BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:MR digital subtraction angiography (MR-DSA) is a contrast-enhanced MR angiographic sequence that enables time-resolved evaluation of the cerebral circulation. OBJECTIVE:We describe the feasibility and technical success of our attempts at MR-DSA for the assessment of intracranial pathology in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We performed MR-DSA in 15 children (age range 5 days to 16 years) referred for MR imaging because of known or suspected intracranial pathology that required a dynamic assessment of the cerebral vasculature. MR-DSA consisted of a thick (6-10 mm) slice-selective RF-spoiled fast gradient-echo sequence (RF-FAST) acquired before and during passage of an intravenously administered bolus of Gd-DTPA. The images were subtracted and viewed as a cine loop. RESULTS:MR-DSA was performed successfully in all patients. High-flow lesions were shown in four patients; these included vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation, dural fistula, and two partially treated arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Low-flow lesions were seen in three patients, all of which were tumours. Normal flow was confirmed in eight patients including two with successfully treated AVMs, and in three patients with cavernomas. CONCLUSION:Our early experience suggests that MR-DSA is a realistic, non-invasive alternative to catheter angiography in certain clinical settings.

背景与目标： 背景：MR数字减影血管造影（MR-DSA）是一种对比增强的MR血管造影序列，可对脑循环进行时间分辨评估。
目的：我们描述了MR-DSA评估儿童颅内病理的尝试的可行性和技术成功。
材料与方法：由于已知或疑似颅内病理，需要动态评估脑血管，我们对15例接受MR成像的儿童（年龄范围5天至16岁）进行了MR-DSA检查。 MR-DSA由厚的（6-10 mm）切片选择性RF破坏的快速梯度回波序列（RF-FAST）组成，在静脉内给予Gd-DTPA推注之前和期间均已获得。减去图像并将其视为电影循环。
结果：所有患者均成功进行了MR-DSA检查。四名患者出现高流量病灶。其中包括Galen动脉瘤畸形静脉，硬脑膜瘘和两个经过部分治疗的动静脉畸形（AVM）。在三名患者中均发现了低流量病变，所有这些都是肿瘤。在八名患者中确认了正常血流，其中包括两名成功治疗过的AVM和三名患有海绵状瘤的患者。
结论：我们的早期经验表明，在某些临床情况下，MR-DSA是导管血管造影术的一种现实的，非侵入性的替代方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this paper we describe a biological indicator which can be used to study the behavior of Vibrio vulnificus, an important molluscan shellfish-associated human pathogen. A V. vulnificus ATCC 27562 derivative that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) and kanamycin resistance was constructed using conjugation. Strain validation was performed by comparing the GFP-expressing strain (Vv-GFP) and the wild-type strain (Vv-WT) with respect to growth characteristics, heat tolerance (45 degrees C), freeze-thaw tolerance (-20(o) and -80 degrees C), acid tolerance (pH 5.0, 4.0, and 3.5), cold storage tolerance (5 degrees C), cold adaptation (15 degrees C), and response to starvation. Levels of recovery were evaluated using nonselective medium (tryptic soy agar containing 2% NaCl) with and without sodium pyruvate. The indicator strain was subsequently used to evaluate the survival of V. vulnificus in oysters exposed to organic acids (citric and acetic acids) and various cooling regimens. In most cases, Vv-GFP was comparable to Vv-WT with respect to growth and survival upon exposure to various biological stressors; when differences between the GFP-expressing and parent strains occurred, they usually disappeared when sodium pyruvate was added to media. When V. vulnificus was inoculated into shellstock oysters, the counts dropped 2 log(10) after 11 to 12 days of refrigerated storage, regardless of the way in which the oysters were initially cooled. Steeper population declines after 12 days of refrigerated storage were observed for both iced and refrigerated products than for slowly cooled product and product held under conservative harvest conditions. By the end of the refrigeration storage study (22 days), the counts of Vv-GFP in iced and refrigerated oysters had reached the limit of detection (10(2) CFU/oyster), but slowly cooled oysters and oysters stored under conservative harvest conditions still contained approximately 10(3) and >10(4) CFU V. vulnificus/oyster by day 22, respectively. The Vv-GFP levels in the oyster meat remained stable for up to 24 h when the meat was exposed to acidic conditions at various pH values. Ease of detection and comparability to the wild-type parent make Vv-GFP a good candidate for use in studying the behavior of V. vulnificus upon exposure to sublethal stressors that might be encountered during postharvest handling of molluscan shellfish.

