BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Childhood ocular trauma is a preventable cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. This prospective study was conducted to explore the profile of eye injuries in pediatric patients referring to a tertiary eye center in Tehran, Iran. Six hundred consecutive pediatric patients aged 17 or less who presented to emergency department of Farabi Hospital were enrolled. Age and sex of pediatric patients, time of trauma, time between trauma and presentation, place of injury, etiology of eye injury, visual acuity, and type of injury based on Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology were collected. Mean (±SD) age of cases was 7.9 ± 4.8. Male to female ratio was 2.3:1. More than 70 % of the patients presented less than 12 h after ocular trauma. Most injuries occurred at home (57.7 %) followed by street (20.3 %). Twelve patients had visual acuity lower than 0.1 at initial visit. Projectile trauma was the most common cause (35.8 %) followed by blunt trauma (33.3 %). 86.3 % of traumatic events consisted in closed globe injuries. Parents should be involved more effectively in care and supervision of their children especially for boys, at home and on holidays.

背景与目标： ：儿童眼外伤是世界范围内视觉障碍和失明的可预防原因。进行了这项前瞻性研究，以探讨伊朗德黑兰第三眼科中心的儿科患者的眼外伤情况。入选了法拉比医院急诊科的连续600名17岁以下的儿科患者。根据伯明翰眼外伤术语，收集了小儿患者的年龄和性别，外伤时间，外伤和就诊之间的时间，受伤地点，眼外伤的病因，视敏度和外伤类型。病例的平均（±SD）年龄为7.9±4.8。男女比例为2.3：1。超过70％的患者在眼外伤后不到12小时就诊。大多数伤害发生在家里（57.7％），其次是街头（20.3％）。初次就诊时有12名患者的视力低于0.1。射弹外伤是最常见的原因（35.8％），其次是钝性外伤（33.3％）。 86.3％的创伤事件为闭合性地球仪伤害。父母应更有效地参与对子女的照料和监督，尤其是在家中和节假日对男孩的照料和监督。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Eleven patients with injuries of the rectum and sigmoid colon secondary to the insertion of the clenched fist are presented. Six patients sustained mucosal lacerations of the rectum and four patients had rectosigmoid perforations requiring laparotomy. One patient sustained a severe sphincter laceration producing complete anal incontinence. The management of these conditions is discussed.

背景与目标： ：介绍了11例因握紧拳头插入而导致直肠和乙状结肠损伤的患者。六名患者直肠黏膜撕裂持续发作，四名患者有直肠乙状结肠穿孔需要剖腹手术。一名患者出现严重的括约肌撕裂伤，导致肛门完全失禁。讨论了这些条件的管理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Maxillofacial injuries are often seen in the emergency department. Fractures of the facial skeleton are commonly seen after assault, road traffic accidents, falls, and sporting injuries in a ratio mandibular:zygoma:maxillary of 6:2:1. Clinicians must be familiar with their management so that appropriate treatment may be used.

背景与目标： ：在急诊室经常看到颌面部受伤。攻击，道路交通事故，摔倒和运动伤害后，通常以6：2：1的比例下颌骨骨折。临床医生必须熟悉其管理，以便可以使用适当的治疗方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tarso-metatarsal injuries are rare but frequently missed. Due to the large variation in pathomorphic forms of these injuries, great precision is required when carrying out clinical and X-ray diagnostic procedures. The aim of the study was to describe the different forms of Lisfranc joint injuries and analyse the causes of delayed treatment. The treatment results of acute and chronic injuries were compared in 41 patients, with an average follow-up period of 16 years. Statistically significant poorer results were obtained in the group of chronic cases, based on two functional scores - the AOFAS evaluation questionnaire and the Lublin functional questionnaire. The main factor delaying the start of the proper treatment was diagnostic error during initial admission. The best results were achieved after closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation in acute cases.

