BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Our recent study demonstrated that defects in p110delta result in B-cell immunodeficiency that is very similar to that observed in BTK-deficient mice. We revealed that the p110delta fit the B-cell signal transduction complex and played a non-redundant role in the development and function of B cells. In humans, most children with primary B-cell immunodeficiency have mutations in the BTK, whereas a few have defects in the components of the B-cell signal transduction complex. But little is known about the genetic variation of p110delta in children with defects in B-cell immunodeficiency of unknown aetiology. Sixteen patients from 15 unrelated families and 112 normal controls underwent sequence analysis to identify genetic variations of the p110delta. Allele frequency in each group was also analysed and compared. We identified five single base-pair polymorphic nucleotide exchanges in both patient and control groups with similar allele frequencies, which did not contribute to the immunodeficiency. Three of them are novel (m.953A>G, m.1200C>T and m.1561A>G), and the m.953A>G and m.1561A>G nucleotide exchanges are non-synonymous (N253S and T456A, respectively). The novel m.1561A>G was in complete linkage disequilibrium with the known m.873A>G in our study of Taiwanese group. In addition, one novel single base-pair missense mutation, m.3256G>A (E1021K), was identified in one boy with typical clinical features of primary B-cell immunodeficiency and could not be found in either his family or the normal control population. By atomic structural analysis of the amino acid as well as the alignment comparison between species, it resulted in the replacement of the negative-charged amino acid E with the positive-charged amino acid K at codon 1021, located in the highly conservative and important catalytic functional domain. Our findings could shed light on further understanding the polymorphisms of p110delta in B-cell immunodeficiency and different populations. Moreover, the 3256G>A missense mutation raised the attention and warranted further extensive analysis to elucidate the role of p110delta in human immunodeficiency.

背景与目标： ：我们最近的研究表明，p110delta中的缺陷会导致B细胞免疫缺陷，这与在BTK缺陷小鼠中观察到的缺陷非常相似。我们发现p110delta适合B细胞信号转导复合物，并且在B细胞的发育和功能中起着非冗余的作用。在人类中，大多数患有原发性B细胞免疫缺陷的儿童在BTK中都有突变，而少数儿童在B细胞信号转导复合物中的成分存在缺陷。但是对于病因不明的B细胞免疫缺陷的儿童p110δ的遗传变异知之甚少。来自15个无关家庭和112个正常对照的16位患者接受了序列分析，以鉴定p110delta的遗传变异。还对每组中的等位基因频率进行了分析和比较。我们在患者和对照组中确定了五个具有相似等位基因频率的单碱基​​对多态性核苷酸交换，这对免疫缺陷没有帮助。其中三个是新颖的（m.953A> G，m.1200C> T和m.1561A> G），而m.953A> G和m.1561A> G核苷酸交换是非同义的（分别为N253S和T456A） ）。在我们对台湾人的研究中，小说m.1561A> G与已知的m.873A> G处于完全连锁不平衡状态。此外，在一个男孩中发现了一个新颖的单碱基对错义突变，m.3256G> A（E1021K），该男孩具有原发性B细胞免疫缺陷的典型临床特征，在其家人或正常对照人群中均未发现。通过氨基酸的原子结构分析以及物种之间的比对比较，结果发现位于高度保守且重要的催化分子1021密码子上的负电荷氨基酸E被正电荷氨基酸K取代。功能域。我们的发现可能有助于进一步了解B细胞免疫缺陷和不同人群中p110delta的多态性。此外，3256G> A错义突变引起了人们的注意，并需要进行进一步的广泛分析以阐明p110delta在人类免疫缺陷中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The most common genitourinary malignancy in China is bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Early diagnosis of new and recurrent bladder cancers, followed by timely treatment, will help decrease mortality. There are currently no satisfactory markers for bladder cancer available in clinics. Better diagnostic methods are highly demanded. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:In this research, we have used comprehensive expressed sequence tag analysis, serial analysis of gene expression, and microarray analysis and quickly discovered a candidate marker, urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1). The UCA1 gene was characterized and its performance as a urine marker was analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR with urine sediments. A total of 212 individuals were included in this study, 94 having bladder cancers, 33 ureter/pelvic cancers, and 85 normal and other urinary tract disease controls. RESULTS:UCA1 was identified as a novel noncoding RNA gene dramatically up-regulated in TCC and it is the most TCC-specific gene yet identified. The full-length cDNA was 1,439 bp, and sequence analysis showed that it belonged to the human endogenous retrovirus H family. Clinical tests showed that UCA1 assay was highly specific (91.8%, 78 of 85) and very sensitive (80.9%, 76 of 94) in the diagnosis of bladder cancer and was especially valuable for superficial G2-G3 patients (sensitivity 91.1%, 41 of 45). It showed excellent differential diagnostic performance in various urinary tract diseases without TCC. CONCLUSIONS:UCA1 is a very sensitive and specific unique marker for bladder cancer. It could have important implications in postoperative noninvasive follow-up. This research also highlights a shortcut to new cancer diagnostic assays through integration of in silico isolation methods with translational clinical tests based on RNA detection protocols.

