BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Brucella species are pathogenic agents that cause brucellosis, a debilitating zoonotic disease that affects a large variety of domesticated animals and humans. Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus are considered major health threats because of their highly infectious nature and worldwide occurrence. The availability of the annotated genomes for these two species has allowed a comparative proteomics study of laboratory grown B. melitensis 16M and B. abortus 2308 by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting. Computer-assisted analysis of the different 2-D gel images of strains 16M and 2308 revealed significant quantitative and qualitative differences in their protein expression patterns. Proteins involved in membrane transport, particularly the high affinity amino acids binding proteins, and those involved in Sec-dependent secretion systems related to type IV and type V secretion systems, were differentially expressed. Differential expression of these proteins may be responsible for conferring specific host preference in the two strains 2308 and 16M.

背景与目标： 布鲁氏菌属是引起布鲁氏菌病的病原体，布鲁氏菌病是一种使人畜共患的令人衰弱的人畜共患疾病，影响多种驯养的动物和人类。布鲁氏菌和流产布鲁氏菌被认为是主要的健康威胁，因为它们具有高度的传染性和在世界范围内广泛存在。这两个物种的注释基因组的可获得性允许通过二维（2-D）凝胶电泳和肽质量指纹图谱对实验室生长的B. melitensis 16M和B.abortus 2308进行蛋白质组学比较研究。对菌株16M和2308的不同2-D凝胶图像的计算机辅助分析显示，它们的蛋白质表达模式存在明显的定量和定性差异。差异表达了膜运输中涉及的蛋白质，特别是高亲和力氨基酸结合蛋白，以及涉及与IV型和V型分泌系统有关的Sec依赖性分泌系统的蛋白质。这些蛋白质的差异表达可能是在两个菌株2308和16M中赋予特定宿主偏好的原因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We compared serotype distributions of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from patients aged <5 and o5 years with invasive pneumococcal disease in New South Wales, Australia, and antibiotic susceptibilities of isolates from the <5 years age group only, before (2002–2004) and after(2005–2009) introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Overall, there were significant decreases in the mean annual number of referred isolates (770 vs. 515) and the proportion belonging to PCV7 serotypes (74% vs. 38%), but non-PCV7 serotypes, particularly 19A, increased (5% vs. 18%). All changes were more marked in the <5 years age group.Susceptibility testing of isolates from the <5 years age group showed variation in resistance between serotypes, but significant overall increases in penicillin non-susceptibility (23% vs. 31%),ceftriaxone resistance (2% vs. 12%) and multidrug resistance (4% vs. 7%) rates ; erythromycin resistance fell (32% vs. 25%). Continued surveillance is needed to monitor changes following the introduction of 13-valent PCV in 2012.

背景与目标： ：我们比较了澳大利亚新南威尔士州<5和o5岁患有侵袭性肺炎球菌疾病的患者的肺炎链球菌分离株的血清型分布和仅<5岁年龄组的分离株的抗生素敏感性（2002-2004年之前和之后） （2005-2009）引入了7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗（PCV7）。总体而言，转介的分离株的年均数量显着减少（770比515）和属于PCV7血清型的比例（74％比38％），但非PCV7血清型，特别是19A血清型增加（5％vs。 18％）。在<5岁年龄组中所有变化均更为明显。<5岁年龄组的分离株的药敏试验显示，血清型之间的耐药性存在差异，但青霉素的非药敏性总体显着增加（23％vs. 31％），头孢曲松耐药率（2％vs. 12％）和多药耐药性（4％vs. 7％）比率；红霉素耐药性下降（32％对25％）。在2012年推出13价PCV之后，需要持续进行监测以监测变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :During the production of clinical-grade retroviral vector supernatant, we noted significant differences in the lactate production and glucose consumption of various producer cell lines submitted to the National Gene Vector Laboratory (NGVL). Since differences in growth characteristics could be important in determining the optimal culture conditions for maximizing titer, we studied the growth characteristics of three commonly used packaging cell lines: PA317, PG13 and GP+envAM12. A transformed phenotype, assessed by the ability to form colonies in semisolid media, was evident in all three packaging cell lines tested. In confluent cultures, the rates of glucose consumption and lactate production (per cell per hour) were similar for the three lines tested, but the growth rate and culture density varied. PA317 and PG13 continued to expand after reaching confluence, resulting in higher cell densities and subsequent rapid depletion of glucose within the 24-hr observation period. When the cell lines were evaluated for titer optimization, the slower growing packaging cell line GP+envAM12 generally provided the highest titer after 8 hr of culture in confluent roller bottles, while most vectors introduced into PA317 and PG13 cells yielded optimal titers after 24 hr of culture. We also found that the improved titers obtained by culturing cells at 32 degrees C previously reported for PA317 cells do not apply to other packaging cell lines. In particular, PG13 rapidly lost titer when grown at the lower temperature. Our findings suggest that optimization of titer requires careful consideration of the culture conditions, which should be individualized for the vector producer cell line.

