BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To determine if parathyroid hormone (PTH) is essential for lactation in rats, the parathyroid glands were removed surgically during the first week of lactation and the rats were given a diet containing a high calcium-phosphorus ratio to maintain a normal serum calcium concentration. Lactating rats were placed on diet containing 1.2% calcium (Ca) and 0.8, 0.6, or 0.4% phosphorus (P) on day 2 postpartum (PP) and were parathyroidectomized (PTX) at 4-6 days PP. At 10 days PP serum Ca was 10.5 +/- 0.2 mg/dl (mean +/- SEM) for PTX rats and 10.4 +/- 0.3 mg/dl in sham-operated lactating rats when the diet contained 0.6% P. When the diet P was 0.8%, the litters gained little or no weight and serum Ca fell to 6.9 +/- 0.6 mg/dl by day 10 PP in PTX rats compared with 10.2 +/- 0.2 mg/dl in sham rats. PTX rats fed the diet containing 1.2% Ca and 0.6% P maintained a normal serum Ca level until at least day 18 PP, but their serum P levels fell gradually from approximately 5 mg/dl at 10 days to 3 mg/dl at 18 days PP. In spite of this hypophosphatemia, the litters of PTX and sham rats had gained the same amount of weight by age 16 days, indicating equal milk production in the two groups. Milk Ca, P, and total solids were not significantly different between PTX and sham rats on day 11 PP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

背景与目标： ：为了确定甲状旁腺激素（PTH）是否对大鼠泌乳至关重要，在哺乳的第一周内通过手术切除了甲状旁腺，并给大鼠饮食中添加了高钙磷比以维持正常的血清钙浓度。哺乳期大鼠在产后第二天（PP）接受含1.2％钙（Ca）和0.8、0.6或0.4％磷（P）的饮食，并在PP的4-6天进行甲状旁腺切除术（PTX）。在第10天，当饮食中含0.6％P时，PTX大鼠的PP血清Ca为10.5 /-0.2 mg / dl（平均值/-SEM），对于假手术的哺乳期大鼠，其血清Ca为10.4 /-0.3 mg / dl。到第10天PP时，产仔体重减轻或几乎没有增重，血清Ca下降至6.9 /-0.6 mg / dl，而假手术大鼠的血清Ca下降至6.9 /-0.6 mg / dl。饲喂含1.2％Ca和0.6％P的饮食的PTX大鼠至少在第18天时维持正常的血清Ca水平，但其血清P水平逐渐从10天时的约5 mg / dl降至18天时的3 mg / dl PP。尽管存在这种低磷血症，但在16天龄时，PTX和假大鼠的产仔体重增加了相同的量，表明两组的产奶量相同。在第11天PP时，PTX和假鼠之间的牛奶Ca，P和总固体含量没有显着差异（摘要以250字截断）