背景与目标： ：在本文中，我们描述了一种生物指示剂，可用于研究创伤弧菌（一种与软体动物贝类有关的重要人类病原体）的行为。使用缀合构建表达绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）和卡那霉素抗性的V. vulnificus ATCC 27562衍生物。通过比较表达GFP的菌株（Vv-GFP）和野生型菌株（Vv-WT）的生长特性，耐热性（45°C），冻融耐受性（-20（o ）和-80摄氏度），耐酸性（pH 5.0、4.0和3.5），冷藏（5摄氏度），冷适应（15摄氏度）和对饥饿的反应。使用有和没有丙酮酸钠的非选择性培养基（胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂含2％NaCl）评估回收水平。该指示菌株随后用于评估暴露于有机酸（柠檬酸和乙酸）和各种冷却方案的牡蛎中创伤弧菌的存活。在大多数情况下，就暴露于各种生物胁迫下的生长和存活而言，Vv-GFP可与Vv-WT媲美。当表达GFP的菌株和亲本菌株之间出现差异时，通常在向培养基中添加丙酮酸钠后它们消失。当将V. vulnificus接种到带壳牡蛎中时，无论最初冷却牡蛎的方式如何，在冷藏11至12天后，其计数都下降了2 log（10）。与冷藏产品和在保守收获条件下保存的产品相比，冷藏和冷藏产品在冷藏存储12天后的直立种群减少。到冷藏存储研究结束时（22天），冰牡蛎和冷藏牡蛎中的Vv-GFP数量已达到检测极限（10（2）CFU /牡蛎），但缓慢冷却的牡蛎和保守收获的牡蛎到第22天时，条件仍分别包含大约10（3）和> 10（4）CFU创伤弧菌/牡蛎。当将牡蛎肉暴露于各种pH值的酸性条件下时，牡蛎肉中的Vv-GFP水平保持稳定长达24小时。 Vv-GFP易于检测且与野生型亲本具有可比性，因此非常适合用于研究在捕食软体动物贝类后可能会遇到的亚致死应激源下的V. vulnificus行为。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To evaluate the influence of heart rate (HR) on magnetic resonance coronary angiography (MRCA) image quality in diastolic and systolic phases. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Twenty-seven healthy volunteers (9 men; 33+/-9 years, HR 53-110 bpm), were evaluated with the electrocardiography and three-dimensional navigator-gating MRCA in a 1.5-T MR scanner (Avanto, Siemens) in diastolic and systolic phases (steady-state free precession; TR/TE/flip angle=3.2 ms/1.6 ms/90 degrees). The timing of scanning was individually adapted to the cardiac rest periods obtained in the prescanning, by visually identifying when the movement of right coronary artery was minimized during diastole and systole. Images of two phases were side-by-side compared on a four-point scale (from 1=poor to 4=excellent visibility; score of 3 or 4 as diagnostic). RESULTS:Of 13 subjects with HR < or =65 bpm (low HR group, mean 59.8+/-4.9 bpm, range 53-65), the image quality scores were significantly better than that with higher heart rates (73.9+/-9.0 bpm, range 68-110) in diastolic MRCA. The image quality was significantly improved during systole in high HR group. Overall, 91.3% of low HR group had MRCA image of diagnostic quality acquired at diastole, while 88.3% of high HR group had diagnostic images at systole by segmental analysis (p=NS). CONCLUSIONS:MRCA at systole offered superior quality in patients with high heart rates.

背景与目标： 目的：评估心率（HR）在舒张期和收缩期对磁共振冠状动脉造影（MRCA）图像质量的影响。
材料与方法：在1.5-T MR扫描仪（Avanto，西门子）中，通过心电图和三维导航门控MRCA对27名健康志愿者（9名男性； 33 / -9岁，HR 53-110 bpm）进行了评估。 ）处于舒张期和收缩期（稳态无进动； TR / TE /翻转角= 3.2 ms / 1.6 ms / 90度）。通过视觉识别何时在舒张期和收缩期使右冠状动脉的运动最小化，使扫描的时间分别适应于预扫描中获得的心脏休息时间。将两个阶段的图像并排比较，以四点制进行比较（从1 =差到4 =出色的可见度；得分为3或4作为诊断）。
结果：在13名HR <或= 65 bpm的受试者中（低HR组，平均59.8 /-4.9 bpm，范围53-65），图像质量得分显着优于较高心率（73.9 /-9.0 bpm，舒张期MRCA中的范围是68-110）。高心率组收缩期图像质量明显改善。总体而言，通过分段分析，低HR组的91.3％的患者在舒张期获得了诊断质量的MRCA图像，而高HR组的88.3％的患者在心脏收缩期获得了诊断质量的图像（p = NS）。
结论：心脏收缩率高的患者，收缩期的MRCA可提供更高的质量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:New diagnostic tools such as the retinal thickness analyzer (RTA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and topographic angiography (TAG) were introduced into clinical ophthalmology during the last years giving the examiner new insights into anatomical and functional aspects of macular disease. In this study, advantages and disadvantages of the new imaging methods have been evaluated in patients with serous (sPED) and fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachments (fPED) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS:TAG, using fluorescein angiography (FA), provides a three-dimensional profile of the fluorescein pattern based on the analysis of a set of 32 confocal images over a depth of 4 mm. RTA and OCT provide cross-sectional images of the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium-choriocapillary complex as well as retinal thickness data encoded in a false color map. We compared and evaluated these modalities in 15 patients with fPED and 15 patients with sPED secondary to AMD. RESULTS:In patients with classic fPED, TAG detected neovascular structures and delineated their configuration. In sPEDs, pooling of extravascular fluid was detected in a dome-shaped configuration. OCT provided detailed information on the neurosensory retina's structures but failed to detect the neovascular membrane in fPED. Mapping the retinal thickness, RTA and OCT both failed to detect the PED and showed typical algorithm error-based patterns. CONCLUSION:TAG OCT and RTA are useful imaging modalities in the evaluation of AMD cases. TAG visualizes the vascular configuration, dynamic perfusion, and leakage changes. OCT and RTA are able to complementarily document intra-, subretinal, and sub-RPE fluid accumulation secondary to CNV. However, OCT seems to be more efficient in imaging AMD-related pathologies than RTA, as this modality is often compromised by intra- or subretinal structural abnormalities. Nevertheless, all modalities may provide further valuable insight into AMD pathogenesis, enhance diagnostic quality, and improve the assessment of therapeutic effects.