背景与目标： 在临床级逆转录病毒载体上清液的生产过程中，我们注意到提交给国家基因载体实验室（NGVL）的各种生产细胞系的乳酸生产和葡萄糖消耗存在显着差异。由于生长特性的差异对于确定最大滴度的最佳培养条件可能很重要，因此我们研究了三种常用包装细胞系的生长特性：PA317，PG13和GP envAM12。通过在半固体培养基中形成菌落的能力评估的转化表型在所有测试的三种包装细胞系中均很明显。在融合培养物中，三个试验品系的葡萄糖消耗速率和乳酸产生速率（每细胞每小时）相似，但是生长速率和培养密度不同。达到汇合后，PA317和PG13继续扩增，导致更高的细胞密度，随后在24小时观察期内葡萄糖迅速耗竭。当评估细胞系的滴度优化时，生长缓慢的包装细胞系GP envAM12通常在融合滚瓶中培养8小时后提供最高滴度，而导入PA317和PG13细胞的大多数载体在培养24小时后产生最佳滴度。我们还发现先前报道的PA317细胞通过在32摄氏度下培养细胞获得的改进的滴度不适用于其他包装细胞系。特别是，PG13在较低温度下生长时会迅速失去效价。我们的发现表明效价的优化需要仔细考虑培养条件，应针对载体生产细胞株进行个性化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:Research focused on extreme environments is often associated with difficulties in obtaining fresh plant material. Herbaria may provide great support as they house large collections of specimens from different parts of the world. Accordingly, there is also a growing interest in methods using herbarium specimens in molecular studies. Much of the literature on herbarium DNA is aimed to improve extraction and PCR amplification and is focused mostly on vascular plants. Here, I provide a brief study of DNA extraction efficiency from moss herbarium specimens, emphasizing the importance of herbaria as an invaluable source of material from hard-to-access geographical areas, such as the Antarctic region. Methods:The presented study is based on herbarium collections of 25 moss species collected in the austral polar regions between 1979 and 2013. The majority of samples were obtained using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The remaining, smaller part was extracted using an adapted CTAB-based approach. The performance of DNA extraction methods in terms of PCR amplification success was measured by testing several DNA fragments of various size. Furthermore, in order to estimate of DNA fragmentation level, an automated on-chip electrophoresis system was used. Results:Results reveal that DNA purity and the length of the target genetic region are the fundamental agents which drive the successful PCR reaction. Conversely, the DNA yield and specimen age seem to be less relevant. With this study, I present also an optimized CTAB-based approach which may effectively suppress inhibitors in the herbarium DNA. This method can be considered a cheaper alternative to column-based technology, particularly useful for dealing with a large number of samples. Results of this study confirmed previous reports and contribute to filling the existing gap in molecular analyses which involve the use of herbarium collections of mosses.

