BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of 0.3-second high-resolution CT (HRCT) of the lung using partial reconstruction on cardiac motion artifacts and image noise. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:Thirty-seven pairs of 0.3-second (partial reconstruction) and 0.75-second (full reconstruction) HRCT images were obtained for the lower lung zone during full-inspiration breath-holding. Imaging parameters other than temporal resolution were identical for each patient. Two radiologists visually graded motion artifacts of the cardiac border, bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and fissure in the left lung on a 4-point scale (with 4 indicating no artifacts). The maximum width of motion along the left cardiac border and the area percentage of motion artifacts in the left lung were calculated. Image noise in the air and lung was also determined. Cardiac motion artifacts and image noises were compared between the two sets of CT images. RESULTS:Visual grades for the cardiac border (4 +/- 0), bronchi (3.8 +/- 0.7), pulmonary vessels (3.6 +/- 0.8), and fissure (3.9 +/- 0.5) were higher for 0.3-second images than for 0.75-second images (1.7 +/- 0.7, 2.0 +/- 1.0, 1.6 +/- 0.7, and 2.4 +/- 0.9, respectively) (p < 0.001). The maximum width of motion along the left cardiac border (0.1 +/- 0.5 mm) and the area percentage of motion artifacts in the left lung (6.7% +/- 18.4%) were smaller for 0.3-second images than for 0.75-second images (4.5 +/- 1.7 mm and 36.2% +/- 20.9%, respectively) (p < 0.001). Image noises in the air (38.0 +/- 9.2) and the lung (86.0 +/- 23.1) were greater for 0.3-second images than for 0.75-second images (35.6 +/- 9.6 and 76.0 +/- 20.3, respectively) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION:Compared with 0.75-second HRCT using full reconstruction, 0.3-second HRCT using partial reconstruction substantially reduces cardiac motion artifacts in the lung at the expense of increasing image noise.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是通过部分重建对心脏运动伪影和图像噪声的效果，评估0.3秒高分辨率肺部CT（HRCT）的影响。
研究对象和方法：在全屏吸气时，获得了37对0.3秒（部分重建）和0.75秒（完全重建）的HRCT图像，用于下肺区。对于每个患者，除时间分辨率以外的成像参数均相同。两位放射科医生对心脏边界，支气管，肺血管和左肺裂的运动伪影进行了4分制的视觉分级（其中4表示没有伪影）。计算沿左心脏边界的最大运动宽度和左肺中运动伪影的面积百分比。还确定了空气和肺中的图像噪声。比较两组CT图像之间的心脏运动伪影和图像噪声。
结果：0.3秒图像的心脏边界（4 /-0），支气管（3.8 /-0.7），肺血管（3.6 /-0.8）和裂痕（3.9 /-0.5）的视觉等级高于0.75秒图像（分别为1.7 /-0.7、2.0 /-1.0、1.6 /-0.7和2.4 /-0.9）（p <0.001）。对于0.3秒的图像，沿左心脏边界的最大运动宽度（0.1 /-0.5 mm）和左肺中的运动伪影的面积百分比（6.7％/-18.4％）小于0.75秒的图像（分别为4.5±1.7毫米和36.2％±20.9％（p <0.001）。对于0.3秒的图像，空气（38.0 /-9.2）和肺（86.0 /-23.1）的图像噪声大于0.75秒的图像噪声（分别为35.6 /-9.6和76.0 /-20.3）（p <0.01 ）。
结论：与使用完全重建的0.75秒HRCT相比，使用部分重建的0.3秒HRCT可以显着减少肺部的心脏运动伪影，但会增加图像噪声。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The appendix vermiformis can provide an excellent urinary conduit or a catheterizable outlet in continent urinary reservoirs in selected cases. We report our clinical experience using the appendix in urinary reconstruction in adult patients. METHODS:A total of 12 patients underwent urinary reconstruction using the appendix. The indications were pelvic malignancies except for 1 patient with neurogenic bladder and difficulty in self-catheterization via urethra. The appendix was used as a catheterizable conduit in 8 patients, and as a urinary conduit in 4 patients. The in situ submucosally embedded method was used in 6 patients and the Mitrofanoff method was used in 2 patients. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 41 months (mean, 22). RESULTS:Early complications occurred in 3 patients (wound infection, false passage and intestinal anasotomotic leak). Late complications occurred in 3 (slight hydronephrosis, ileus, stomal stenosis). Emergent colostomy and pouchstomy with resection of the appendix was performed in the patient with anastomotic leak. The isoperistaltic Kock nipple valve was reconstructed for continence in this case. Prolonged ileus in 1 patient was treated by open surgery. Other complications were managed conservatively. End results were excellent in 8 patients, good in 3, and poor in 1. CONCLUSIONS:The appendix can be used advantageously as an outlet of continent urinary reservoirs or for a urinary conduit when the ureter is too short to reach the skin. Complete continence and easy catheterization can be obtained, and the appendix construction can be used as a urinary conduit instead of the ileal conduit in poor risk patients.