背景与目标： 简介：最近几年，新的诊断工具，例如视网膜厚度分析仪（RTA），光学相干断层扫描（OCT）和地形血管造影（TAG）被引入临床眼科，为检查者提供了对黄斑疾病的解剖学和功能方面的新见解。在这项研究中，新的影像学方法的优缺点已经在患有年龄相关性黄斑变性（AMD）的浆液性（sPED）和纤维血管色素上皮脱离（fPED）的患者中进行了评估。
方法：TAG使用荧光素血管造影（FA），基于在4 mm深度上对一组32个共焦图像的分析，提供了荧光素图案的三维轮廓。 RTA和OCT提供了神经感觉视网膜和视网膜色素上皮-脉络膜毛细血管复合体的横截面图像，以及以伪彩色图编码的视网膜厚度数据。我们对15名fPED患者和15名sPED继发于AMD的患者进行了比较和评估。
结果：在经典fPED患者中，TAG检测出新血管结构并描绘出它们的构型。在sPED中，以圆顶形配置检测到了血管外积液。 OCT提供了有关神经感觉视网膜结构的详细信息，但未能检测到fPED中的新生血管膜。绘制视网膜厚度，RTA和OCT都无法检测到PED，并显示了典型的基于错误的算法模式。
结论：TAG OCT和RTA是评估AMD病例的有用影像学手段。 TAG可视化血管结构，动态灌注和渗漏变化。 OCT和RTA能够补充记录CNV继发的视网膜内，视网膜下和亚RPE液积聚。但是，OCT似乎比RTA更能有效地成像AMD相关的病变，因为这种方式通常会受到视网膜内或视网膜下结构异常的损害。尽管如此，所有方式都可能提供有关AMD发病机理的进一步有价值的见解，提高诊断质量，并改善对治疗效果的评估。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the distribution, transfer and fate of both polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cyanotoxins via phytoplankton routes were systematically investigated in two Chinese lakes. Results indicated that PCB adsorption/bioaccumulation dynamics has significantly positive correlations with the biomass of green alga and diatoms. Total lipid content of phytoplankton is the major factor that influences PCB adsorption/bioaccumulation. Cyanobacterial blooms with relatively lower lipid content could also absorb high amount of PCBs due to their high cell density in the water columns, and this process was proposed as major route for the transfer of PCBs in Chinese eutrophic freshwater. According to these findings, a novel route on fates of PCBs via phytoplankton and a green bioadsorption concept were proposed and confirmed. In the practice of mechanical collections of bloom biomass from Lake Taihu, cyanotoxin/cyanobacteria and PCBs were found to be removed simultaneously very efficiently followed this theory.