背景与目标： 背景：针对极端环境的研究通常与获取新鲜植物材料有关。草本植物可能会提供很大的支持，因为它们会收集来自世界各地的大量标本。因此，在分子研究中使用植物标本室标本的方法也越来越引起人们的兴趣。关于植物标本室DNA的许多文献旨在改善提取和PCR扩增，并且主要集中在维管植物上。在这里，我对从苔藓植物标本室标本中提取DNA的效率进行了简要研究，强调了草as作为难以接近的地理区域（如南极地区）的宝贵材料来源的重要性。
方法：本研究基于1979年至2013年在南极地区收集的25种苔藓植物标本室的收集。大部分样品是使用DNeasy Plant Mini Kit（Qiagen，Hilden，德国）获得的。使用基于CTAB的方法提取剩余的较小部分。通过测试几种大小不同的DNA片段，可以测量DNA提取方法在PCR扩增成功率方面的性能。此外，为了估计DNA片段化水平，使用了自动芯片上电泳系统。
结果：结果表明，DNA纯度和靶基因区域的长度是驱动成功PCR反应的基本因素。相反，DNA产量和标本年龄似乎不太相关。通过这项研究，我还提出了一种基于CTAB的优化方法，该方法可以有效抑制植物标本室DNA中的抑制剂。可以认为该方法是基于列的技术的更便宜的替代方法，对处理大量样品特别有用。这项研究的结果证实了以前的报道，并有助于填补分子分析中现有的空白，其中涉及使用植物标本室收集的苔藓。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical characteristics and laboratory test results in pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS:A retrospective study to review and compare clinical data including electronic medical records and laboratory tests from pregnant and nonpregnant patients admitted the Central Hospital of Wuhan, China from December 8, 2019 to April 1, 2020. RESULTS:A total of 72 women (30 pregnant and 42 nonpregnant) with COVID-19 were included. No patients developed severe pneumonia during the study. Compared with the nonpregnant group, pregnant patients were admitted to hospital earlier (0.25 vs 11.00 days; P<0.001), presented milder symptoms, had a higher rate of asymptomatic infection (26.7% vs 0%), and shorter length of hospital stay (14.5 vs 17.0 days; P<0.01). Laboratory test results showed that levels of inflammation markers such as white blood cell count, neutrophil count and percentage, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and D-dimer were significantly higher in pregnant women, whereas mean lymphocyte percentage was significantly lower compared with nonpregnant women. CONCLUSION:In some respects, the clinical characteristics and laboratory test results of COVID-19 in pregnant patients seems to be distinctive from their nonpregnant counterparts. Appropriate advice and positive treatment might be critical to the prognosis when dealing with these pregnant patients. Pregnant patients with COVID-19 had their own positive clinical characteristics and special laboratory test results. Responsive medical advice and active treatment for those patients are critical to recovery.

背景与目标： 目的：评估2019年冠状病毒病孕妇的临床特征和实验室检查结果（COVID-19）。
方法：一项回顾性研究，旨在回顾和比较2019年12月8日至2020年4月1日收治于中国武汉市中心医院的孕妇和非孕妇的临床数据，包括电子病历和实验室检查结果。
结果：总共包括72例COVID-19的妇女（30例孕妇和42例未妊娠）。在研究期间，没有患者出现严重的肺炎。与未怀孕组相比，怀孕患者较早入院（0.25 vs 11.00天; P <0.001），症状较轻，无症状感染率较高（26.7％vs 0％），住院时间较短（ 14.5天与17.0天； P <0.01）。实验室测试结果显示，孕妇的炎症标志物（如白细胞计数，中性粒细胞计数和百分比，C反应蛋白，降钙素和D-二聚体）的水平显着较高，而平均淋巴细胞百分比与未怀孕的女性相比明显较低。 。
结论：在某些方面，COVID-19在孕妇中的临床特征和实验室检查结果似乎与非孕妇有区别。当与这些怀孕的患者打交道时，适当的建议和积极的治疗可能对预后至关重要。孕妇的COVID-19患者具有自己的阳性临床特征和特殊的实验室检查结果。对这些患者的响应性医疗建议和积极治疗对于康复至关重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The use of aspirin is considered the "gold standard" for the decrease of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis, including peripheral arterial disease (PAD), whereas a dual-antiplatelet regimen with aspirin and clopidogrel is usually indicated for such patients after angioplasty and stent deployment. However, a substantial number of subsequent adverse events still occur, even in patients who receive double-antiplatelet therapy. The "high on-treatment platelet reactivity" (HTPR) phenomenon has been lately recognized and plays a major role in the management of patients with PAD. Greater and more rapid inhibition of platelet aggregation has become the goal for new antiplatelet agents with the expectation of further improving outcomes for percutaneous intervention for PAD. The purpose of this review article is to highlight current evidence regarding the prevalence, aetiology, and clinical implications of HTPR in PAD as well as to discuss the possibilities of novel alternative antiplatelet regiments.