背景与目标： 背景：在某些情况下，阑尾可在大陆性尿液储库中提供出色的导尿管或可导管插入的出口。我们报告了在成人患者尿路重建中使用阑尾的临床经验。
方法：共有12例患者使用阑尾进行了尿路再造。适应症为盆腔恶性肿瘤，除了1例神经源性膀胱并且难以通过尿道自行导尿的患者。附录在8例患者中用作导管插入导管，在4例患者中用作导尿管导管。 6例采用原位黏膜下埋入法，2例采用Mitrofanoff法。随访时间为3到41个月（平均22个月）。
结果：3例患者发生了早期并发症（伤口感染，假传代和肠吻合口漏）。晚期并发症发生3例（轻度肾积水，肠梗阻，造口狭窄）。发生吻合口漏的患者进行了紧急结肠造口和袋切开术，并切除了阑尾。在这种情况下，重建了手术性的科克乳头瓣膜以用于节制。 1例患者的肠梗阻经开放手术治疗。其他并发症均保守治疗。最终结果好8例，好3例，差1例。
结论：阑尾可以方便地用作大陆性泌尿系统的出口，或者当输尿管太短而无法到达皮肤时，可以用作导尿管。可以获得完全的尿失禁和容易的导管插入术，并且在低危患者中，阑尾结构可以用作导尿管，而不是回肠导尿管。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The role of the volume of radicular and dentigerous cysts on clinical symptoms is unclear and potentially may predict development of pre- and postoperative complications, especially after cystectomies with large bony defects. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess pre- and postoperative symptoms associated to the volume of jaw cysts. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Retrospective chart review of 111 patients with follicular or dentigerous cysts from 2008-2012. Anterior iliac crest grafts were used to fill defects after cystectomy. χ2-test was performed to analyze associations between two qualitative variables. Binary logistic regression analysis was used as multivariate analysis. P-values p < 0.05 were considered as significant. Volume measurement was performed in a semiautomatic segmentation method with the software "ITK-Snap". RESULTS:Postoperative hypaesthesia correlated significantly with histology (p = 0.025) and localization (p = 0.006). Volume was associated significantly with preoperative hypaesthesia (p = 0.052), postoperative hypaesthesia (p < 0.001), wound healing complications (p < 0.001) and length of wound healing complications (p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified volume as independent risk factor for postoperative hypaesthesia (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS:Volume analysis appears to be a method that allows risk stratification after surgery of jaw cysts. Therefore we recommend a precise treatment planning with the means of volume analysis to improve therapy outcome of patients with jaw cysts.