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the individual services offered via a workplace lactation program of one large public-sector employer on the duration of any breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding was defined as exclusive feeding of human milk for the milk feeding. A cross-sectional mailed survey approach was used. The sample (n = 128) consisted of women who had used at least one component of the lactation program in the past 3 years and who were still employed at the same organization when data were collected. Descriptive statistics included frequency distributions and contingency table analysis. Chi-square analysis was used for comparison of groups, and both analysis of variance (ANOVA) and univariate analysis of variance from a general linear model were used for comparison of means. The survey respondents were primarily older, white, married, well-educated, high-income women. More of the women who received each lactation program service were exclusively breastfeeding at 6 months of infant age in all categories of services, with significant differences in the categories of telephone support and return to work consultation. After adjusting for race and work status, logistic regression analysis showed the number of services received was positively related to exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months and participation in a return to work consultation was positively related to any breastfeeding at 6 months. The study demonstrated that the workplace lactation program had a positive impact on duration of breastfeeding for the women who participated. Participation in the telephone support and return to work consultation services, and the total number of services used were related to longer duration of exclusive and/or any breastfeeding.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是评估通过一个大型公共部门雇主的工作场所哺乳计划提供的各项服务对任何母乳喂养和纯母乳喂养的持续时间的影响。纯母乳喂养被定义为母乳纯母乳喂养。使用了横断面邮寄调查方法。样本（n = 128）由在过去3年中至少使用过泌乳计划一个组成部分并且在收集数据时仍在同一组织中工作的妇女组成。描述性统计信息包括频率分布和列联表分析。卡方分析用于组比较，而一般线性模型的方差分析（ANOVA）和方差单变量分析都用于均值比较。受访者主要是年龄较大，白人，已婚，受过良好教育的高收入妇女。在所有服务类别中，接受每种泌乳计划服务的妇女中，有更多是在婴儿6个月时完全以母乳喂养的，在电话支持和重返工作咨询的类别上存在明显差异。在对种族和工作状态进行调整之后，逻辑回归分析显示，在6个月时接受的服务数量与纯母乳喂养呈正相关，在6个月时参加重返工作咨询与任何母乳喂养都呈正相关。该研究表明，工作场所的泌乳计划对参加该计划的妇女的母乳喂养时间有积极的影响。参与电话支持和重返工作咨询服务，以及所使用的服务总数与纯母乳喂养和/或任何母乳喂养时间的延长有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Complex milk lipids (CMLs) provide a critical nutritional source for generating both energy and essential nutrients for the growth of the newborn. The present study investigated nutritional supplementation with a CML containing gangliosides and phospholipids in pregnant and lactating rats on learning behavior and postnatal growth in male offspring. Wistar female rats were supplemented during pregnancy and lactation with either control or CML to provide gangliosides at a dose of 0.01% (low) and 0.05% (high) based on total food intake. The CML-supplemented dams showed no differences in comparison to controls regarding growth, food intake, and litter characteristics. There were significant differences in brain composition in male offspring at postnatal day 2 (P2) with higher concentrations of gangliosides (high dose, P < .05) and lower concentrations of phospholipids (low and high dose, P < .05) in the CML-supplemented groups. The distribution of individual ganglioside species was not significantly different between treatment groups. Brain weight at P2 was also significantly higher in the CML groups. Differences in the brain composition and weight were not significant by weaning (P21). As adults (P80), adiposity was reduced in the low CML-supplemented group compared to controls. No significant differences were detected between any of the treatment groups in any of the behavioral tasks (water maze, object recognition, and operant learning). These data suggest that maternal supplementation with a CML during pregnancy and lactation is safe and has a significant early impact on brain weight and ganglioside and phospholipid content in offspring but did not alter long-term behavioral function using standard behavioral techniques.

背景与目标： ：复杂的乳脂（CML）提供了重要的营养来源，可为新生儿的生长生成能量和必需营养素。本研究调查了在妊娠和哺乳期大鼠中含有神经节苷脂和磷脂的CML的营养补充对雄性后代的学习行为和产后生长的影响。在怀孕和哺乳期向Wistar雌性大鼠补充对照或CML，以总食物摄入量的0.01％（低）和0.05％（高）的剂量提供神经节苷脂。与对照相比，补充了CML的水坝在生长，食物摄入和垫料特性方面没有差异。在出生后第2天（P2），CML中神经节苷脂浓度较高（高剂量，P <.05）和磷脂浓度较低（低剂量和高剂量，P <.05）的雄性后代的大脑组成存在显着差异。 -补充的小组。各治疗组之间神经节苷脂种类的分布没有显着差异。在CML组中，P2的脑重量也显着更高。断奶对大脑组成和体重的影响不显着（P21）。作为成年人（P80），与对照组相比，低CML补充组的肥胖率降低。在任何行为任务（水迷宫，物体识别和操作学习）中，任何治疗组之间均未检测到显着差异。这些数据表明，孕妇在妊娠和哺乳期补充CML是安全的，并且对后代的脑重量，神经节苷脂和磷脂含量具有重大的早期影响，但使用标准的行为技术不会改变长期的行为功能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ten years after her battle with anorexia nervosa and bulimia began, a 26-year-old woman restored her normal body weight to 102 pounds from a low of 47 pounds (21.3 kilograms), became pregnant, delivered a healthy infant at term, and was successfully breastfeeding at five months. Her dietary intake, which was computer analyzed and compared with the recommended dietary allowances for pregnancy and lactation, revealed few nutrient deficiencies. Ample pregnancy weight gain provided an energy reserve for lactation.