背景与目标： ：阿司匹林的使用被认为是减少动脉粥样硬化患者包括周围动脉疾病（PAD）的主要不良心血管事件的“黄金标准”，而此类患者通常在接受阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双重抗血小板治疗后使用血管成形术和支架的部署。但是，即使在接受双重抗血小板治疗的患者中，仍会发生大量后续不良事件。最近已经认识到“治疗中血小板反应性高”（HTPR）现象，并且在治疗PAD患者中起主要作用。对血小板聚集的更大和更快速的抑制已成为新型抗血小板药物的目标，期望进一步改善PAD的经皮介入治疗的效果。本文的目的是强调有关HTPR在PAD中的流行，病因和临床意义的最新证据，并讨论新型抗血小板疗法的可能性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biotin prototrophy is a rare, incompletely understood, and industrially relevant characteristic of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. The genome of the haploid laboratory strain CEN.PK113-7D contains a full complement of biotin biosynthesis genes, but its growth in biotin-free synthetic medium is extremely slow (specific growth rate [μ] ≈ 0.01 h-1). Four independent evolution experiments in repeated batch cultures and accelerostats yielded strains whose growth rates (μ ≤ 0.36 h-1) in biotin-free and biotin-supplemented media were similar. Whole-genome resequencing of these evolved strains revealed up to 40-fold amplification of BIO1, which encodes pimeloyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase. The additional copies of BIO1 were found on different chromosomes, and its amplification coincided with substantial chromosomal rearrangements. A key role of this gene amplification was confirmed by overexpression of BIO1 in strain CEN.PK113-7D, which enabled growth in biotin-free medium (μ = 0.15 h-1). Mutations in the membrane transporter genes TPO1 and/or PDR12 were found in several of the evolved strains. Deletion of TPO1 and PDR12 in a BIO1-overexpressing strain increased its specific growth rate to 0.25 h-1 The effects of null mutations in these genes, which have not been previously associated with biotin metabolism, were nonadditive. This study demonstrates that S. cerevisiae strains that carry the basic genetic information for biotin synthesis can be evolved for full biotin prototrophy and identifies new targets for engineering biotin prototrophy into laboratory and industrial strains of this yeast.IMPORTANCE Although biotin (vitamin H) plays essential roles in all organisms, not all organisms can synthesize this vitamin. Many strains of baker's yeast, an important microorganism in industrial biotechnology, contain at least some of the genes required for biotin synthesis. However, most of these strains cannot synthesize biotin at all or do so at rates that are insufficient to sustain fast growth and product formation. Consequently, this expensive vitamin is routinely added to baker's yeast cultures. In this study, laboratory evolution in biotin-free growth medium yielded new strains that grew as fast in the absence of biotin as in its presence. By analyzing the DNA sequences of evolved biotin-independent strains, mutations were identified that contributed to this ability. This work demonstrates full biotin independence of an industrially relevant yeast and identifies mutations whose introduction into other yeast strains may reduce or eliminate their biotin requirements.