背景与目标： 引言：根管性和牙状囊肿的体积在临床症状上的作用尚不清楚，可能潜在地预测术前和术后并发症的发生，特别是在具有大骨缺损的膀胱切除术之后。因此，本研究的目的是评估与颌骨囊肿体积相关的术前和术后症状。
材料与方法：回顾性分析2008年至2012年间111例滤泡性或齿状囊肿患者的病历。膀胱切除术后，使用前terior骨移植物填补缺损。进行χ2检验以分析两个定性变量之间的关联。二元逻辑回归分析用作多元分析。 P值p <0.05被认为是显着的。使用软件“ ITK-Snap”以半自动分割方法进行体积测量。
结果：术后感觉低下与组织学（p = 0.025）和局限性（p = 0.006）显着相关。容量与术前感觉不足（p = 0.052），术后感觉不足（p <0.001），伤口愈合并发症（p <0.001）和伤口愈合并发症的时间（p = 0.001）显着相关。多变量分析确定了体积为术后感觉不足的独立危险因素（p = 0.015）。
结论：体积分析似乎是一种允许对颌骨囊肿进行手术后进行危险分层的方法。因此，我们建议采用体积分析的方法制定精确的治疗计划，以改善颌骨囊肿患者的治疗效果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Amniotic membrane (AM) transplantation is an accepted procedure in ocular surgery. However, little is known of the interdonor and intradonor variability within the membrane. In addition, the effects of the methods of processing, storage, and preoperative preparation on the membrane are not fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to use TGF-beta as an example to investigate interdonor and intradonor variability and to determine the effect of "handling " on TGF-beta1 within fresh, processed and stored, and transplantation-ready AM (TRAM). METHODS:Seventeen human AMs, both fresh and handled, were analyzed for TGF-beta1 by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting. RESULTS:TGF-beta1 was the highest normalized expressed isoform of TGF-beta in all samples, but it varied between membranes of different donors and at different sites within the same membrane. The highest concentration was noted in the spongy layer. Removal of the spongy layer successfully removed the bulk of TGF-beta1 from TRAM. Latency-associated protein (LAP) and a latent TGF-beta-binding protein (LTBP) were also detected. CONCLUSION:TGF-beta1 is present in various regulatory forms in the AM. A degree of intermembrane and intramembrane variation is modified by handling. Unless a standardized protocol is adopted that delivers a membrane with consistent constituents, clinical outcomes may vary and comparisons may be invalid.

背景与目标： 目的：羊膜移植术是眼科手术中公认的手术方法。然而，对于膜内的供体间和供体内变异性知之甚少。另外，尚未完全阐明处理，储存和术前准备方法对膜的影响。这项研究的目的是以TGF-β为例，研究供体间和供体内的变异性，并确定“处理”对新鲜，加工和储存以及准备好移植的AM（TRAM）中TGF-beta1的影响。
方法：通过实时聚合酶链反应，免疫组化，SDS-PAGE和Western印迹分析了17例新鲜和处理过的人类AMs的TGF-beta1。
结果：TGF-β1是所有样品中TGF-β的最高标准化表达同工型，但在不同供体的膜之间以及同一膜内的不同部位，TGF-β1均存在差异。在海绵层中观察到最高浓度。去除海绵层成功地从TRAM中去除了大部分TGF-beta1。还检测到潜伏期相关蛋白（LAP）和潜在的TGF-β结合蛋白（LTBP）。
结论：TGF-beta1以各种调控形式存在于增材制造中。膜间和膜内的变化程度通过处理而改变。除非采用标准化的方案来递送具有一致成分的膜，否则临床结果可能会有所不同，并且比较可能无效。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The efficacy of concomitant lumbar sympathectomy in improving results of aortoiliac reconstruction was assessed by a prospective, randomized study of 51 patients undergoing operation for occlusive or aneurysmal disease. Sympathectomy was performed on 50 limbs, while 52 extremities served as controls. Sympathectomy resulted in a significant reduction in foot vascular resistance determined by plethysmography. However, the procedure had no effect on leg circulation, assessed by ankle/arm pressure indices determined by Doppler ultrasound. In the sympathectomy group, there were three early postoperative amputations for ischemia, despite patent grafts. In the control group, there was one late graft occlusion, caused by progressive atherosclerotic disease. Although sympathectomy may improve pedal circulation, the procedure does not appear to improve the results of aortoiliac reconstruction.