背景与目标： ：在这项研究中，系统地研究了两个中国湖泊中浮游植物路线中多氯联苯（PCBs）和氰毒素的分布，转移和结局。结果表明，PCB吸附/生物富集动力学与绿藻和硅藻的生物量具有显着正相关。浮游植物的总脂质含量是影响PCB吸附/生物累积的主要因素。蓝藻水华中脂质含量相对较低的蓝藻由于其在水柱中的高细胞密度也可以吸收大量的多氯联苯，这一过程被认为是中国富营养化淡水中多氯联苯转移的主要途径。根据这些发现，提出并证实了一种通过浮游植物减少多氯联苯命运的新途径和绿色生物吸附概念。在机械收集太湖大花生物量的实践中，遵循该理论，发现氰毒素/蓝细菌和多氯联苯可以非常有效地同时去除。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Purpose:To compare the intermodality and interreader agreement for geographic atrophy (GA) lesion size quantification in green-light fundus autofluorescence (GAF; excitation = 518 nm) versus combined blue-light fundus autofluorescence (BAF; excitation = 488 nm) and near-infrared reflectance (NIR; 820 nm) -based grading. Methods:Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) GAF, BAF, and NIR images of 40 eyes from 29 patients (mean age 79.7 years) with GA secondary to AMD were recorded according to a standardized protocol. GA areas were analyzed in GAF, BAF combined with NIR (BAF+NIR), or BAF alone, by four independent readers using semiautomated software (RegionFinder; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). A mixed-effects model was used to assess the effect of image modality on the measured square-root lesion area. The coefficient of repeatability (CR) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were assessed for the square-root lesion area, lesion perimeter, and circularity. Results:GAF-based measurements were on average 0.062 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04-0.08 mm) larger than BAF+NIR-based measurements and 0.077 mm (95% CI 0.06 - 0.10 mm) larger than BAF-based measurements. Interreader agreement was highest for GAF-based analysis ([CR, ICC] 0.196 mm, 0.995) followed by BAF+NIR (0.232 mm, 0.992) and BAF alone (0.263 mm, 0.991). The same was noted for the lesion perimeter and circularity. Post hoc review revealed that interreader differences were associated with media opacification interfering with lesion boundary demarcation to a larger extent in BAF than in GAF. Conclusions:cSLO-based GAF and combined BAF+NIR imaging with semiautomated lesion delineation allow for an accurate and reproducible quantification of GA. The slightly better interreader agreement using cSLO GAF suggests that its use may be preferable in clinical trials examining the change in lesion size as a clinical endpoint.

背景与目标： 目的：比较在绿光眼底自发荧光（GAF；激发= 518 nm）与蓝光眼底自发荧光（BAF；激发= 488 nm）和近-基于红外反射率（NIR; 820 nm）的分级。
方法：按照标准方案记录29例年龄平均为79.7岁，继发于AMD的GA患者的40只眼的椎间扫描激光检眼镜（cSLO）GAF，BAF和NIR图像。四个独立的读者使用半自动化软件（RegionFinder； Heidelberg Engineering，Heidelberg，Germany），在GAF，BAF与NIR（BAF NIR）结合或单独使用BAF中分析了GA区域。使用混合效应模型来评估图像模态对所测量的平方根病变区域的影响。对平方根病变面积，病变周长和圆度评估了重复性系数（CR）和组内相关系数（ICC）。
结果：基于GAF的测量值比基于BAF NIR的测量值平均大0.062 mm（95％置信区间[CI] 0.04-0.08 mm），比基于BAF的测量值大0.077 mm（95％CI 0.06-0.10 mm）。基于GAF的分析（[CR，ICC] 0.196 mm，0.995）的阅读器间协议最高，其次是BAF NIR（0.232 mm，0.992）和单独的BAF（0.263 mm，0.991）。病变周长和圆形度也相同。事后审查显示，与GAF相比，BAF中阅读者之间的差异与媒介混浊干扰病灶边界的程度更大。
结论：基于cSLO的GAF以及结合BAF NIR成像和半自动病变描述，可以对GA进行准确且可重复的定量。使用cSLO GAF的阅读器之间的协议稍好，这表明在临床研究中（病灶大小变化作为临床终点）可能更可取。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In the Chlorophyta--the green algal phylum comprising the classes Prasinophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae--the chloroplast genome displays a highly variable architecture. While chlorophycean chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs) deviate considerably from the ancestral pattern described for the prasinophyte Nephroselmis olivacea, the degree of remodelling sustained by the two ulvophyte cpDNAs completely sequenced to date is intermediate relative to those observed for chlorophycean and trebouxiophyte cpDNAs. Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorellales) is currently the only photosynthetic trebouxiophyte whose complete cpDNA sequence has been reported. To gain insights into the evolutionary trends of the chloroplast genome in the Trebouxiophyceae, we sequenced cpDNA from the filamentous alga Leptosira terrestris (Ctenocladales). RESULTS:The 195,081-bp Leptosira chloroplast genome resembles the 150,613-bp Chlorella genome in lacking a large inverted repeat (IR) but differs greatly in gene order. Six of the conserved genes present in Chlorella cpDNA are missing from the Leptosira gene repertoire. The 106 conserved genes, four introns and 11 free standing open reading frames (ORFs) account for 48.3% of the genome sequence. This is the lowest gene density yet observed among chlorophyte cpDNAs. Contrary to the situation in Chlorella but similar to that in the chlorophycean Scenedesmus obliquus, the gene distribution is highly biased over the two DNA strands in Leptosira. Nine genes, compared to only three in Chlorella, have significantly expanded coding regions relative to their homologues in ancestral-type green algal cpDNAs. As observed in chlorophycean genomes, the rpoB gene is fragmented into two ORFs. Short repeats account for 5.1% of the Leptosira genome sequence and are present mainly in intergenic regions. CONCLUSION:Our results highlight the great plasticity of the chloroplast genome in the Trebouxiophyceae and indicate that the IR was lost on at least two separate occasions. The intriguing similarities of the derived features exhibited by Leptosira cpDNA and its chlorophycean counterparts suggest that the same evolutionary forces shaped the IR-lacking chloroplast genomes in these two algal lineages.