背景与目标： ：躯干部颅骨损伤很少见，但经常被遗漏。由于这些伤害的病态形式差异很大，因此在执行临床和X射线诊断程序时需要很高的精确度。该研究的目的是描述Lisfranc关节损伤的不同形式，并分析延迟治疗的原因。比较了41例急性和慢性损伤的治疗结果，平均随访时间为16年。基于两个功能评分-AOFAS评估问卷和Lublin功能问卷，在慢性病例组中获得了统计学上较差的结果。延迟开始适当治疗的主要因素是初次入院时的诊断错误。在急性病例中，经闭合复位和经皮克氏针固定后，可获得最佳结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of scleral buckling surgery on the treatment of hypotony caused by choroidal holes and suprachoroidal silicone oil (SO) migration following surgical procedures for open globe injuries. DESIGN:Retrospective, consecutive, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS:Ten eyes of 10 patients with hypotony caused by choroidal holes with suprachoroidal SO migration and choroidal detachment after vitrectomy for open globe injuries between October 2009 and December 2010. METHODS:All cases clinically diagnosed as hypotony caused by choroidal holes with suprachoroidal SO migration and choroidal detachment were identified. Those eyes with retinal detachment, ciliary body damage, ciliary body fibrosis, or cyclodialysis cleft were excluded. Scleral buckling with or without suprachoroidal SO drainage was performed. RESULTS:The mean preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) was 6.7 ± 1.4 mm Hg (5.3-9.0 mm Hg). The mean final follow-up IOP was 12.2 ± 4.7 mm Hg (7.0-21.0 mm Hg; p = 0.005). In 7 eyes, the IOP increased to ≥10 mm Hg, whereas 3 eyes showed no significant IOP elevations. The choroidal hole was closed, and the range of choroidal detachment was significantly reduced in those 7 eyes. Although the choroidal hole was not fully closed in 3 eyes, the choroidal detachment area was less extensive, and the IOP was stable at approximately 7 mm Hg. CONCLUSION:Scleral buckling surgery combined with suprachoroidal SO drainage is an effective way to manage hypotony caused by choroidal holes and suprachoroidal SO migration in a SO-filled eye after vitrectomy for open globe injuries.

背景与目标： 目的：评价巩膜屈曲手术对球囊切开术和脉络膜上方硅油（SO）迁移引起的眼球开放性球囊损伤所致肌张力低下的影响。
设计：回顾性，连续性，介入性病例系列。
参加者：2009年10月至2010年12月之间因玻璃体切除术后因脉络膜上膜超氧化物歧化酶迁移和脉络膜脱离而引起的10例由脉络膜孔引起的低眼压患者的10眼。
方法：所有临床诊断为脉络膜小孔，脉络膜上膜超氧化物歧化酶迁移和脉络膜脱离引起的低渗的病例均被鉴定。排除那些具有视网膜脱离，睫状体损伤，睫状体纤维化或环透析裂隙的眼睛。在有或没有脉络膜上SO引流的情况下进行巩膜屈曲。
结果：术前平均眼压（IOP）为6.7±1.4毫米汞柱（5.3-9.0毫米汞柱）。最终的平均随访IOP为12.2±4.7 mm Hg（7.0-21.0 mm Hg; p = 0.005）。在7眼中，IOP升高至≥10 mm Hg，而3眼则未显示出明显的IOP升高。脉络膜孔被关闭，在这7只眼中脉络膜脱离的范围明显减小。尽管在3只眼中脉络膜孔未完全闭合，但脉络膜脱离区域的范围较小，并且IOP在大约7 mm Hg时稳定。
结论：巩膜屈曲手术联合脉络膜上膜舒张引流术是一种有效的方法，可解决玻璃体切除术后因球囊开孔和脉络膜上膜SO迁移引起的眼压过低引起的眼压过低。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To discuss the presentation, management and outcomes of penetrating anorectal injuries at the Bustamante Hospital for Children. METHODS:A retrospective review over an 11-year period (January 2001-December 2011) was undertaken. The data analysed were extracted from patients' case notes which were pulled based on the hospital's admission database. RESULTS:Over the study period a total of 14 children presented with penetrating anorectal injuries. The medical records for one child were missing. The mean age at presentation was 6 years. Impalement by a metal spike was the mechanism of injury in 12 children, with one case of sexual assault. Three of the children had associated urogenital injuries. Ten rectal injuries were extraperitoneal. Five of the 13 cases (38 %) were managed with a colostomy-average time to closure was 6 months. There was one case of perineal wound infection and dehiscence. There was no mortality. CONCLUSION:Selective fecal diversion in the form of a sigmoid loop colostomy is a safe and acceptable management option for children with penetrating anorectal injuries. The perineal wound itself can be closed primarily except in cases of delayed presentation.