背景与目标： 目的：在中国最常见的泌尿生殖系统恶性肿瘤是膀胱移行细胞癌（TCC）。尽早诊断出新发和复发性膀胱癌，然后及时进行治疗，将有助于降低死亡率。目前，临床上尚无令人满意的膀胱癌标记物。迫切需要更好的诊断方法。
实验设计：在这项研究中，我们使用了全面的表达序列标签分析，基因表达的序列分析和微阵列分析，并迅速发现了候选标记物，尿路上皮癌相关1（UCA1）。对UCA1基因进行了表征，并通过逆转录PCR与尿沉渣一起分析了其作为尿液标记物的性能。这项研究总共包括212位个体，其中94位患有膀胱癌，33位输尿管/盆腔癌以及85位正常和其他泌尿系统疾病对照。
结果：UCA1被鉴定为TCC中上调的新型非编码RNA基因，是迄今鉴定到的最具TCC特异性的基因。全长cDNA为1439 bp，序列分析表明它属于人内源性逆转录病毒H家族。临床测试表明，UCA1检测对膀胱癌的诊断具有高度特异性（91.8％，78 of 85）和非常敏感（80.9％，76 of 94），对于浅表G2-G3患者特别有价值（敏感性91.1％，41） 45）。在没有TCC的各种泌尿系统疾病中，它表现出出色的鉴别诊断性能。
结论：UCA1是膀胱癌非常敏感和特异的独特标志物。它可能对术后无创性随访产生重要影响。这项研究还突出了通过将计算机隔离方法与基于RNA检测方案的转化临床测试相集成的新癌症诊断测定方法的捷径。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Environmental sensing in bacteria often involves the concerted action of sensor kinases and response regulators. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed on the basis of amino acid similarity in the response regulators of these two-component systems. The primers were used in PCR to specifically amplify an internal DNA segment corresponding to the receiver module domain from genes encoding response regulators. Amplification products of the expected size were obtained from 12 different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Sequence analysis revealed that 22 DNA fragments, which clearly originated from response regulator genes, were amplified from Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. In each of these four species the receiver module of putative response regulator genes, which do not seem to be related to any of the already characterized genes, was identified. This simple and powerful method is therefore particularly useful for discovering new signal transduction systems which cannot be revealed by usual genetic studies.

背景与目标： 细菌中的环境感测通常涉及传感器激酶和响应调节剂的协同作用。简并寡核苷酸引物是根据这些两组分系统的响应调节剂中的氨基酸相似性设计的。将引物用于PCR，以从编码反应调节剂的基因中特异性扩增对应于受体模块结构域的内部DNA片段。从12种不同的革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌中获得了预期大小的扩增产物。序列分析表明，从大肠杆菌，根癌土壤杆菌，枯草芽孢杆菌和保加利亚乳杆菌中扩增了22个明显来自响应调节基因的DNA片段。在这四个物种的每一个中，鉴定出似乎与任何已经表征的基因都不相关的推定应答调节基因的接收模块。因此，这种简单而强大的方法对于发现通常的遗传学研究无法揭示的新信号转导系统特别有用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have identified and purified a polypeptide region containing the collagen-binding site of the adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin. Chicken cellular fibronectin isolated from cultured embryonic fibroblasts was permitted to bind to gelatin coupled to agarose beads and was then digested extensively with chymotrypsin. A prominent 40,000-dalton fragment of fibronectin consisting of a single polypeptide chain was detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of material remaining bound to the gelatin-agarose. This fragment appeared within 10 min after the digestion was initiated and persisted for more than 20 hr. This proteolytic fragment was isolated in electrophoretically pure form and retained its affinity for collagen. Plasma fibronectins from chicken and human blood also contained collagen-binding proteolytic fragments of similar size. This finding suggest that the collagen-binding sites of cellular and plasma fibronectins are homologous.

背景与目标： ：我们已经鉴定并纯化了包含粘附性糖蛋白纤连蛋白的胶原蛋白结合位点的多肽区域。从培养的胚胎成纤维细胞中分离出的鸡细胞纤连蛋白被允许结合到与琼脂糖珠上偶联的明胶上，然后用胰凝乳蛋白酶进行广泛消化。通过十二烷基硫酸钠/聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，检测仍与明胶-琼脂糖结合的物质，可检测到由单个多肽链组成的纤连蛋白的40,000道尔顿（Dalton）突出片段。该片段在开始消化后的10分钟内出现，并持续超过20小时。该蛋白水解片段以电泳纯的形式分离，并保留了其对胶原蛋白的亲和力。来自鸡和人血的血浆纤连蛋白也含有相似大小的胶原结合蛋白水解片段。该发现表明细胞和血浆纤连蛋白的胶原结合位点是同源的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The accuracy of two new 4-h identification systems for anaerobes, the AN-IDENT (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) and the RapID ANA (Innovative Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.) was compared with that of the API 20A system (Analytab Products). A total of 132 clinical isolates were tested in each of the three systems. The overall accuracies at the genus and species level for the three systems were: API 20A, 68.9 and 56.8%, respectively; AN-IDENT, 90.2 and 73.5%; and RapID ANA, 93.9 and 81.8%. Improved identification of anaerobes with the AN-IDENT and the RapID ANA systems was observed for isolates of the genus Fusobacterium, Clostridium species other than Clostridium perfringens, non-spore-forming bacilli, and isolates of the genus Peptostreptococcus. Reproducibility studies demonstrated that the results of the individual test reactions in all three identification systems were reproducible when the interpretive guidelines of the manufacturer were followed precisely.