背景与目标： ：与神经性厌食症和贪食症的斗争开始十年后，一名26岁的妇女将其正常体重从47磅（21.3千克）的低点恢复到102磅，怀孕了，足月分娩了健康的婴儿，在五个月内成功母乳喂养。她的饮食摄入量经过计算机分析，并与建议的妊娠和哺乳期饮食津贴进行比较，显示出极少的营养缺乏症。充足的妊娠体重增加为哺乳提供了能量储备。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A decreased reactivity to stressors during lactation might heighten the expression of maternal care (including defense of offspring) by minimizing the extent to which stress can impact maternal care. Although stressors applied during pregnancy have variable effects on maternal aggression (or defense of offspring), to date no study has examined the effects of stress applied during the postpartum period on maternal aggression. In this study, we examined the effects of both daily and acute restraint stress (30 min) applied postpartum on maternal aggression and other maternal behaviors. Daily restraint (ending 2 h before testing) did not alter any measure of maternal behavior, including nursing, licking and grooming of pups and pup retrieval, or any measure of maternal aggression. In contrast, acute stress significantly impaired total time aggressive and number of attacks, but pup retrieval was normal. c-Fos levels were significantly elevated in a number of brain regions in association with acute stress, including lateral septum (LS), caudal periaqueductal gray and medial amygdala (MeA), suggesting possible sites where stress reactivity could alter aggression. Together, the results indicate that acute restraint stress impairs maternal aggression and provide a starting point for future studies examining how stress reactivity pathways may intersect with maternal aggression pathways.

背景与目标： 哺乳期对压力源的反应性降低可能会通过最大程度地降低压力对产妇保健的影响来提高产妇保健的表达（包括对后代的防御）。尽管怀孕期间施加的压力对母体侵略（或后代防御）具有不同的影响，但迄今为止，尚无研究检查产后时期施加的压力对母体侵略的影响。在这项研究中，我们研究了产后每日和急性约束压力（30分钟）对母体侵略和其他母体行为的影响。每天的约束（在测试前2小时结束）并没有改变任何孕产妇行为的措施，包括对幼崽的护理，舔ing和修饰以及幼崽的取回，或任何对孕产妇的侵害的措施。相比之下，急性压力显着损害了总的进攻时间和攻击次数，但幼犬的恢复是正常的。与急性应激相关的许多大脑区域中的c-Fos水平显着升高，包括外侧中隔（LS），导水管尾部灰色和杏仁核（MeA），表明应激反应可能改变攻击性的可能部位。总之，结果表明，急性束缚应激会损害母亲的侵略性，并为今后研究应激反应途径可能与母亲的侵害途径相交的研究提供一个起点。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: During lactation, female rodents, dingoes, and kangaroos consume urine and feces excreted by the young. Studies with tritiated water as a tracer for native water showed that roughly one-third of the water secreted as milk was returned to the mother. The results are cogent to studies of water balance of lactation and to current methods used for estimating milk production.

背景与目标： 哺乳期间，雌性啮齿动物，野狗和袋鼠会消耗年轻人排出的尿液和粪便。用tri水作为天然水的示踪剂的研究表明，大约有三分之一的牛奶分泌的水被返还给了母亲。该结果对于研究泌乳期水平衡和当前用于估算牛奶产量的方法很有帮助。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Early nutritional environment may program permanent metabolic alterations, predisposing to later diseases. We have investigated the interference of maternal malnutrition during lactation with the development of acute inflammation in adult rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Adult rats, offspring of dams fed with either protein-free diet (UN group) or 22% protein diet (C group) during the first 10 days of lactation, were submitted to pleurisy with carrageenan (500 microg/cavity). Pleural edema, neutrophil migration and ICAM expression, were evaluated 4 h after and correlated with alterations in plasma insulin and corticosterone. Leukocyte-endothelium interactions were evaluated by intravital microscopy 1 h after inflammation. RESULTS:Compared to controls, UN rats showed a decrease in pleural edema formation (50%), neutrophil migration (50%), endothelial ICAM-1 expression on pulmonary tissue, and impairment in leukocyte adhesion (50%) and migration (80%) through endothelium. Circulating insulin was lower (42%) and corticosterone was higher (34%) in UN, compared to controls. Pre-treatment of UN with insulin (5 IU/day) or RU486 (20 mg/kg/day), inhibitor of glucocorticoid receptor, restored leukocyte functions and ICAM-1 expression. CONCLUSION:Postnatal maternal malnutrition, programming for permanent alterations in insulin and glucocorticoid secretion in progeny, that were unable to properly mount an inflammatory response, probably predisposes to chronic diseases in adult life.