背景与目标： 目的：探讨布斯塔曼特儿童医院穿透性肛门直肠损伤的表现，治疗和结果。
方法：进行了为期11年（2001年1月至2011年12月）的回顾性审查。分析的数据是从患者的病历中提取的，这些病历是根据医院的入院数据库提取的。
结果：在研究期间，共有14名儿童发生了肛门直肠穿破伤。一个孩子的病历不见了。报告时的平均年龄为6岁。金属刺钉刺穿是12名儿童受伤的机制，其中1例是性侵犯。其中三个孩子患有泌尿生殖系统损伤。十次直肠外伤是腹膜外的。 13例病例中有5例（38％）接受了结肠造口术，平均闭合时间为6个月。有1例会阴部伤口感染和裂开。没有死亡。
结论：乙状结肠结肠造口术的选择性粪便转移是穿透性肛门直肠损伤儿童的一种安全且可接受的治疗选择。会阴伤口本身可以闭合，除非出现延迟。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :On May 26, 2012, the Collier County Health Department was notified by law enforcement and hospital personnel that approximately 40 persons had sought care at local emergency departments because of severe eye irritation and pain. Patients reported that they had attended a foam party at a local nightclub the night before. Syndromic surveillance activities carried out by the Florida Department of Health identified 35 patients who had visited an emergency department in Collier County on May 26 with a chief complaint related to eye injuries, well above the expected number of less than 10.

背景与目标： ：2012年5月26日，执法和医院工作人员通知科利尔县卫生局，大约40人由于严重的眼睛刺激和疼痛而到当地急诊科就诊。患者报告说，他们前一天晚上参加了当地一家夜总会的泡沫派对。佛罗里达卫生部开展的症状监测活动确定了35名患者，他们于5月26日到科利尔县的急诊室就眼伤进行了主诉，大大超过了预期的少于10人的水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The aim of this study was to review information about risk factors for lower extremity running injuries in both short-distance (mean running distance ≤20 km/week and ≤10 km/session) and long-distance runners (mean running distance >20 km/week and >10 km/session). METHODS:Electronic databases were searched for articles published up to February 2019. Prospective cohort studies using multivariable analysis for the assessment of individual risk factors or risk models for the occurrence of lower extremity running injuries were included. Two reviewers independently selected studies for eligibility and assessed risk of bias with the Quality in Prognostic Studies Tool. The GRADE approach was used to assess the quality of the evidence. RESULTS:A total of 29 studies were included: 17 studies focused on short-distance runners, 11 studies focused on long-distance runners, and 1 study focused on both types of runners. A previous running-related injury was the strongest risk factor for an injury for long-distance runners, with moderate-quality evidence. Previous injuries not attributed to running was the strongest risk factor for an injury for short-distance runners, with high-quality evidence. Higher body mass index, higher age, sex (male), having no previous running experience, and lower running volume were strong risk factors, with moderate quality evidence, for short-distance runners. Low-quality evidence was found for all risk models as predictors of running-related injuries among short- and long-distance runners. CONCLUSION:Several risk factors for lower extremity injuries have been identified among short- and long-distance runners, but the quality of evidence for these risk factors for running-related injuries is limited. Running injuries seem to have a multifactorial origin both in short- and long-distance runners.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是回顾短距离（平均跑步距离≤20km /周和≤10 km / session）和长距离跑步者（平均跑步距离> 20 km /周和> 10 km /会话）。
方法：在电子数据库中搜索截至2019年2月发表的文章。该研究包括使用多变量分析进行的前瞻性队列研究，以评估个体危险因素或发生下肢跑步损伤的风险模型。两名审稿人独立选择了研究是否合格，并使用“预后研究质量”工具评估了偏倚风险。 GRADE方法用于评估证据的质量。
结果：总共包括29项研究：17项针对短距离跑步者的研究，11项针对长距离跑步者的研究，1项针对两种类型的跑步者的研究。有中等质量的证据，以前与跑步有关的伤害是长跑运动员受伤的最大危险因素。高质量的证据表明，以前不归因于跑步的伤害是短距离跑步者受伤的最大危险因素。较高的体重指数，较高的年龄，性别（男性），没有以前的跑步经验和较低的跑步量是短跑运动员的强烈危险因素，有中等质量的证据。在所有风险模型中，低质量的证据被认为是短距离和长距离跑步者跑步相关伤害的预测指标。
结论：在短距离和长距离跑步者中已经确定了下肢受伤的几个危险因素，但是这些与跑步相关的伤害的危险因素的证据质量有限。跑步伤害似乎是短距离和长距离跑步者的多方面原因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) have frequently been associated with the emergence and persistence of depressive symptoms. However, the factors which contribute to the increased risk for depression after these head injuries remain unclear. Accordingly, we examined the relationship between frequency of self-reported mTBIs and current symptoms of depression and the mediating role of rumination and cognitive flexibility. We also examined whether these relations were moderated by sex differences and the presence of the Val66Met polymorphism in a gene coding for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). DESIGN:Retrospective, cross-sectional. SETTING:Carleton University. PARTICIPANTS:Two hundred nineteen Carleton University undergraduate students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Cognitive flexibility as assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST); subtypes of rumination (Ruminative Response Scale; Treynor, Gonzalez, and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003); depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory; Beck, Ward, and Mendelson, 1961). RESULTS:Greater frequency of self-reported mTBIs was associated with more frequent depressive rumination among women, but not men, which was accompanied by elevated current depressive symptoms. In addition, among Met allele carriers of the BDNF polymorphism, but not those who were Val homozygotes, greater frequency of mTBIs was related to higher levels of brooding, which was accompanied by heightened depressive symptoms. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotype also moderated the relationship between self-reported mTBIs and cognitive flexibility in that more frequent mTBIs were associated with more perseverative errors on the WCST among Met carriers, but not Val homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS:The present findings raise the possibility that the evolution of depression after mTBIs may be dependant on a BDNF polymorphism and sex differences.

