, self-administrated version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire with physical activity assessed by accelerometry in patients with fibromyalgia. A total of 99 (five men) participants with fibromyalgia completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and wore an accelerometer for nine consecutive days. We analysed the correlations of physical activity expressed as min · day(-1) of light, moderate, vigorous, and moderate to vigorous (MVPA) intensity, as well as time spent sitting, by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and accelerometry by Spearman correlations. Bland and Altman plots were performed to verify the agreements between both instruments. The results showed weak yet significant correlations (Rs = 0.15-0.39, all P < 0.05) in all physical activity intensities between the two instruments, except for sedentary time. The highest correlations were observed for physical activity at home or in garden (Rs = 0.297, P < 0.01). The results suggest that the long self-administrated International Physical Activity Questionnaire is a questionable instrument to assess physical activity in patients with fibromyalgia. Therefore, physical activity measurement in fibromyalgia patients should not be limited solely to self-reported measures.

背景与目标： ：国际体育锻炼问卷（IPAQ）已被广泛用于评估健康人群的体育锻炼。本研究比较了通过长期自我管理的《国际体力活动问卷》评估的体力活动与通过加速计评估的纤维肌痛患者的体力活动。共有99名（五名男性）纤维肌痛参与者参加了《国际体育锻炼问卷》，并连续9天佩戴了加速度计。我们通过国际体育活动问卷和Spearman相关性分析了表示为轻度，中度，剧烈和中度至剧烈（MVPA）强度的min·day（-1）的体育活动的相关性，以及坐着花费的时间。 。进行了Bland和Altman绘图以验证两种仪器之间的一致性。结果表明，除了久坐时间外，两种器械之间所有身体活动强度之间的相关性均较弱（Rs = 0.15-0.39，所有P <0.05）。在家中或花园里进行体育锻炼的相关性最高（Rs = 0.297，P <0.01）。结果表明，长期自我管理的《国际身体活动量表》是评估纤维肌痛患者身体活动量的可疑工具。因此，纤维肌痛患者的身体活动测量不应仅局限于自我报告的测量。