背景与目标： 目的：早期的营养环境可能会导致永久性的代谢改变，从而导致以后的疾病。我们已经研究了哺乳期母体营养不良与成年大鼠急性发炎的关系。
材料与方法：成年大鼠，哺乳期前10天以无蛋白饮食（UN组）或22％蛋白饮食（C组）喂养的水坝后代，被角叉菜胶（每腔500微克）进行胸膜炎。 4小时后评估胸膜水肿，中性粒细胞迁移和ICAM表达，并与血浆胰岛素和皮质酮的变化相关。炎症1小时后，通过活体显微镜评估白细胞-内皮的相互作用。
结果：与对照组相比，UN大鼠的胸膜水肿形成减少（50％），中性粒细胞迁移减少（50％），肺组织内皮ICAM-1表达减少，白细胞粘附减少（50％）和迁移减少（80％） ）通过内皮细胞。与对照组相比，联合国的循环胰岛素较低（42％），皮质酮较高（34％）。用胰岛素（5 IU /天）或RU486（20 mg / kg /天），糖皮质激素受体抑制剂，UN预处理，恢复白细胞功能和ICAM-1表达。
结论：产后母亲营养不良，为子代中的胰岛素和糖皮质激素分泌的永久性改变制定程序，这些改变无法适当地引起炎症反应，这可能是成人生活中慢性病的诱因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the free amino acid pool in plasma and milk in marginally nourished lactating women. Twenty-eight rural women (age, 23.9+/-5y; weight 50.2+/-4.9 kg; height, 148.2+/-4.8 cm) were studied under metabolic balance conditions. Subjects were divided into 6 groups (5-6 women in each), representing rural mothers postweaning and in the 15, 3rd, and 6th months of lactation; nonpregnant, nonlactating controls were from rural and urban areas. Amino acid analyses of diet and of plasma and milk samples were performed using a Beckman 6300 amino acid analyzer. Lysine intakes were lower than the recommended intake for lactating women (RDA). Plasma amino acid profiles differed between the lactating and weaned groupsaspartate and isoleucine increased at the 6th month (P < 0.05), while valine declined over weaning time (P < 0.05). In milk, valine and proline decreased at the 6th month (P < 0.05), while serine rose at the 3rd month. Free amino acid pools were 1- to 15-fold higher in plasma than in milk for branched-chain amino acids and basic, aromatic, and neutral amino acids. In mammary tissue these amino acids can be channeled to tissue and milk protein synthesis or to catabolic pathways. Glutamate was 40-fold higher in milk with respect to plasma content. This was the predominant amino acid in the free amino acid pool in milk. These results suggest selective amino acid transport in mammary tissue during lactation.

背景与目标： 这项研究的目的是确定边缘营养哺乳期妇女血浆和牛奶中的游离氨基酸库。在代谢平衡条件下研究了28名农村妇女（年龄23.9 / -5岁；体重50.2 /-4.9公斤；身高148.2 /-4.8厘米）。将受试者分为6组（每组5-6名妇女），分别代表断奶后和哺乳期第15、3和6个月的农村母亲。非妊娠，非泌乳控制者来自农村和城市地区。使用Beckman 6300氨基酸分析仪对饮食以及血浆和牛奶样品进行氨基酸分析。赖氨酸的摄入量低于哺乳期妇女的推荐摄入量（RDA）。乳酸组和断奶组之间的血浆氨基酸谱有所不同，天冬氨酸和异亮氨酸在第6个月增加（P <0.05），而缬氨酸在断奶期间下降（P <0.05）。在牛奶中，缬氨酸和脯氨酸在第6个月下降（P <0.05），而丝氨酸在第3个月上升。对于支链氨基酸和碱性，芳香族和中性氨基酸，血浆中的游离氨基酸池比牛奶中的氨基酸高1至15倍。在乳腺组织中，这些氨基酸可以引导至组织和乳蛋白合成或分解代谢途径。相对于血浆含量，谷氨酸在牛奶中的含量高40倍。这是牛奶中游离氨基酸库中的主要氨基酸。这些结果表明，泌乳过程中乳腺组织中氨基酸的选择性转运。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Asynchronous concurrent lactation (ACL) is an extreme lactation strategy in macropod marsupials including the tammar wallaby, that may hold the key to understanding local control of mammary epithelial cell function. Marsupials have a short gestation and a long lactation consisting of three phases; P2A, P2B and P3, representing early, mid and late lactation respectively and characterised by profound changes in milk composition. A lactating tammar is able to concurrently produce phase 2A and 3 milk from adjacent glands in order to feed a young newborn and an older sibling at heel. Physiological effectors of ACL remain unknown and in this study the extracellular matrix (ECM) is investigated for its role in switching mammary phenotypes between phases of tammar wallaby lactation. Using the level of expression of the genes for the phase specific markers tELP, tWAP, and tLLP-B representing phases 2A, 2B and 3 respectively we show for the first time that tammar wallaby mammary epithelial cells (WallMECs) extracted from P2B acquire P3 phenotype when cultured on P3 ECM. Similarly P2A cells acquire P2B phenotype when cultured on P2B ECM. We further demonstrate that changes in phase phenotype correlate with phase-specific changes in ECM composition. This study shows that progressive changes in ECM composition in individual mammary glands provide a local regulatory mechanism for milk protein gene expression thereby enabling the mammary glands to lactate independently.