背景与目标： 目的：轻度创伤性脑损伤（mTBI）经常与抑郁症状的出现和持续存在有关。但是，尚不清楚导致这些颅脑损伤后抑郁风险增加的因素。因此，我们检查了自我报告的mTBI的频率与当前抑郁症症状以及反刍和认知柔韧性的中介作用之间的关系。我们还检查了这些关系是否通过性别差异和在编码脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）的基因中存在Val66Met多态性而得到缓解。
设计：回顾性横截面。
地点：卡尔顿大学。
参加者：219名卡尔顿大学的本科生。
主要观察指标：通过威斯康星卡片分类任务（WCST）评估的认知灵活性；反刍的亚型（反刍反应量表； Treynor，Gonzalez和Nolen-Hoeksema，2003年）；抑郁症状（贝克抑郁量表；贝克，沃德和门德尔森，1961年）。
结果：自我报告的mTBIs发生频率越高，女性（而非男性）抑郁症反刍的频率就越高，这伴随着当前抑郁症症状的加剧。此外，在BDNF多态性的Met等位基因携带者中，但不是Val纯合子的携带者中，mTBI的频率增加与育卵水平升高有关，伴有抑郁症状的加剧。脑源性神经营养因子基因型还缓解了自我报告的mTBI与认知灵活性之间的关系，因为更频繁的mTBI与Met携带者的WCST持久性错误相关，而与Val纯合子无关。
结论：本研究结果提出了mTBI后抑郁症的发展可能取决于BDNF多态性和性别差异的可能性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Road traffic injuries (RTIs) have been one of the most critical public health problems in Thailand for decades. The objective of this study was to examine to what extent provincial economy was associated with RTIs, road traffic deaths and case fatality rate in Thailand. METHODS:A secondary data analysis on time-series data was applied. The unit of analysis was a panel of 77 provinces during 2012-2016. Data were obtained from relevant public authorities, including the Ministry of Public Health. Descriptive statistics and econometric models, using negative binomial (NB) regression, negative binomial regression with random-effects (RE) model, and spatial Durbin model (SDM) were employed. The main predictor variable was gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the outcome variables were incidence proportion of RTIs, traffic deaths and case fatality rate. The analysis was adjusted for key covariates. RESULTS:The incidence proportion of RTIs rose from 449.0 to 524.9 cases per 100,000 population from 2012 till 2016, whereas the incidence of traffic fatalities fluctuated between 29.7 and 33.2 deaths per 100,000 population. Case fatality rate steadily stood at 0.06-0.07 deaths per victim. RTIs and traffic deaths appeared to be positively correlated with provincial economy in the NB regression and the RE model. In the SDM, a log-Baht increase in GDP per capita (equivalent to a growth of GDP per capita by about 2.7 times) enlarged the incidence proportion of injuries and deaths by about a quarter (23.8-30.7%) with statistical significance. No statistical significance was found in case fatality rate by the SDM. The SDM also presented the best model fitness relative to other models. CONCLUSION:The incidence proportion of traffic injuries and deaths appeared to rise alongside provincial prosperity. This means that RTIs-preventive measures should be more intensified in economically well-off areas. Furthermore, entrepreneurs and business sectors that gain economic benefit in a particular province should share responsibility in RTIs prevention in the area where their businesses are running. Further studies that explore others determinants of road safety, such as patterns of vehicles used, attitudes and knowledge of motorists, investment in safety measures, and compliance with traffic laws, are recommended.