背景与目标： 一项针对51名因闭塞性或动脉瘤性疾病接受手术的患者的前瞻性随机研究评估了腰椎交感神经切除术在改善主动脉重建效果方面的功效。 50例肢体进行了交感神经切除术，而52例肢体作为对照。交感神经切除术通过体积描记法测定可显着降低足部血管阻力。但是，该程序对腿部循环没有影响，通过多普勒超声确定的踝/手臂压力指数进行评估。在交感神经切除术组中，尽管进行了专利移植，但仍有3例因缺血而在术后早期截肢。在对照组中，由于进行性动脉粥样硬化疾病引起了一个晚期移植物阻塞。尽管交感神经切除术可能会改善脚踏循环，但该手术似乎并未改善主动脉重建的结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Old and frail patients with advance breast malignancy require mastectomy which often results in large defects requiring soft tissue cover. We present three cases of large fasciocutaneous perforator based V-Y advancement flaps for reconstruction of large post-mastectomy wounds in older patients with large tumours. This technique reduces the morbidity of patients who have severe co-existing morbidity factor in addition to the advance breast disease.

背景与目标： ：患有乳腺恶性肿瘤的老弱患者需要进行乳房切除术，这通常会导致较大的缺陷，需要软组织覆盖。我们介绍了三例基于大型筋膜皮肤穿刺器的V-Y推进瓣，用于在患有大肿瘤的老年患者中重建大型乳房切除术后伤口。该技术可降低患有严重乳腺疾病并存的严重发病因素的患者的发病率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The approximately 3.5 MDa hexagonal bilayer (HBL) hemoglobin (Hb) of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris is composed of monomers and disulfide-bonded trimers (T) of globin chains and of four types of heme-deficient linker chains (L). Cryoelectron microscopic images of native Hb and of HBL reassembled from the constituent subunits depleted in monomer subunit (HBL[T+L]) were subjected to three-dimensional reconstructions by the random conical tilt series method. Native Hb has an architecture very similar to those of other annelid and vestimentiferan Hbs, consisting of 12 hollow globular substructures (HGS). Each HGS is comprised of six dense masses, has a 3-fold symmetry, and is organized in two hexagonally symmetric layers, with the vertices of the upper layer rotated 16 degrees clockwise relative to those of the lower layer. The layers are tethered to a central linker complex, consisting of two bracelets of connections perpendicular to the 6-fold axis and a set of six vertical connections linked to a flat hexagonal mass. HBL[T+L] shared all these features with the native Hb, except for a large hole around the 3-fold symmetry axis in each HGS, indicating the probable location of the missing monomer subunit.

背景与目标： Lu Lu的大约3.5 MDa六角形双层（HBL）血红蛋白（Hb）由单体和球蛋白链以及四种类型的血红素缺陷型连接子链（L）的二硫键结合的三聚体（T）组成。天然Hb和从耗尽单体亚基（HBL [TL]）的组成亚基重新组装而成的HBL的低温电子显微镜图像通过随机圆锥倾斜系列方法进行了三维重建。天然血红蛋白的结构与其他无核和有鞭毛的血红蛋白非常相似，由12个空心球状亚结构（HGS）组成。每个HGS由六个密集块组成，具有3倍的对称性，并组织为两个六边形对称的层，上层的顶点相对于下层的顶点顺时针旋转16度。这些层被束缚到中央连接器复合体，该复合体由垂直于6折轴的两个连接腕带和一组连接到平坦六边形质量的六个垂直连接组成。 HBL [TL]与天然Hb具有所有这些特征，除了每个HGS中围绕3折对称轴的一个大洞外，这表明可能缺少单体亚基的位置。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether an 8-week whole-body vibration training program may improve recovery of knee flexion/extension muscular strength in athletes after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN:Randomized controlled trial. SETTING:Single outpatient rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS:Thirty-eight female volleyball/basketball players (aged between 20 and 30), randomized into 2 treatment groups. INTERVENTIONS:During a standardized six-month rehabilitation program, from week 13 to week 20 after surgery, the whole-body vibration group (n = 19) and the control group (n = 19) performed additional static knee flexor/extensor exercises on a vibration platform. For the whole-body vibration group, the vibration platform was set to 2.5 mm of amplitude and 26 Hz of frequency. The control group followed the same whole-body vibration board training with no vibrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:All patients were evaluated using an isokinetic strength test with a Biodex dynamometer at the beginning and at the end of the additional treatment protocol. The parameters tested were the peak torque and the maximum power of knee flexor and extensor muscles performing strength and endurance tests. RESULTS:No vibration-related side effects were observed. Improvements were noticed in both groups, but increase in knee muscle isokinetic strength values was statistically significant in the whole-body vibration group when compared with the control group (differences in extension: peak torque 11.316/10.263 N·m and maximum power 13.684/11.211 W; flexion: peak torque 9.632/11.105 N·m and maximum power 10.158/9.474 W; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:When combined with a standardized rehabilitation program, whole-body vibration may increase muscular strength and be an effective additional treatment option in the rehabilitation of athletes after ACL arthroscopic reconstruction.