背景与目标： 背景：在绿藻（绿藻门，包括草藻科，绿藻科，绿藻科和绿藻科）中，叶绿体基因组显示出高度可变的结构。尽管叶绿藻叶绿体DNA（cpDNA）与描述的古藻类Nephroselmis olivacea的祖先模式有很大差异，但迄今为止，两个完全被测序的ulvophyte cpDNA所维持的重塑程度相对于叶绿藻和trebouxiophyte cpDNA所观察到的中等。小球藻（Chlorellales）是目前唯一已报道完整cpDNA序列的光合藻类植物。为了深入了解细叶藻科中叶绿体基因组的进化趋势，我们对丝状藻类海藻Leptosira terrestris（Ctenocladales）的cpDNA进行了测序。
结果：195081bp的叶绿体叶绿体基因组类似于150613bp的小球藻基因组，但缺少大的反向重复序列（IR），但基因顺序差异很大。小球藻cpDNA中存在的六个保守基因在Leptosira基因库中缺失。 106个保守基因，四个内含子和11个自由开放阅读框（ORF）占基因组序列的48.3％。这是迄今为止在绿藻cpDNA中观察到的最低基因密度。与小球藻中的情况相反，但与斜叶绿藻场景中的情况相似，该基因的分布在Leptosira的两条DNA链上高度偏向。与小球藻中的三个基因相比，九个基因相对于其祖先型绿色藻类cpDNA中的同源物具有显着扩展的编码区。如在叶绿素基因组中所观察到的，rpoB基因被片段化为两个ORF。短重复序列占Leptosira基因组序列的5.1％，主要存在于基因间区域。
结论：我们的结果突显了藻藻科中叶绿体基因组的可塑性，并表明至少在两次不同的情况下IR丢失了。 Leptosira cpDNA及其对应的叶绿素对应物表现出的令人着迷的相似之处表明，相同的进化力塑造了这两个藻类谱系中缺少IR的叶绿体基因组。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The new 3 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance (MR) scanners yield improved signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution with superior background suppression compared to lower field strength systems. This is advantageous for MR angiograms. The purpose of our study was to compare unenhanced three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D TOF MRA) at 3T with catheter digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in detecting unruptured intracranial aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Out of 1375 consecutive patients who underwent unenhanced 3D TOF MRA at 3T, 15 patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms were retrospectively identified. Nine of these 15 patients had DSA as the reference standard for comparison. Aneurysm size, location and morphology were independently assessed on both MRA and DSA by 2 radiologists. RESULTS:Seventeen aneurysms ranging in size from 1 mm to 24 mm were identified in 15 patients on MRA. DSA confirmed the aneurysms in 9 patients with good anatomical correlation compared with the MRA findings. CONCLUSIONS:3D TOF MRA at 3T has good correlation with DSA and aneurysms as small as 1 mm in size can be detected. This can be a promising, non-invasive method for aneurysm surveillance.

背景与目标： 简介：与较低的场强系统相比，新型3 Tesla（T）磁共振（MR）扫描仪可提高信噪比和空间分辨率，并具有出色的背景抑制能力。这对于MR血管造影是有利的。我们的研究的目的是比较3T时未增强的三维飞行时间磁共振血管造影（3D TOF MRA）与导管数字减影血管造影（DSA）在检测颅内动脉瘤未破裂中的作用。
材料与方法：回顾性分析了1375例连续3T行3D TOF MRA的患者，其中15例颅内动脉瘤未破裂。这15例患者中有9例以DSA作为参考标准进行比较。两名放射科医生分别在MRA和DSA上独立评估了动脉瘤的大小，位置和形态。
结果：在15例MRA患者中发现了17个大小在1mm至24mm之间的动脉瘤。 DSA证实9例患者的动脉瘤与MRA结果相比具有良好的解剖学相关性。
结论：3T时的3D TOF MRA与DSA具有良好的相关性，并且可以检测到小至1 mm的动脉瘤。这可能是一种有前途的，无创的动脉瘤监测方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cancer chemopreventive effects of polyphenols from green tea (GTP) in mouse models of photocarcinogenesis are established. The present study is extended from mouse model to human system in vivo to determine the effect of topical application of GTP to human individuals against UV light-induced DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in the skin. UVB-induced CPDs were detected by immunohistochemical technique using monoclonal antibodies to thymine dimers. With the gradual increase in UVB dose, both erythema response and CPD formation in the skin was increased. GTP treatment inhibited both UVB-induced erythema response as well as CPD formation. Topical treatment with GTP (approximately 1 mg/cm2 of skin area) 20 min before human buttock skin (sun-protected site) exposure to UVB inhibited CPD formation in epidermis by 81, 70, 60, and 60% at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 minimal erythema dose of UV exposure, respectively. Treatment of human skin with varying doses of GTP (1-4 mg/2.5 cm2 of skin area) before a single dose of UVB exposure (4.0 minimal erythema dose) decreased dose dependently the formation of UVB-induced CPDs in both epidermis and dermis. The inhibition of UVB-induced CPDs by GTP treatment may be, at least in part, responsible for the inhibition of photocarcinogenesis. Our data suggest that GTP may be used as a novel chemopreventive candidate and possible strategy to reduce UV-induced skin cancer risk in the human population.