背景与目标： ：生物素原养是酿酒酵母菌株的一种罕见，尚未完全理解并且在工业上具有相关性的特征。单倍体实验室菌株CEN.PK113-7D的基因组包含完整的生物素生物合成基因，但在不含生物素的合成培养基中的生长极为缓慢（比生长率[μ]≈0.01 h-1）。在重复的分批培养和加速器中进行的四个独立进化实验得出的菌株在无生物素和补充生物素的培养基中的生长速率（μ≤0.36 h-1）相似。这些进化菌株的全基因组重测序揭示了BIO1的40倍扩增，该BIO1编码庚二酰辅酶A（CoA）合成酶。在不同的染色体上发现了BIO1的其他副本，其扩增与大量的染色体重排相符。 BIO1在菌株CEN.PK113-7D中的过表达证实了该基因扩增的关键作用，该菌株能够在不含生物素的培养基中生长（μ= 0.15 h-1）。在一些进化的菌株中发现了膜转运蛋白基因TPO1和/或PDR12的突变。在过表达BIO1的菌株中TPO1和PDR12的缺失将其比生长速率提高到0.25 h-1。这些基因中无效突变的作用是非可累加的，这些突变以前未与生物素代谢相关。这项研究表明，具有生物素合成基本遗传信息的酿酒酵母菌株可以进化为完整的生物素原营养素，并确定将生物素原营养素工程化到该酵母的实验室和工业菌株中的新靶标。尽管生物素（维生素H）起着至关重要的作用。在所有生物体中发挥作用，并非所有生物体都能合成这种维生素。面包酵母的许多菌株是工业生物技术中的重要微生物，至少含有一些生物素合成所需的基因。然而，这些菌株中的大多数不能完全合成生物素，或者不能以足以维持快速生长和产物形成的速率合成生物素。因此，通常将这种昂贵的维生素添加到面包师的酵母培养物中。在这项研究中，实验室在无生物素生长培养基中的进化产生了新菌株，该菌株在不存在生物素的情况下的生长速度与在存在生物素的情况下一样快。通过分析进化的不依赖生物素的菌株的DNA序列，鉴定出有助于此能力的突变。这项工作证明了与工业相关的酵母具有完全的生物素独立性，并鉴定了突变，将其引入其他酵母菌株可以降低或消除其对生物素的需求。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Nondermatophyte moulds (NDM) may be found as aetiological agents or as contaminants in onychomycosis. The classic and most used criteria for the diagnosis of NDM are those established by English in 1976. OBJECTIVES:The aim of this article is to re-evaluate the laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of NDM in onychomycosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS:Patients with suspected NDM of the nail underwent five consecutive examinations by both KOH and mycological culture; at the first visit, three samples from the affected nail were taken and were examined separately. Later those patients underwent four consecutive examinations; during this stage only a single sample for both KOH and culture was taken. We compared the culture results obtained from the three nail samples obtained at the first visit with the results from the four consecutive visits. RESULTS:We noted a clear trend showing that as the number of positive cultures increases (one to three cultures) during the first examination, the percentage of subsequent positive cultures, taken during the four consecutive visits, also increased. CONCLUSIONS:We suggest that when NDM infection is found in the first culture, the patient should be re-examined in a subsequent visit in which three separate samples are taken from the affected nail. If NDM is confirmed in all three cultures, the diagnosis of NDM is established. Treatment should be recommended in patients who show positive results in all three cultures.

背景与目标： 背景：非癣菌霉菌（NDM）可能被发现为病因或甲癣中的污染物。诊断NDM的经典和最常用的标准是1976年英语建立的标准。
目的：本文旨在重新评估诊断甲癣的NDM的实验室标准。
患者和方法：怀疑患有指甲NDM的患者接受了KOH和真菌学培养的连续五次检查。第一次就诊时，从患处的指甲中取出三个样品，并分别进行检查。后来这些病人接受了四次连续检查。在此阶段，仅采集了KOH和培养物的单个样品。我们比较了从第一次访问获得的三个指甲样品获得的培养结果与连续四个访问获得的结果。
结果：我们注意到一个明显的趋势，即随着在第一次检查中阳性培养物数量的增加（一到三种培养物），在连续四次访问中获得的后续阳性培养物的百分比也增加了。
结论：我们建议，在首次培养中发现NDM感染时，应在随后的访视中对患者进行重新检查，在该访视中应从患病的指甲中取出三个单独的样品。如果在所有三种文化中均确认了NDM，则可以确定NDM的诊断。在所有三种文化中均显示阳性结果的患者中，应建议进行治疗。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Much of the recent debate over race, genetics, and health has focused on the extent to which typological notions of race have biological meaning. Less attention, however, has been paid to the assumptions about the nature of "populations" that both inform contemporary biological and medical research and that underlie the concept of race. Focusing specifically on Africa in the 1930s and 1940s, this paper explores the history of how fluid societies were transformed into bounded units amenable to scientific analysis. In the so-called "Golden Age of Ethnography," university-trained social anthropologists, primarily from Britain and South Africa, took to the field to systematically study, organize, and order the world's diverse peoples. Intent on creating a scientific methodology of neutral observation, they replaced amateur travelers, traders, colonial administrators, and missionaries as authoritative knowledge producers about the customs, beliefs, and languages of indigenous peoples. At the same time, linguists were engaged in unifying African languages and mapping language onto primordial "tribal" territories. We argue that the notion of populations or "tribes" as discrete units suitable for scientific sampling and classification emerged in the 1930s and 1940s with the ethnographic turn in social anthropology and the professionalization and institutionalization of linguistics in Western and South African universities. Once named and entered into international atlases and databases by anthropologists in the U.S., the existence of populations as bounded entities became self-evident, thus setting the stage for their use in large-scale population genetic studies and the contemporary reinvigoration of broad claims of difference based on population identification.