背景与目标： 目的：评估为期8周的全身振动训练计划是否可以改善关节镜前交叉韧带（ACL）重建后运动员屈膝/伸展肌肉力量的恢复。
设计：随机对照试验。
地点：单个门诊康复中心。
参与者：38名女子排球/篮球运动员（年龄在20至30岁之间），随机分为2个治疗组。
干预措施：在标准化的六个月康复计划中，从手术后第13周到第20周，全身振动组（n = 19）和对照组（n = 19）进行了额外的静态膝屈肌/伸肌练习。振动平台。对于全身振动组，将振动平台设置为2.5毫米的振幅和26赫兹的频率。对照组接受相同的全身振动板训练，无振动。
主要观察指标：在其他治疗方案的开始和结束时，均用Biodex测功机通过等速肌力测试对所有患者进行评估。测试的参数是执行力量和耐力测试的峰值扭矩和膝盖屈肌和伸肌的最大力量。
结果：未观察到与振动相关的副作用。两组均注意到改善，但与对照组相比，全身振动组膝部肌肉的等速肌力值在统计学上具有显着意义（延伸差异：峰值扭矩11.316 / 10.263 N·m和最大功率13.684 / 11.211 W；屈曲：峰值扭矩9.632 / 11.105 N·m，最大功率10.158 / 9.474 W； P <0.001）。
结论：与标准的康复计划结合使用时，全身振动可能会增加肌肉力量，并成为ACL关节镜重建术后运动员康复的有效附加治疗选择。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fractures of the posterior wall are the most common of the acetabular fractures. The aim of this study was to assess the medium-term results of reconstruction of comminuted posterior wall fractures of the acetabulum by using the buttress technique. This is a retrospective review conducted at a level 1 trauma centre. Thirty-two patients (25 men, 7 women, mean age 41 years, range 14-80 years) with comminuted posterior wall fracture of the acetabulum underwent reconstruction of the posterior wall during the period of July 1998 to February 2004. The average follow-up was 43 months (range 24-70 months). Clinical evaluation was based on modified Merle d'Aubigne and Postel scoring. Radiographic evaluation was according to criteria developed by Matta. The postoperative reduction was graded as anatomical in 28 patients (88%) and imperfect in 4 patients (12%). The clinical outcome was excellent in 11 (34% ), very good in 9 (28%), good in 4 (12%), fair in 3 (9%) and poor in 5 (15%). Radiological grading at the final follow-up was excellent 12 (37%), good 11 (34%), fair 4 (12%) and poor 5 (15%). Reconstruction of comminuted posterior wall acetabular fractures by buttress technique can be expected to produce good results. It can provide a stable fixation of the posterior wall amenable to early range of motion and weight bearing.