背景与目标： ：建立了绿茶（GTP）中的多酚在光致癌小鼠模型中的化学预防作用。本研究从小鼠模型扩展到体内的人体系统，以确定局部应用GT​​P对人体产生的抗UV光诱导的DNA伤害，其形式为皮肤中的环丁烷嘧啶二聚体（CPDs）。使用针对胸腺嘧啶二聚体的单克隆抗体，通过免疫组织化学技术检测了UVB诱导的CPD。随着UVB剂量的逐渐增加，皮肤中的红斑反应和CPD形成均增加。 GTP处理既抑制了UVB引起的红斑反应，又抑制了CPD的形成。在人臀部皮肤（防晒部位）暴露于UVB之前20分钟，用GTP（约1 mg / cm2皮肤面积）局部治疗在0.5、1.0、2.0、81、70、60和60％抑制表皮中的CPD形成。和分别为4.0的紫外线最小红斑剂量。在单剂量的UVB暴露（最小红斑剂量为4.0）之前，使用不同剂量的GTP（1-4 mg / 2.5 cm2皮肤面积）治疗人的皮肤，剂量会减少，这取决于表皮和真皮中UVB诱导的CPD的形成。通过GTP处理抑制UVB诱导的CPD可能至少部分负责光致癌作用的抑制。我们的数据表明，GTP可用作新型化学预防候选药物，并可能是降低人群中紫外线诱发的皮肤癌风险的策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Liver mitochondria from the great green goby Zosterisessor ophiocephalus (Pallas) normally exhibit bioenergetic variables (membrane potential 165+/-7 mV; respiratory control ratio 6.6+/-0.4; ADP/O ratio 1.85+/-0.8; means +/- s.e.m., N=6) and activities of physiological transport systems (phosphate/proton symporter, adenine nucleotide antiporter, Ca(2+) electrophoretic uniporter) comparable with those of rat liver mitochondria. When incubated in the presence of Ca(2+) and an inducer agent such as phosphate, these mitochondria undergo a complete collapse of membrane potential accompanied by a large-amplitude swelling of the matrix, influx of sucrose from the incubation medium, release of endogenous Mg(2+) and K(+) (approximately 90% of the total) and of preaccumulated Ca(2+) and oxidation of endogenous pyridine nucleotides. All these phenomena, which are completely eliminated by cyclosporin A and inhibited with different efficacies by Mg(2+) and spermine, demonstrate that the induction of the permeability transition in this type of mitochondria has characteristics similar to those described in rat liver mitochondria. In contrast, the requirement for very high Ca(2+) concentrations (greater than 100 micromol l(-1) for the induction of the permeability transition represents a very important difference that distinguishes this phenomenon in fish and mammalian mitochondria.

背景与目标： ：绿色虾虎鱼带状疱疹（Pallas）的肝线粒体通常表现出生物能变量（膜电位165 / -7 mV;呼吸控制比6.6 /-0.4; ADP / O比1.85 /-0.8;平均值/ sem，N = 6）和与大鼠肝线粒体可比的生理转运系统（磷酸/质子同向转运蛋白，腺嘌呤核苷酸反向转运蛋白，Ca（2）电泳单向转运蛋白）的活动。当在Ca（2）和诱导剂（如磷酸盐）的存在下孵育时，这些线粒体经历膜电位的完全塌陷，伴随着基质的大幅度溶胀，蔗糖从孵育培养基中大量涌入，内源性Mg释放（2）和K（）（约占总数的90％）以及预先积累的Ca（2）和内源吡啶核苷酸的氧化作用。所有这些现象，完全被环孢菌素A消除，并被Mg（2）和精胺以不同的效率抑制，证明这种类型的线粒体中通透性转变的诱导具有与大鼠肝线粒体中描述的特征相似的特征。相反，对于非常高的Ca（2）浓度（大于100 micromol l（-1））的诱导渗透性过渡的要求代表了一个非常重要的区别，该区别区分了鱼类和哺乳动物的线粒体中的这一现象。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to assess 4 Fr Judkins catheters with modified shorter tips for performing selective coronary angiography in infants and young children. Twenty patients ranging 6 weeks to 3. 8 years of age were enrolled. Retrograde left heart catheterization and selective coronary angiography were performed. Right (JR) and left (JL) catheters with modified 1.5- and 2.5-cm curves (Cordis) were used. Thirty-six of 37 coronary arteries were successfully cannulated and demonstrated. Median procedure time was 95 sec for the right and 50 sec for the left coronary artery. Median fluoroscopy time was 1.1 min for the right and 0.7 min for the left coronary artery. The JL 1.5 appeared best suited for patients less than 75 cm tall. The JR 1.5 was suitable for patients up to 85 cm tall. Taller patients required the 2.5-cm curves. It is concluded that these modified 4 Fr Judkins catheters were effective.