背景与目标： ：最近有关种族，遗传学和健康的辩论大多集中在种族的类型学概念具有生物学意义的程度上。但是，人们很少关注关于“种群”性质的假设，这些假设既为当代生物学和医学研究提供了信息，又为种族概念奠定了基础。本文专门针对1930年代和1940年代的非洲，探讨了如何将流体社会转变为适合科学分析的有限单位的历史。在所谓的“人种学的黄金时代”，主要由英国和南非的受过大学训练的社会人类学家来到该领域，系统地研究，组织和整理了世界各族人民。为了创建一种科学的中立观察方法，他们取代了业余旅行者，商人，殖民地行政人员和传教士，成为有关土著人民习俗，信仰和语言的权威知识生产者。同时，语言学家们致力于统一非洲语言并将语言映射到原始的“部落”领土上。我们认为，人口或“部落”的概念是适合于科学采样和分类的离散单位，这是在1930年代和1940年代出现的，这是由于社会人类学的民族学转向以及西方和南非大学中语言学的专业化和制度化。一旦被美国人类学家命名并输入国际地图集和数据库，人口作为有限实体的存在就变得不言而喻，从而为大规模人口遗传研究的应用和当代广泛的差异主张的复兴提供了舞台根据人口识别。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bioactive glasses (BaG) can bind to human bone tissues and have been used in many biomedical applications for the last 30 years. However they usually are weak and brittle. On the other hand, composites that combine polymers and BaG are of particular interest, since they often show an excellent balance between stiffness and toughness. Bioactive glass-poly(vinyl alcohol) foams to be used in tissue engineering applications were previously developed by our group, using the sol-gel route. Since bioactive glass-polymer composite derived from the sol-gel process cannot be submitted to thermal treatments at high temperatures (above 400 degrees C), they usually have unreacted species that can cause cytotoxicity. This work reports a technique for stabilizing the sol-gel derived bioactive glass/poly(vinyl alcohol) hybrids by using glutaraldehyde (GA), NH(4)OH solutions and a blocking solution containing bovine serum albumin. PVA/BaG/GA hybrids were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM/EDX) analyses. Moreover, MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) biocompatibility and cytotoxicity assays were also conducted. The hybrids exhibited pore size varying from 80 to 820 mum. After treatments, no major changes in the pore structure were observed and high levels of cell viability were obtained.

背景与目标： ：生物活性玻璃（BaG）可以与人体骨组织结合，并且在过去30年中已用于许多生物医学应用中。然而，它们通常是脆弱而脆弱的。另一方面，结合聚合物和BaG的复合材料特别受关注，因为它们通常在刚度和韧性之间显示出极好的平衡。用于组织工程应用的生物活性玻璃-聚乙烯醇泡沫是我们小组先前使用溶胶-凝胶方法开发的。由于衍生自溶胶-凝胶法的生物活性玻璃-聚合物复合材料无法在高温（400摄氏度以上）下进行热处理，因此它们通常具有未反应的物种，会引起细胞毒性。这项工作报告了一种通过使用戊二醛（GA），NH（4）OH溶液和含有牛血清白蛋白的封闭溶液来稳定溶胶-凝胶衍生的生物活性玻璃/聚乙烯醇杂化物的技术。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM / EDX）分析来表征PVA / BaG / GA杂化物。此外，还进行了MTT（3- [4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基] -2,5-二苯基四唑溴化物）生物相容性和细胞毒性测定。杂种表现出的孔径从80到820微米不等。处理后，未观察到孔结构的重大变化，并获得了高水平的细胞活力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We studied daily rhythmicity of body temperature (T(b)) before and during hibernation in Anatolian ground squirrels (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) under natural and laboratory conditions using surgically implanted temperature loggers. Under both conditions, robust daily T(b) rhythmicity with parameters comparable to those of other ground squirrel species was observed before but not during hibernation. Euthermic animals had robust daily T(b) rhythms with a mean of 37.0 degrees C and a range of excursion of approximately 4 degrees C. No T(b) rhythm was detected during torpor bouts, either because T(b) rhythmicity was absent or because the daily range of excursion was smaller than 0.2 degrees C. The general patterns of hibernation that we observed in Anatolian ground squirrels were similar to those previously observed by other investigators in other species of ground squirrels.