背景与目标： ：后壁骨折是最常见的髋臼骨折。这项研究的目的是评估通过使用支撑技术重建髋臼粉碎性后壁骨折的中期结果。这是在1级创伤中心进行的回顾性审查。 1998年7月至2004年2月，对髋臼粉碎性后壁骨折的32例患者（25例男性，7例女性，平均年龄41岁，范围14-80岁）进行了后壁重建。平均随访如下：延长了43个月（范围为24-70个月）。临床评估基于改良的Merle d'Aubigne和Postel评分。射线照相评估是根据Matta制定的标准进行的。术后减少的程度在解剖学上分为28例（88％），在不完善中有4例（12％）。临床预后良好，其中11例（34％），非常好9例（28％），好4例（12％），一般3例（9％），差5例（15％）。最后一次随访的放射学评分为优12分（37％），好11分（34％），中4分（12％）和差5分（15％）。通过支撑技术重建粉碎性后壁髋臼骨折有望产生良好的效果。它可以为后壁提供稳定的固定，以适应早期运动和负重。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Orbital exenteration is a highly disfiguring procedure which, although providing local control of invasive orbital malignancy also results in marked visual, psychological and social disability. We present three consecutive total exenteration cases over 1 year where all 3, including extended exenteration defects, were repaired by primary closure by way of cheek advancement. This technique may be considered where succinct management with minimal follow-up is required and maybe preferable if considering rapidity of rehabilitation with a short time to fitting definitive prostheses. METHODS:Retrospective review of three consecutive patients who presented with neglected basal cell carcinoma with orbital invasion and subsequently underwent total orbital exenteration with repair by cheek advancement flap. RESULTS:All underwent repair with primary skin closure using a cheek advancement flap. Patient 2 developed a small area of central flap dehiscence noted at 2 months with almost complete granulation of the orbital cavity at 3 months. Patients 1, 2 and 3 were fitted with final prosthesis at 7, 6 and 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:Reconstruction of the exenterated orbit using cheek advancement represents an evolution of the cervico-facial flap repair. The cheek advancement avoids creating a secondary defect and because it involves less dissection and additional skin incisions, is an easier procedure to perform with fewer facial scars. It does not preclude osseointegration if required at a later date and as such we recommend it as an option in repairing the exenterated orbit.

背景与目标： 引言：眼眶消融是高度毁容性的过程，尽管对浸润性眼恶性肿瘤提供了局部控制，但也会导致明显的视觉，心理和社会残疾。我们介绍了1年中连续发生的3例总根除病例，其中全部3例（包括根深蒂固的缺损）均通过面颊推进术通过一次闭合术进行了修复。在需要简短随访的情况下进行简洁管理的情况下，可以考虑使用这种技术；如果考虑到在短时间内适应最终假体的康复速度，则可能更可取。
方法：回顾性回顾性分析三例连续被忽略的基底细胞癌伴有眶侵犯的患者，随后进行了全颊面全瓣切除术，并进行了面颊前移皮瓣修复。
结果：所有患者均使用脸颊推进瓣进行了初次皮肤闭合修复。患者2在2个月时出现小片中央皮瓣裂开，并在3个月时眼眶肉芽几乎完全形成。患者1、2和3分别在第7、6和12个月安装了最终的假体。
结论：利用面颊推进重建伸入的眶代表了颈面部皮瓣修复的发展。脸颊的进展避免了继发性缺损，并且因为它涉及较少的解剖和额外的皮肤切口，因此是执行起来更容易且面部疤痕更少的手术。如果以后需要的话，它并不排除骨整合，因此，我们建议将其作为修复过度弯曲的轨道的一种选择。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Iterative reconstruction has a wide spectrum of proven advantages in the field of conventional X-ray absorption-based computed tomography (CT). In this paper, we report on an algebraic iterative reconstruction technique for grating-based differential phase-contrast CT (DPC-CT). Due to the differential nature of DPC-CT projections, a differential operator and a smoothing operator are added to the iterative reconstruction, compared to the one commonly used for absorption-based CT data. This work comprises a numerical study of the algorithm and its experimental verification using a dataset measured at a two-grating interferometer setup. Since the algorithm is easy to implement and allows for the extension to various regularization possibilities, we expect a significant impact of the method for improving future medical and industrial DPC-CT applications.