背景与目标： ：同步并发泌乳（ACL）是包括tammar小袋鼠在内的大型足类有袋动物的一种极端泌乳策略，这可能是理解局部控制乳腺上皮细胞功能的关键。有袋动物的妊娠期短，哺乳期长，分为三个阶段。 P2A，P2B和P3分别代表泌乳早期，中期和晚期，其特征是牛奶成分发生了深刻变化。哺乳期的tammar能够同时从相邻的腺体中产生2A和3期乳汁，以喂养足跟的年轻新生儿和年长的兄弟姐妹。 ACL的生理效应仍然未知，在这项研究中，研究了细胞外基质（ECM）在tammar小袋鼠哺乳期之间切换乳腺表型中的作用。使用分别代表阶段2A，2B和3的阶段特异性标记tELP，tWAP和tLLP-B的基因表达水平，我们首次展示了从P2B提取的坦玛袋鼠乳腺上皮细胞（WallMEC）获得P3表型。在P3 ECM上培养时。类似地，当在P2B ECM上培养时，P2A细胞获得P2B表型。我们进一步证明，相表型的变化与ECM组成中的相特异性变化相关。这项研究表明，单个乳腺中ECM组成的逐步变化为乳蛋白基因表达提供了局部调节机制，从而使乳腺能够独立地泌乳。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Breast rejection is a common cause of breast-feeding failure. We describe 51 mother-infant pairs who visited the Hospital for Sick Children breast-feeding clinic because the baby refused to take the breast. Management was successful in 21 (40%), partially successful in 11 cases (22%), and unsuccessful in 16 (31%). (Three mothers were lost to follow up.) We believe that the early introduction of bottles results in the baby's developing an ineffective suckle, which then causes frustration when the baby tries to breast-feed. Good management of breast-feeding in the newborn period involves avoiding bottles and teaching the mother proper positioning and latching, as well as signs that indicate whether her baby is getting adequate milk. A method of giving supplemental fluids without direct bottle-feeding is described.

背景与目标： ：排异是母乳喂养失败的常见原因。我们描述了51对母婴，他们因婴儿拒绝哺乳而去了病童医院母乳喂养诊所。管理成功21例（40％），部分成功11例（22％），失败16例（31％）。 （失去了三个母亲进行跟进。）我们认为，早期使用奶瓶会导致婴儿产生无效的哺乳，然后在婴儿尝试母乳喂养时会感到沮丧。新生儿期对母乳喂养的良好管理包括避免使用奶瓶和教导母亲正确的定位和锁闭方法，以及指示婴儿是否获得足够牛奶的体征。描述了一种无需直接进瓶就补充液体的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: : Background: New Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requirements mandate lactation accommodations for resident physicians and fellows. However, to date, few training programs have developed and reported robust lactation support programs or policies. Objective: The authors aimed to develop an evidence-based, ACGME-compliant policy to optimize lactation support for residents and fellows at their institution. Methods: Six Sigma process improvement methodology was utilized to structure this 2018-2019 project. Qualitative methods included stakeholder analysis, feedback sessions, formal needs assessments, and a thorough review of breastfeeding law, societal guidelines, and best practices. Quantitative methods included use of a standardized grading tool for lactation facilities. Quality assurance efforts are ongoing to ensure successful implementation of the developed policy. Results: The authors present a framework for improving lactation support for residents and fellows and share an institutional policy suitable for implementation by other graduate medical education departments. Conclusions: To ensure compliance with ACGME requirements and address breastfeeding challenges faced by medical trainees, it is crucial that U.S. residencies and fellowships implement lactation policies to support trainees. The authors welcome the modification and utilization of the evidence-based, ACGME-compliant policy reported herein.