背景与目标： ：我们研究了自然和实验室条件下使用外科植入式温度记录仪在自然和实验室条件下安纳托利亚松鼠（Spermophilus xanthoprymnus）冬眠之前和期间的体温（T（b））的日常节律性。在这两种情况下，冬眠前（而非冬眠期间）均观察到了具有与其他地松鼠种类相当的参数的稳定的每日T（b）节律。体温正常的动物每天平均有37.0摄氏度的T（b）节律，且偏移范围约为4摄氏度。在打架期间没有检测到T（b）节律，可能是因为没有T（b）节律或因为每天的偏移范围小于0.2摄氏度。我们在安纳托利亚地松鼠中观察到的一般休眠模式与其他种类的地松鼠中其他研究人员先前观察到的相似。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:We proposed diagnostic criteria for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) by modifying the existing guidelines for diagnosis of ITP and by incorporating laboratory tests found useful for predicting its diagnosis, for example erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody-producing B cells, platelet-associated anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibodies, percentage of reticulated platelets, and plasma thrombopoietin. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS:To validate our criteria, we conducted a multi-center prospective study involving 112 patients with thrombocytopenia and a morphologically normal peripheral blood film at the first visit. Each patient underwent a physical examination, routine laboratory tests, and specialized tests for the anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody response and platelet turnover. RESULTS:Ninety-one patients (81%) satisfied the proposed criteria at first visit. Clinical diagnosis was made by skilled hematologists > 6 months after the first visit; ITP was diagnosed in 88 patients and non-ITP disorders in 24. The proposed criteria had 98% sensitivity, 79% specificity, a 95% positive predictive value, and a 90% negative predictive value. A relatively low specificity appears to be attributed to a few patients who had both ITP and aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS:Our preliminary diagnostic criteria based on ITP-associated laboratory findings were useful for the differential diagnosis of ITP, but additional evaluations and modifications will be necessary to develop criteria that can be used routinely.

背景与目标： 背景：我们提出了免疫性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）的诊断标准，方法是修改现有的ITP诊断指南，并纳入有助于预测其诊断的实验室测试，例如红细胞计数，白细胞计数，抗GPIIb / IIIa抗体产生B细胞，血小板相关的抗GPIIb / IIIa抗体，网状血小板的百分比以及血浆血小板生成素。
目的和方法：为验证我们的标准，我们进行了一项多中心前瞻性研究，首次访问时涉及112例血小板减少症和形态正常的外周血膜的患者。每位患者均接受了体检，常规实验室检查以及抗GPIIb / IIIa抗体反应和血小板更新的专门检查。
结果：九十一例患者（81％）在首次就诊时满足了拟议的标准。首次就诊> 6个月后，由熟练的血液学家进行临床诊断；在88例患者中诊断出ITP，在24例中诊断出非ITP疾病。提议的标准具有98％的敏感性，79％的特异性，95％的阳性预测值和90％的阴性预测值。相对较低的特异性似乎归因于少数同时患有ITP和再生障碍性贫血或骨髓增生异常综合症的患者。
结论：我们基于ITP相关实验室检查结果的初步诊断标准对ITP的鉴别诊断很有用，但是需要进一步评估和修改以开发可常规使用的标准。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To compare the outcome of IVF-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using testicular spermatozoa obtained on the day of ovum pick-up (OPU) or on the day before OPU. DESIGN:Retrospective study. SETTING:An IVF clinic in a university hospital. PATIENT(S):Forty-seven IVF-ICSI cycles using testicular spermatozoa in 28 couples with the male partner suffering from nonobstructive azoospermia. INTERVENTION(S):Sperm retrieval was performed either on the OPU day (23 cycles in 19 patients; group A) or on the day before OPU (24 cycles in 15 patients; group B). Testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) was performed and followed by testicular sperm extraction (TESE) if no spermatozoa could be found. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):The presence of motile spermatozoa at the time of ICSI and fertilization and clinical pregnancy rates. RESULT(S):A similar proportion of motile spermatozoa (60.9% vs. 62.5%), fertilization rate (61.7% vs. 58.9%), and clinical pregnancy rate per transfer (34.8% and 29.2%) were obtained for groups A and B, respectively. CONCLUSION(S):Testicular sperm retrieval can be performed on the day before OPU without compromising success. Considerable medical and practical advantages may be offered by further advancement of testicular sperm retrieval procedures to 48 hours before OPU. This approach should thus be further evaluated.