背景与目标： 在传统的基于X射线吸收的计算机断层扫描（CT）领域中，迭代重建具有广泛的公认优势。在本文中，我们报告了一种基于光栅的差分相衬CT（DPC-CT）的代数迭代重建技术。由于DPC-CT投影的微分性质，与通常用于基于吸收的CT数据相比，微分算子和平滑算子被添加到迭代重建中。这项工作包括对该算法的数值研究及其使用在两光栅干涉仪设置下测得的数据集进行的实验验证。由于该算法易于实现，并且可以扩展到各种正则化可能性，因此，我们期望该方法对改善未来的医疗和工业DPC-CT应用具有重大影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Orthopedic reconstruction of blunt chest trauma can aid restoration of pulmonary function to reduce the mortality associated with serial rib fractures and flail chest injuries. Contemporary chest wall reconstruction requires contouring of generic plates to the complex surface geometry of ribs. This study established a biometric foundation to generate specialized, anatomically contoured osteosynthesis hardware for rib fracture fixation. On human cadaveric ribs three through nine, the surface geometry pertinent to anatomically conforming osteosynthesis plates was characterized by quantifying the apparent rib curvature C(A), the longitudinal twist alpha(LT) along the diaphysis, and the unrolled curvature C(U). In addition, the rib cross-sectional geometry pertinent to intramedullary fixation strategies was characterized in terms of cross-section height, width, area, and cortex thickness. The rib surface exhibited a curvature C(A) ranging from 3.8 m(-1) in the anteromedial section of rib seven to 17.3 m(-1) in the posterior section of rib three. All ribs had in common a longitudinal twist alpha(LT), ranging from 41-60 degrees. The unrolled curvature C(U) decreased gradually from ribs three to five, and increased gradually with reversed orientation from rib six to nine. The cross-sectional area remained constant along the rib diaphysis. However, the medullary canal increased in size from 29.9 mm(2) posteriorly to 41.2 mm(2) in anterior rib segments. Results of this biometric rib characterization describe a novel strategy for intraoperative plate contouring and provide a foundation for the development of specialized rib osteosynthesis strategies.

背景与目标： ：钝性胸部创伤的整形外科手术可以帮助恢复肺功能，从而降低与连续肋骨骨折和连fl胸伤相关的死亡率。当代的胸壁重建需要仿照普通板的轮廓以适应复杂的肋骨表面几何形状。这项研究建立了生物特征基础，以生成用于解剖肋骨骨折的专用的，解剖学上轮廓化的骨合成硬件。在三到九个人的尸体肋骨上，通过量化视在肋骨曲率C（A），沿骨干的纵向扭曲alpha（LT）和展开曲率C（U）来表征与解剖学上相符的骨合成板相关的表面几何形状。另外，与髓内固定策略有关的肋骨横截面几何形状以横截面高度，宽度，面积和皮质厚度为特征。肋骨表面的曲率C（A）在肋骨7的内侧区域中的范围为3.8 m（-1），在肋骨3的后部区域中的曲率C（A）为17.3 m（-1）。所有的肋骨都有一个共同的纵向扭曲α（LT），范围为41-60度。展开曲率C（U）从第3肋逐渐减小到第5肋，并随着从第6肋向第9肋的反向取向而逐渐增大。沿肋骨骨干的横截面面积保持恒定。但是，在前肋骨节段中，髓管的大小从后方的29.9 mm（2）增加到41.2 mm（2）。这种生物特征肋骨表征的结果描述了一种术中板轮廓的新策略，并为发展专门的肋骨合成策略提供了基础。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE OF REVIEW:To examine the recent literature concerning advances in tongue reconstruction after tumor resection. RECENT FINDINGS:Reconstruction following resection of malignant tongue tumors remains one of the most difficult problems in head and neck oncology. Recent trends in tongue reconstruction have focused on optimizing speech and swallowing function and maximizing quality of life. In the recent literature, several new reconstructive strategies including omohyoid musculocutaneous and myofascial flaps overlayed with radial forearm free flaps have been described. In addition, several older reconstructive options, such as trapezius and pectoralis rotational flaps, have been revisited. There has also been a trend toward restoring innervation to these flaps rather than leaving them insensate. SUMMARY:Tongue cancer resection and subsequent reconstruction pose interesting challenges to the surgeon to maximize postoperative function and quality of life. Attention to the principles of tongue reconstruction and knowledge of the range of available reconstructive options can result in more favorable functional outcomes.