背景与目标： 背景：道路交通伤害（RTI）一直是泰国几十年来最严重的公共卫生问题之一。这项研究的目的是研究泰国的省级经济在多大程度上与RTI，道路交通事故死亡和病死率相关。
方法：对时间序列数据进行二次数据分析。分析单位是2012-2016年期间由77个省组成的小组。数据来自包括公共卫生部在内的相关公共部门。采用负二项式（NB）回归，带随机效应的负二项式回归（RE）模型和空间Durbin模型（SDM）进行描述性统计和计量经济学模型。主要的预测变量是人均国内生产总值（GDP），结果变量是RTI发生率，交通死亡和病死率。针对关键协变量对分析进行了调整。
结果：从2012年到2016年，RTIs的发病率从449.0例增加到524.9例/每100,000人口，而交通死亡的发生率在每100,000例死亡的29.7至33.2例之间波动。病死率稳步上升为每位受害者死亡0.06-0.07。在NB回归和RE模型中，RTIs和交通事故死亡与省级经济似乎呈正相关。在SDM中，人均GDP的对数铢增长（相当于人均GDP增长约2.7倍）使受伤和死亡的发生率增加了约四分之一（23.8-30.7％），具有统计意义。 SDM的病死率未发现统计学意义。 SDM还提供了相对于其他模型的最佳模型适用性。
结论：交通伤害和死亡的发生比例随着省的繁荣而上升。这意味着在经济上较富裕的地区应进一步加强预防RTIs的措施。此外，在特定省份中获得经济利益的企业家和商业部门应在其经营所在的地区共同承担预防RTI的责任。建议进行进一步研究，以探索其他影响道路安全的因素，例如所用车辆的模式，驾驶者的态度和知识，对安全措施的投资以及是否遵守交通法规。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Many previous studies have been limited by self- or proxy-reported injury or short follow-up. We investigated whether head or brain injuries are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), possible modifying factors and dose-response relationship. METHODS:Nested register-based case-control study of all community dwellers who received clinically verified AD diagnosis in Finland in 2005 to 2011 (n = 70,719) and one to four matched controls for each case (n of controls = 282,862). RESULTS:The magnitude of association between hospital-treated head and/or brain injuries was strongly dependent on the lag time between exposure and outcome. With a 5-year lag time, head injury (adjusted odds ratio; 95% confidence interval 1.19; 1.15-1.23) or brain injury (1.23; 1.18-1.29) was associated with higher risk of AD. Dose-response relationship with number and severity of injuries was observed. Associations were stronger in those with earlier onset of AD. CONCLUSIONS:Stronger associations with shorter lag times indicate that head and/or brain injuries may also reflect the ongoing AD disease process.