背景与目标： ：本研究的目的是评估4个Fr Judkins导管，这些导管具有改良的较短尖端，用于在婴幼儿中进行选择性冠状动脉造影。招募了20名6周至3. 8岁的患者。进行逆行左心导管检查和选择性冠状动脉造影。使用具有改良的1.5厘米和2.5厘米曲线的右（JR）和左（JL）导管（Cordis）。 37例冠状动脉中有36例成功插管并显示。右侧冠状动脉的中位手术时间为95秒，左侧冠状动脉的中位手术时间为50秒。透视的中位时间，右侧冠状动脉为1.1分钟，左侧冠状动脉为0.7分钟。 JL 1.5似乎最适合身高不到75厘米的患者。 JR 1.5适用于身高不超过85厘米的患者。较高的患者需要2.5厘米的曲线。结论是这些改良的4 Fr Judkins导管是有效的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Performance evaluation of a fully automated system for calculating computed tomography (CT) coronary artery calcium scores from contrast medium-enhanced coronary CT angiography (cCTA) studies. METHODS:One hundred and twenty-seven patients (58 ± 11 years, 71 men) who had undergone cCTA as well as an unenhanced CT calcium scoring study where included. Calcium scores were computed from cCTA by an automated image processing algorithm and compared with calcium scores obtained by standard manual assessment of unenhanced CT calcium scoring studies. Results were compared vis-a-vis (1) absolute calcium score values, (2) age-, gender- and race-dependent percentiles, and (3) commonly used calcium score risk classification categories. RESULTS:One hundred and nineteen out of 127 (93.7%) studies were successfully processed. Mean Agatston calcium score values obtained by traditional non-contrast CT calcium scoring studies and derived from contrast medium-enhanced cCTA did not significantly differ (235.6 ± 430.5 vs 262.0 ± 499.5; P > 0.05). Calcium score risk categories and Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) percentiles showed very high correlation (Spearman rank correlation coefficient = 0.97, P < 0.0001/0.95, P < 0.0001) between the two approaches. CONCLUSIONS:Calcium score values automatically computed from cCTA are highly correlated with standard unenhanced CT calcium scoring studies. These results suggest a radiation dose- and time-saving potential when deriving calcium scores from cCTA studies without a preceding unenhanced CT calcium scoring study.

背景与目标： 目的：从造影剂增强型冠状动脉CT血管造影（cCTA）研究中计算计算机断层扫描（CT）冠状动脉钙分数的全自动系统的性能评估。
方法：127例患者（58岁±11岁，男71例）接受了cCTA以及一项未经增强的CT钙评分研究。通过自动图像处理算法从cCTA计算钙分数，并将其与通过标准人工评估未增强的CT钙评分研究获得的钙分数进行比较。相对于（1）绝对钙分数值，（2）年龄，性别和种族依赖性百分位数，以及（3）常用钙分数风险分类类别，比较了结果。
结果：127项研究中有119项（93.7％）得到了成功处理。通过传统的非对比CT钙评分研究获得的，从造影剂增强的cCTA得出的平均Agatston钙评分值没有显着差异（235.6±430.5 vs 262.0±499.5； P> 0.05）。两种方法之间的钙得分风险类别和动脉粥样硬化（MESA）百分位数的多民族研究显示出非常高的相关性（Spearman等级相关系数= 0.97，P <0.0001 / 0.95，P <10.0001）。
结论：从cCTA自动计算的钙评分值与标准的未增强CT钙评分研究高度相关。这些结果表明，从cCTA研究获得钙分数时，无需进行先前的未增强CT钙评分研究，就可以节省辐射剂量和节省时间。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Green roofs have been treated as practical low impact development (LID) strategies to retain stormwater runoff and alleviate the rainfall-induced flooding risks in urban regions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the hydrological effects of the spatial location of green roofs in urbanized catchments. In the built-up region of Beijing, 12 urbanized catchments with various architectural patterns were chosen as the study areas. To distinguish the spatial characteristics of roof surfaces, we defined the effective roof surfaces to distinguish from other types of roofs, which have more convenient or direct hydrological connections to drainage systems. A hydrological model was then used to simulate the stormwater mitigation performance of green roofs for the study catchments, which were assigned to different rainfall conditions. The simulation results confirmed the benefits of implementing green roofs for urban stormwater regulation. However, the spatial variability of green roofs showed inherent influences on the runoff mitigation capacity in urbanized catchments. Greening on effective roof surfaces would provide more effective stormwater regulation benefits, for reductions in both runoff volume and peak flow. In addition, the spatial arrangement characteristics of roof surfaces also influenced the hydrological efficiency of green roofs. The effect of the spatial location of green roofs on runoff mitigation was rainfall-dependent. These findings provide insights into the hydrological role of green roofs, and suggest that proper siting of LID facilities should be a consideration for urban stormwater management in order to fulfill the hydrological efficiency and cost-effectiveness planning target.