背景与目标： 审查的目的：审查有关肿瘤切除术后舌重建的最新文献。
最近的发现：切除恶性舌头肿瘤后的重建仍然是头颈肿瘤学中最困难的问题之一。舌头重建的最新趋势集中在优化言语和吞咽功能以及最大限度地提高生活质量上。在最近的文献中，已经描述了几种新的重建策略，包括乳突肌肌皮瓣和肌筋膜瓣覆盖有放射状前臂游离瓣。另外，一些较旧的重建方案，例如斜方肌和胸大肌旋转皮瓣也已被重新考虑。还存在恢复这些瓣的神经支配而不是使它们变得不灵敏的趋势。
摘要：舌癌切除术和随后的重建术对外科医生提出了有趣的挑战，以最大程度地提高术后功能和生活质量。注意舌头重建的原理和对可用重建选项范围的了解可以带来更有利的功能结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Organ motion during treatment delivery in radiotherapy (RT) may lead to deterioration of the planned dose, but can be mitigated by dynamic multi-leaf collimator (DMLC) tracking. The purpose of this study was to implement and experimentally validate a method for time-resolved motion including dose reconstruction for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatments delivered with and without DMLC tracking. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Tracking experiments were carried out on a linear accelerator (Trilogy, Varian) with a prototype DMLC tracking system. A motion stage carrying a biplanar dosimeter phantom (Delta4PT, Scandidos) reproduced eight representative clinical tumor trajectories (four lung, four prostate). For each trajectory, two single-arc 6 MV VMAT treatments with low and high modulation were delivered to the moving phantom with and without DMLC tracking. An existing in-house developed program that adds target motion to treatment plans was extended with the ability to split an arc plan into any number of sub-arcs, allowing the calculated dose for different parts of the treatment to be examined individually. For each VMAT sub-arc, reconstructed and measured doses were compared using dose differences and 3%/3 mm γ-tests. RESULTS:For VMAT sub-arcs the reconstructed dose distributions had a mean root-mean-square (rms) dose difference of 2.1% and mean γ failure rate of 2.0% when compared with the measured doses. For final accumulated doses the mean rms dose difference was 1.6% and the γ failure rate was 0.7%. CONCLUSION:The time-resolved motion including dose reconstruction was experimentally validated for complex tracking and non-tracking treatments with patient-measured tumor motion trajectories. The reconstructed dose will be of high value for evaluation of treatment plan robustness facing organ motion and adaptive RT.

背景与目标： 背景：放射治疗（RT）进行治疗期间的器官运动可能会导致计划剂量的恶化，但可以通过动态多叶准直仪（DMLC）跟踪来缓解。这项研究的目的是实施并通过实验验证一种用于时间分辨运动的方法，包括采用和不采用DMLC跟踪进行体积调制电弧治疗（VMAT）治疗的剂量重建。
材料与方法：跟踪实验是在具有原型DMLC跟踪系统的线性加速器（Trilogy，Varian）上进行的。携带双平面剂量计体模（Delta4PT，Scandidos）的运动台可再现八种代表性的临床肿瘤轨迹（四肺，四前列腺）。对于每个轨迹，在有和没有DMLC跟踪的情况下，将具有低调制和高调制的两种单弧6 MV VMAT处理传递给运动体模。现有的内部开发程序可以将目标运动添加到治疗计划中，并且可以将电弧计划划分为任意数量的子弧线，从而可以单独检查治疗不同部分的计算出的剂量，从而扩展了功能。对于每个VMAT子电弧，使用剂量差异和3％/ 3 mmγ测试比较重建和测量的剂量。
结果：对于VMAT亚弧，与测量剂量相比，重建的剂量分布的平均均方根（rms）剂量差异为2.1％，平均γ失效率为2.0％。对于最终累积剂量，平均均方根剂量差异为1.6％，γ失效率为0.7％。
结论：包括剂量重建在内的时间分辨运动已通过实验验证，可用于采用患者测量的肿瘤运动轨迹进行复杂的跟踪和非跟踪治疗。重建的剂量对于评估面向器官运动和适应性RT的治疗计划的鲁棒性将具有很高的价值。