背景与目标： ：
背景：
研究生医学教育新认证委员会（ACGME）要求为住院医师和研究人员提供哺乳场所。但是，迄今为止，很少有培训计划制定并报告了强有力的哺乳支持计划或政策。
客观的：
作者旨在制定一项循证，符合ACGME的政策，以优化其所在机构居民和同胞的哺乳支持。
方法：
2018年至2019年项目的结构采用了六西格码（Sigma）流程改进方法。定性方法包括利益相关者分析，反馈会议，正式需求评估以及对母乳喂养法律，社会准则和最佳做法的全面审查。定量方法包括为泌乳设施使用标准化的分级工具。正在进行质量保证工作，以确保成功实施已制定的政策。
结果：
作者提出了一个改善居民和同胞哺乳支持的框架，并分享了适合其他研究生医学教育部门实施的机构政策。
结论：
为了确保符合ACGME要求并解决医学实习生面临的母乳喂养挑战，至关重要的是，美国的常驻人员和研究金必须实施哺乳政策来支持培训生。作者欢迎修改和使用此处报告的基于证据的，符合ACGME的政策。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Excessive intake of fructose is associated with hypertension. Gut microbiota and their metabolites are thought to be associated with the development of hypertension. We examined whether maternal high-fructose (HF) diet-induced programmed hypertension via altering gut microbiota, regulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and their receptors, and mediating nutrient-sensing signals in adult male offspring. Next, we aimed to determine whether early gut microbiota-targeted therapies with probiotic Lactobacillus casei and prebiotic inulin can prevent maternal HF-induced programmed hypertension. Pregnant rats received 60% high-fructose (HF) diet, with 2 × 10⁸ CFU/day Lactobacillus casei via oral gavage (HF+Probiotic), or with 5% w/w long chain inulin (HF+prebiotic) during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring (n = 7⁻8/group) were assigned to four groups: control, HF, HF+Probiotic, and HF+Prebiotic. Rats were sacrificed at 12 weeks of age. Maternal probiotic Lactobacillus casei and prebiotic inulin therapies protect against hypertension in male adult offspring born to fructose-fed mothers. Probiotic treatment prevents HF-induced hypertension is associated with reduced plasma acetate level and decreased renal mRNA expression of Olfr78. While prebiotic treatment increased plasma propionate level and restored HF-induced reduction of Frar2 expression. Maternal HF diet has long-term programming effects on the adult offspring's gut microbiota. Probiotic and prebiotic therapies exerted similar protective effects on blood pressure but they showed different mechanisms on modulation of gut microbiota. Maternal HF diet induced developmental programming of hypertension, which probiotic Lactobacillus casei or prebiotic inulin therapy prevented. Maternal gut microbiota-targeted therapies could be reprogramming strategies to prevent the development of hypertension caused by maternal consumption of fructose-rich diet.

背景与目标： ：果糖摄入过多与高血压有关。肠道菌群及其代谢产物被认为与高血压的发展有关。我们检查了母体高果糖（HF）饮食是否通过改变肠道菌群，调节短链脂肪酸（SCFA）及其受体以及介导成年雄性后代的营养感应信号而诱发了程序性高血压。接下来，我们旨在确定使用益生菌干酪乳杆菌和益生元菊粉的早期针对肠道菌群的疗法是否可以预防孕产妇HF诱发的程序性高血压。怀孕的大鼠接受60％的高果糖（HF）饮食，通过口服管饲法（HF Probiotic）服用2×10 6 CFU /天的干酪乳杆菌（HF Probiotic），或在怀孕和哺乳期接受5％w / w的长链菊粉（HF益生元）。雄性后代（n =7⁻8/组）分为四组：对照组，HF，HF益生菌和HF益生元。在12周龄处死大鼠。孕妇益生菌干酪乳杆菌和益生元菊粉疗法可防止果糖喂养的母亲所生的成年男性后代患高血压。益生菌治疗可防止HF诱发的高血压与血浆乙酸盐水平降低和Olfr78的肾mRNA表达降低有关。益生元治疗可提高血浆丙酸水平并恢复HF诱导的Frar2表达降低。孕妇HF饮食对成年后代的肠道菌群有长期的编程作用。益生菌和益生元疗法对血压具有相似的保护作用，但它们对肠道菌群的调节机制不同。孕妇HF饮食可诱发高血压的发展计划，而益生菌干酪乳杆菌或益生元菊粉治疗可预防高血压。可以将针对孕妇肠道菌群的疗法重新编程，以防止由孕妇食用富含果糖的饮食引起的高血压的发展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Breast milk is recognized as the most important postpartum element in metabolic and immunologic programming of health of neonates. The factors influencing the milk microbiome and the potential impact of microbes on infant health have not yet been uncovered. OBJECTIVE:Our objective was to identify pre- and postnatal factors that can potentially influence the bacterial communities inhabiting human milk. DESIGN:We characterized the milk microbial community at 3 different time points by pyrosequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in mothers (n = 18) who varied in BMI, weight gain, and mode of delivery. RESULTS:We found that the human milk microbiome changes over lactation. Weisella, Leuconostoc, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Lactococcus were predominant in colostrum samples, whereas in 1- and 6-mo milk samples the typical inhabitants of the oral cavity (eg, Veillonella, Leptotrichia, and Prevotella) increased significantly. Milk from obese mothers tended to contain a different and less diverse bacterial community compared with milk from normal-weight mothers. Milk samples from elective but not from nonelective mothers who underwent cesarean delivery contained a different bacterial community than did milk samples from individuals giving birth by vaginal delivery, suggesting that it is not the operation per se but rather the absence of physiological stress or hormonal signals that could influence the microbial transmission process to milk. CONCLUSIONS:Our results indicate that milk bacteria are not contaminants and suggest that the milk microbiome is influenced by several factors that significantly skew its composition. Because bacteria present in breast milk are among the very first microbes entering the human body, our data emphasize the necessity to understand the biological role that the milk microbiome could potentially play for human health.