背景与目标： ：绿色屋顶已被视为实用的低影响开发（LID）策略，以保留雨水径流并减轻城市地区降雨引起的洪水风险。这项研究的目的是分析城市化集水区中绿色屋顶空间位置的水文影响。在北京建成区，研究区选择了12个具有各种建筑模式的城市化集水区。为了区分屋顶表面的空间特征，我们定义了有效的屋顶表面，以与其他类型的屋顶区分开来，其他类型的屋顶与排水系统之间的联系更为便捷或直接。然后，使用水文模型来模拟研究集水区的绿色屋顶缓解雨水的性能，这些集水区被分配给了不同的降雨条件。仿真结果证实了为城市雨水调节实施绿色屋顶的好处。然而，绿化屋顶的空间变异性显示了对城市化集水区径流缓解能力的内在影响。有效屋顶表面的绿化将提供更有效的雨水调节效益，以减少径流量和峰值流量。此外，屋顶表面的空间布置特征也影响了绿色屋顶的水文效率。绿化屋顶的空间位置对径流减缓的影响与降雨有关。这些发现提供了对绿色屋顶的水文作用的见解，并建议将LID设施的正确位置选为城市雨水管理的考虑因素，以实现水文效率和成本效益计划目标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To study the relationship between intraretinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA) findings in eyes with diabetic macular oedema (DMO). METHODS:We carried out a retrospective observational case series. Thirty eyes with previously untreated DMO underwent FA and OCT. The same ETDRS template was overlaid on the FA images in order to compare OCT and FA. Transfoveal linear high-resolution OCT scans (at the 0- and 90-degree meridians) and FA pictures were compared according to the ETDRS rings. RESULTS:Six distinct patterns of intraretinal changes in OCT correlated with changes in FA: (a) focal angiographic leakage did not correspond to any obvious intraretinal abnormality in OCT in four eyes; (b) localized thickening of the outer nuclear layer in OCT corresponded to focal leaking microaneurysm (focal oedema) in FA in 11 eyes; (c) diffuse thickening of the outer nuclear layer in OCT corresponded to diffuse angiographic leakage in 21 eyes; (d) cystoid expansion of the outer nuclear layer was found in seven eyes with a petaloid angiographic pattern of leakage; (e) cystoid expansion of the inner nuclear layer was found in relation to honeycomb angiographic oedema in five eyes, and (f) serous detachment of the fovea in OCT did not correspond to any distinct finding in FA in four eyes. CONCLUSIONS:Intraretinal abnormalities found in OCT correlate systemically with changes in FA. Very early DMO morphological changes may be seen better with FA than with OCT. Serous detachment of the fovea is seen in OCT, but not in FA. The combination of OCT and FA is useful in facilitating understanding of the pathophysiological changes that occur in DMO.

背景与目标： 目的：研究糖尿病性黄斑水肿（DMO）眼睛的视网膜内光学相干断层扫描（OCT）与荧光素血管造影（FA）结果之间的关系。
方法：我们进行了回顾性观察病例系列。 30眼未经治疗的DMO接受了FA和OCT。为了比较OCT和FA，将相同的ETDRS模板覆盖在FA图像上。根据ETDRS环比较经小凹的线性高分辨率OCT扫描（在0度和90度子午线）和FA图片。
结果：OCT的视网膜内变化的六个不同模式与FA的变化相关：（a）四只眼中OCT的局灶性血管造影渗漏并不与任何明显的视网膜内异常相对应； （b）在11眼中，OCT中外核层的局部增厚对应于FA中的局灶性漏出性微动脉瘤（局灶性水肿）； （c）OCT外核层的弥漫性增厚对应于21眼的弥散性血管造影渗漏； （d）在七只眼中发现了外核层的囊状扩张，并有花瓣状的血管造影样渗漏； （e）在五只眼中发现了与蜂窝状血管造影水肿相关的内核层的囊状扩张，并且（f）在四只眼中，OCT中央凹的浆液性脱离并不对应于FA中的任何明显发现。
结论：OCT中发现的视网膜内异常与​​FA的改变有系统的相关性。用FA可以比用OCT更好地观察DMO的早期形态变化。在OCT中可见中央凹的浆液性脱离，但在FA中未见。 OCT和FA的组合有助于促进对DMO中发生的病理生理变化的了解。