背景与目标： 简介：许多先前的研究受到自我或代理人报告的伤害或短期随访的限制。我们调查了头部或脑部损伤是否与阿尔茨海默氏病（AD），可能的修饰因子和剂量反应关系有关。
方法：对2005年至2011年在芬兰接受临床验证的AD诊断的所有社区居民进行基于巢式病例对照研究（n = 70,719），每例匹配一到四个匹配的对照（n个对照= 282,862）。
结果：医院治疗的头部和/或脑部损伤之间的关联程度在很大程度上取决于暴露与结果之间的滞后时间。滞后时间为5年时，颅脑损伤（调整比值比； 95％置信区间1.19； 1.15-1.23）或脑损伤（1.23； 1.18-1.29）与AD风险较高相关。观察到剂量反应与伤害的数量和严重程度之间的关系。在AD发病较早的人群中，联想更强。
结论：滞后时间较短的更强关联表明，头部和/或脑部损伤也可能反映了正在进行的AD疾病过程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Burn prevention program success requires thorough evaluation of intervention outcomes. The impact of 2 engineering-specific burn prevention regulations, the Children's Gasoline Burn Prevention Act and the Standard for the Flammability of Mattress Sets, will be assessed. Records from 1997 to 2015 within the Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) were reviewed. After identifying gas can- and mattress-involved burn injuries, injury incidence was estimated by utilizing survey sampling weights associated with each record. Logistic regression, incorporating estimated injury incidence and adjusting for gender and age, was performed to test for change in injury risk following these regulations. Within NEISS, there were 493 burns involving gas cans, yielding an estimated 19,339 injuries (95% confidence interval [CI], 15,781-22,896) during the 19-year study period. The odds of a gas can burn injury after legislation decreased by 67% for children younger than 5 years (odds ratio [OR], 0.33; 95% CI, 0.16-0.66; P = 0.0018). There was no significant change in risk for persons 5 years and older (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.80-1.41; P = 0.66). During the same time, there were 219 NEISS burns involving mattresses, yielding an estimated 6864 injuries (95% CI, 5071-8658). The odds of a mattress burn injury following legislation enactment decreased by 31% for all ages (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.51-0.94; P = 0.02). Both regulations decreased the odds of injury in their target populations. This study demonstrates that passive interventions involving engineering standards remain a powerful tool for burn prevention and should be the focus of future efforts to improve burn care.

背景与目标： ：烧伤预防计划的成功需要对干预结果进行全面评估。将评估2个特定于工程的防烫条例，《儿童汽油防烫法》和《床垫套件可燃性标准》的影响。审查了1997年至2015年消费品安全委员会（CPSC）国家电子伤害监视系统（NEISS）中的记录。在确定了涉及汽油罐和床垫的烧伤后，利用与每个记录相关的调查抽样权重来估计伤害发生率。进行逻辑回归分析，结合估计的伤害发生率并根据性别和年龄进行调整，以根据这些规定测试伤害风险的变化。在为期19年的研究期内，NEISS内发生了493次烧伤，涉及煤气罐，估计造成19,339人受伤（95％置信区间[CI]为15,781-22,896）。对于5岁以下的儿童，立法规例后将气体烧伤的几率降低67％（赔率[OR]为0.33； 95％CI为0.16-0.66； P = 0.0018）。 5岁及以上人群的风险没有显着变化（OR为1.07； 95％CI为0.80-1.41； P = 0.66）。在同一时间，涉及床垫的NEISS烧伤219起，估计造成6864人受伤（95％CI，5071-8658）。在所有年龄段，法规颁布后床垫烧伤的几率降低了31％（OR为0.69； 95％CI为0.51-0.94； P = 0.02）。两项法规均降低了其目标人群受伤的几率。这项研究表明，涉及工程标准的被动干预措施仍然是预防烧伤的有力工具，应成为未来改善烧伤护理工作的重点。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :If ignited, an evaporated inflammable liquid remaining mixed with air in an oil or petrol drum may cause an explosion in which the top and bottom of the drum are blown off by the blast and act as projectiles causing extensive injuries to persons nearby. To analyse the occurrence of this type of accident and to study the injuries involved information was sought from all police districts in Denmark and all the departments of plastic surgery with a burns unit. The investigation revealed a total of 21 accidents caused by oil drum explosions over a period of 36 years with 16 injured within the last 5 years in a population of five million people. Fifteen accidents occurred during attempts to divide a drum with a disc grinder or a cutting blow-torch; five of the victims were welding drums or using drums as a support when welding or cleaning iron materials and one man was shifting a drum which exploded because of the heat of the sun. Five men were killed: three died from burns and two from fatal brain injuries. Two men with several facial fractures survived. Five victims received injuries to the lower limb and presented with a total of six open, comminuted fractures of the tibia. Nine men had burns covering from 2 to 50 per cent of the body surface, up to 30 per cent of the burns being full-thickness. This paper draws attention to the extreme danger of working on apparently empty oil or petrol drums with tools generating heat or sparks, unless specific precautions are taken.