背景与目标： 背景：母乳被认为是新生儿健康代谢和免疫学编程中最重要的产后元素。尚未发现影响牛奶微生物组的因素以及微生物对婴儿健康的潜在影响。
目的：我们的目的是确定可能影响居住在母乳中的细菌群落的产前和产后因素。
设计：我们通过焦磷酸测序和定量聚合酶链反应（在体重指数，体重增加和分娩方式各不相同的母亲（n = 18）中）在三个不同的时间点对牛奶微生物群落进行了表征。
结果：我们发现母乳中的微生物组随哺乳期发生变化。初乳样品中Weisella，亮粘菌，葡萄球菌，链球菌和乳球菌为主，而在1个月和6个月牛奶样品中，典型的口腔居民（例如Veillonella，Leptotrichia和Prevotella）显着增加。与正常体重母亲的牛奶相比，肥胖母亲的牛奶倾向于包含不同且多样性较低的细菌群落。接受剖宫产的非选择性母亲的牛奶样本与通过阴道分娩的个体的牛奶样本具有不同的细菌群落，这表明这本身不是手术，而是缺乏生理压力或荷尔蒙信号可能会影响微生物向牛奶的传播过程。
结论：我们的结果表明，牛奶细菌不是污染物，这表明牛奶微生物组受到多种因素的影响，这些因素大大扭曲了牛奶的组成。由于母乳中存在的细菌是进入人体的最早微生物之一，因此我们的数据强调必须了解母乳微生物组可能对人类健康发挥的生物学作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Some breastfed infants with atopic eczema benefit from elimination of cow milk, egg, or other antigens from their mother's diet. Maternal dietary antigens are also known to cross the placenta. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effects of prescribing an antigen avoidance diet during pregnancy or lactation, or both, on maternal and infant nutrition and on the prevention or treatment of atopic disease in the child. SEARCH STRATEGY:We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (March 2006) and contacted researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA:All randomized or quasi-randomized comparisons of maternal dietary antigen avoidance prescribed to pregnant or lactating women. We excluded trials of multimodal interventions that included manipulation of the infant's diet other than breast milk or of nondietary aspects of the infant's environment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:We extracted data from published reports, supplemented by additional information received from the trialists we contacted. MAIN RESULTS:The evidence from four trials, involving 334 participants, does not suggest a protective effect of maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy on the incidence of atopic eczema during the first 18 months of life. Data on allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis, or both, and urticaria are limited to a single trial each and are insufficient to draw meaningful inferences. Longer-term atopic outcomes have not been reported. The restricted diet during pregnancy was associated with a slightly but statistically significantly lower mean gestational weight gain, a nonsignificantly higher risk of preterm birth, and a nonsignificant reduction in mean birthweight.The evidence from one trial, involving 26 participants, did not observe a significant protective effect of maternal antigen avoidance during lactation on the incidence of atopic eczema during the first 18 months.One crossover trial involving 17 lactating mothers of infants with established atopic eczema found that maternal dietary antigen avoidance was associated with a nonsignificant reduction in eczema severity. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:Prescription of an antigen avoidance diet to a high-risk woman during pregnancy is unlikely to reduce substantially her child's risk of atopic diseases, and such a diet may adversely affect maternal or fetal nutrition, or both. Prescription of an antigen avoidance diet to a high-risk woman during lactation may reduce her child's risk of developing atopic eczema, but better trials are needed. Dietary antigen avoidance by lactating mothers of infants with atopic eczema may reduce the severity of the eczema, but larger trials are needed.