背景与目标： 目的：比较使用卵子取卵日（OPU）或OPU前一天获得的睾丸精子进行IVF-胞浆内精子注射（ICSI）的结果。
设计：回顾性研究。
地点：大学医院的试管婴儿诊所。
患者：28对使用睾丸精子的IVF-ICSI周期为28对，其男性伴侣患有非阻塞性无精子症。
干预：在OPU当天（19例，23个周期； A组）或OPU前一天（15例，24个周期； B组）进行精子取回。进行睾丸精子抽吸（TESA），如果找不到精子，则进行睾丸精子提取（TESE）。
主要观察指标：ICSI，施肥和临床妊娠率时存在活动精子。
结果：A组和A组获得了相似比例的活动精子（60.9％对62.5％），受精率（61.7％对58.9％）和每次转移的临床妊娠率（34.8％和29.2％）。 B分别。
结论：可以在OPU前一天进行睾丸精子取回，而不会影响成功率。通过将睾丸精子取出程序进一步推进到OPU之前48小时，可以提供相当大的医学和实践优势。因此，应进一步评估这种方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS OF THE STUDY:Studies on circulating VEGF have reported mixed results, possibly due to a lack of standardization of the pre-analytical phase. The aim of our investigation was to standardize the sampling procedure for the determination of VEGF in different blood fractions. BASIC PROCEDURES:We evaluated various clotting times for obtaining serum in 30 subjects, as well as different procedures for the preparation of plasma Edinburgh anticoagulant mixture (EDTA, PGE1, theophylline) and CTAD. VEGF was also assayed in lysed whole blood. In vitro platelet activation was monitored by measuring the levels of PF4. VEGF and PF4 were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassays. MAIN FINDINGS:Clotting time increased the release of VEGF, which reached a plateau between 2 and 4 hours. The percent increase of VEGF at 2 hours ranged from 118% to 4,515% (median 327%) compared to samples centrifuged within 10 min from withdrawal. VEGF was not different and PF4 was very low or undetectable in Edinburgh plasma and CTAD plasma, while it was significantly higher in sodium citrate plasma. VEGF in CTAD plasma was not correlated with platelet count or leukocytes. Serum VEGF did not correlate with the leukocyte number, but it correlated significantly with the platelet count. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS:The procedures for sample collection described above are highly standardized and easy to perform in a routine setting. We therefore suggest systematic evaluation of VEGF in CTAD plasma, in serum (clotting for 2 hours at room temperature) and in whole blood, until prospective controlled clinical studies will have clarified in which blood compartment(s) VEGF provides clinically relevant information.

背景与目标： 研究目的：关于循环VEGF的研究报道了好坏参半的结果，这可能是由于缺乏分析前阶段的标准化所致。我们研究的目的是标准化测定不同血液组分中VEGF的采样程序。
基本程序：我们评估了30位受试者获得血清所需的各种凝血时间，以及制备血浆爱丁堡抗凝剂（EDTA，PGE1，茶碱）和CTAD的不同程序。 VEGF也在裂解的全血中进行了测定。通过测量PF4的水平监测体外血小板活化。使用可商购的酶联免疫测定法测量VEGF和PF4。
主要发现：凝结时间增加了VEGF的释放，并在2-4小时之间达到了平稳状态。与停药后10分钟内离心的样品相比，在2小时时VEGF的增加百分比范围为118％至4,515％（中位数为327％）。 VEGF没什么不同，爱丁堡血浆和CTAD血浆中的PF4非常低或无法检测到，而柠檬酸钠血浆中的PF4却明显更高。 CTAD血浆中的VEGF与血小板计数或白细胞无关。血清VEGF与白细胞数无关，但与血小板计数显着相关。
主要结论：上述样品收集程序高度标准化，易于在常规环境中执行。因此，我们建议对CTAD血浆，血清（室温下凝结2小时）和全血中的VEGF进行系统评估，直到前瞻性对照临床研究明确了哪个VEGF血管可提供临床相关信息为止。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The techniques used for microvascular anastomosis are best mastered in the laboratory setting. A variety of techniques for end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses are described and illustrated. An understanding of these different modalities allows the surgeon to choose the appropriate technique for each clinical setting.

背景与目标： ：用于微血管吻合术的技术最好在实验室环境中掌握。描述和说明了用于端对端和端对侧吻合的多种技术。对这些不同方式的理解使外科医生可以为每种临床情况选择合适的技术。