背景与目标： ：如果点燃，在油或汽油桶中蒸发的易燃液体与空气混合仍然会引起爆炸，爆炸会炸毁鼓的顶部和底部，并作为弹丸对附近人员造成重伤。为了分析此类事故的发生并研究涉及的伤害，已向丹麦所有警察局和所有带有烧伤科的整形外科部门寻求信息。调查显示，在过去的5年中，共有500万人，在过去的36年中，共发生了21例由油桶爆炸引起的事故，其中16例受伤。尝试用盘式砂轮机或切割吹气枪分割滚筒时发生了十五起事故；其中五名受害者是焊接鼓或在焊接或清洁铁质材料时使用鼓作为支撑，一个人正在移动由于太阳的热量而爆炸的鼓。五人丧生：三人死于烧伤，两人死于致命脑部受伤。两名面部骨折的男子幸存下来。五名受害者的下肢受伤，总共出现了六个胫骨开放的粉碎性骨折。九名男子的烧伤覆盖了身体表面的2％至50％，全厚度的烧伤高达30％。本文提请您注意，除非采取特殊的预防措施，否则使用产生热量或火花的工具在看似空的油桶或汽油桶上进行工作的极端危险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Each year increasing numbers of people participate in a wider variety of athletic endeavors. Unlike previous generations, many patients remain in these activities later into their lives, some well beyond retirement. As the population ages and their activities continue, they are subject to injury of various forms affecting all aspects of their bodies.

背景与目标： ：每年都有越来越多的人参加各种体育活动。与前几代人不同的是，许多患者在生命的后期仍保留这些活动，有些远远超出了退休年龄。随着人口老龄化及其活动的继续，他们受到各种形式的伤害，影响到他们身体的各个方面。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Analyses of tackle parameters in injury situations have provided valuable information regarding men's football. However, there are no similar data for women's football. OBJECTIVE:To categorise the tackle mechanisms leading to injury in elite women's football. STUDY DESIGN:Retrospective video analysis of injury situations. METHODS:Events associated with all reported injuries during six women's top-level tournaments were analysed on video recordings for tackle parameters. RESULTS:More than half of all injuries were due to tackles from the side (52%, 103/200), whereas tackles from behind were much less commonly involved in injury situations (11%, 21/200). One-footed (65%, 130/200) and upper body (21%, 42/200) tackle actions were most common. Sliding-in tackles leading to injury were the least likely to be sanctioned by match referees. Tackling players (45%, 90/200) were almost as likely to be injured as the tackled player (55%). CONCLUSION:The present study found differences between injury mechanisms in women's football and previously published data on men's football. Further research, especially using video analysis, is needed for a better understanding of risk situations in football.

背景与目标： 背景：在受伤情况下的铲球参数分析提供了有关男子足球的有价值的信息。但是，没有关于女足的类似数据。
目的：对导致精英女子足球受伤的铲球机制进行分类。
研究设计：受伤情况的回顾性视频分析。
方法：在录像中分析了与六名女子顶级比赛中所有报告的伤病相关的事件的铲球参数。
结果：在所有伤害中，超过一半的伤害是由侧面的铲球造成的（52％，103/200），而从后面的铲球在受伤情况下的发生率则要低得多（11％，21/200）。最常见的是单脚（65％，130/200）和上身（21％，42/200）铲球动作。导致裁判受伤的滑入式铲球受比赛裁判员制裁的可能性最小。抢断球员（45％，90/200）受伤的几率几乎与抢断球员（55％）一样。
结论：本研究发现女子足球的损伤机制与先前发表的男子足球数据之间存在差异。需要进一步研究，尤其是使用视频分析，以更好地了解足球的风险情况。