背景与目标： 背景：一些患有特应性湿疹的母乳喂养婴儿得益于母亲饮食中消除的牛奶，鸡蛋或其他抗原。母体的饮食抗原也可以穿过胎盘。
目的：评估在妊娠或哺乳期间或在两者之间开具抗原回避饮食的处方对母婴营养以及对儿童特应性疾病的预防或治疗的效果。
搜索策略：我们搜索了Cochrane妊娠和分娩组的试验登记册（2006年3月），并与该领域的研究人员联系。
选择标准：对孕妇或哺乳期妇女规定的避免母体饮食抗原的所有随机或半随机比较。我们排除了多模式干预措施的试验，这些干预措施包括操纵除母乳之外的婴儿饮食或对婴儿环境的非饮食方面的控制。
数据收集与分析：我们从已发表的报告中提取数据，并补充了从我们联系的审判员那里获得的其他信息。
主要结果：涉及334名参与者的四项试验的证据并未表明孕妇怀孕期间避免母体饮食抗原对出生后头18个月异位性湿疹的发生具有保护作用。关于变应性鼻炎或结膜炎，或两者兼而有之和荨麻疹的数据仅限于一项试验，不足以得出有意义的推论。长期异位性结局尚未见报道。怀孕期间的饮食限制与平均妊娠体重增加略有但统计学上显着降低，早产风险无显着增加以及平均出生体重无显着降低有关。一项涉及26名参与者的试验的证据未观察到显着性差异。哺乳期避免母体抗原对头18个月异位性湿疹发生率的保护作用。一项涉及17名已患特应性湿疹的哺乳期母亲的交叉试验发现，母体饮食中避免母体饮食抗原与湿疹严重程度无明显降低有关。
作者的结论：高危妇女在怀孕期间开具抗原回避饮食的处方，不可能显着降低其孩子发生特应性疾病的风险，并且这种饮食可能会对母体或胎儿的营养或两者产生不利影响。在哺乳期为高危妇女开出一种避免抗原饮食的处方，可以降低其孩子患特应性湿疹的风险，但是需要更好的试验。哺乳母亲患有特应性湿疹的饮食中避免饮食抗原可能会降低湿疹的严重性，但是需要进行更大的试验。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The metabolic demands and synthetic capacity of the lactating mammary gland exceed that of any other tissue, thereby providing a useful paradigm for understanding the developmental regulation of cellular metabolism. By evaluating mice bearing targeted deletions in Akt1 or Akt2, we demonstrate that Akt1 is specifically required for lactating mice to synthesize sufficient quantities of milk to support their offspring. Whereas cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis are unaffected, loss of Akt1 disrupts the coordinate regulation of metabolic pathways that normally occurs at the onset of lactation. This results in a failure to upregulate glucose uptake, Glut1 surface localization, lipid synthesis, and multiple lipogenic enzymes, as well as a failure to downregulate lipid catabolic enzymes. These findings demonstrate that Akt1 is required in an isoform-specific manner for orchestrating many of the developmental changes in cellular metabolism that occur at the onset of lactation and establish a role for Akt1 in glucose metabolism.

背景与目标： ：泌乳乳腺的代谢需求和合成能力超过任何其他组织，从而为理解细胞代谢的发育调控提供了有用的范例。通过评估在Akt1或Akt2中具有靶向缺失的小鼠，我们证明了Akt1是泌乳小鼠合成足够数量的牛奶以支持其后代所特有的。细胞增殖，分化和凋亡不受影响，而Akt1的丢失则破坏了通常在泌乳开始时发生的代谢途径的协调调节。这导致无法上调葡萄糖摄取，Glut1表面定位，脂质合成和多种脂肪生成酶，以及无法下调脂质分解代谢酶。这些发现表明，Akt1以同种型特异性方式需要，以协调泌乳开始时发生的细胞代谢中的许多发育变化，并确定Akt1在葡萄糖代谢中的作用。