背景与目标： ：将两个新的用于厌氧菌的4小时识别系统AN-IDENT（纽约州普莱恩维尤市的Analytab Products）和RapID ANA（乔治亚州亚特兰大的创新诊断系统公司）的准确性进行了比较20A系统（Analytab产品）。在这三个系统中的每个系统中，共测试了132个临床分离株。这三个系统在属和种水平上的总体准确度分别为：API 20A，68.9和56.8％； AN-IDENT，分别为90.2和73.5％；和RapID ANA，分别为93.9和81.8％。观察到了用AN-IDENT和RapID ANA系统对厌氧菌的鉴定得到了改进，这些菌株包括梭菌属，产气荚膜梭菌以外的梭状芽孢杆菌，非孢子形成杆菌和拟肽链球菌属的分离株。再现性研究表明，如果严格遵循制造商的解释性指导原则，则在所有三个识别系统中单个测试反应的结果都是可再现的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Exposure to low temperatures reduces protein folding rates and induces the cold denaturation of proteins. Considering the roles played by chaperones in facilitating protein folding and preventing protein aggregation, chaperones must exist that confer tolerance to cold stress. Here, yeast strains lacking individual chaperones were screened for reduced freezing tolerance. In total, 19 of 82 chaperone-deleted strains tested were more sensitive to freeze-thaw treatment than wild-type cells. The reintroduction of the respective chaperone genes into the deletion mutants recovered the freeze tolerance. The freeze sensitivity of the chaperone-knockout strains was also retained in the presence of 20% glycerol.

背景与目标： ：暴露于低温下会降低蛋白质的折叠速率，并引起蛋白质的冷变性。考虑到伴侣在促进蛋白质折叠和防止蛋白质聚集中所起的作用，必须存在赋予对冷胁迫的耐受性的伴侣。在此，筛选了缺乏单个伴侣的酵母菌株以降低冷冻耐受性。总共测试了82个缺失伴侣的菌株中的19个对冻融处理的敏感性比野生型细胞高。将各自的伴侣基因重新引入缺失突变体中恢复了冷冻耐受性。在存在20％甘油的情况下，伴侣伴侣敲除菌株的冷冻敏感性也得以保持。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Five unrelated Japanese beta-thalassaemia genes, from one homozygote and four heterozygotes, have been systematically characterized using DNA polymorphism analysis, polymerase chain reaction, dot-blot hybridization and direct sequencing of amplified genomic DNA. Four different molecular defects were observed on three different beta-globin gene frameworks. One of these, the A----G mutation in the TATA box, a previously described mutation, was detected by dot-blot hybridization in one homozygote and one heterozygote with the beta-globin gene of framework 2. The second mutation is a C----T substitution at position 654 of IVS-2, the mutation commonly found in Chinese, which was associated with the framework 1 gene. Another two mutations, both associated with framework 3 genes, are novel ones; an amber mutation in codon 90 (GAG to TAG) and a frameshift (+G) insertion in codon 54, both of which cause a beta 0-thalassaemia phenotype by premature termination of the beta-globin chain synthesis.

背景与目标： ：已使用DNA多态性分析，聚合酶链反应，斑点印迹杂交和扩增基因组DNA的直接测序系统地表征了来自一个纯合子和四个杂合子的五个无关的日本β地中海贫血基因。在三个不同的β-珠蛋白基因框架上观察到四个不同的分子缺陷。其中一种，即TATA盒中的A ---- G突变（一种先前描述的突变），是通过在一个纯合子和一个杂合子中与框架2的β-珠蛋白基因进行斑点印迹杂交而检测到的。第二个突变是IVS-2 654位的C ---- T取代是中国常见的突变，与框架1基因有关。与框架3基因相关的另外两个突变是新的。密码子90中的琥珀色突变（GAG到TAG）和密码子54中的移码（G）插入，两者均会因β-珠蛋白链合成的过早终止而引起β0地中海贫血表型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A newly implemented G-matrix Fourier transform (GFT) (4,3)D HC(C)CH experiment is presented in conjunction with (4,3)D HCCH to efficiently identify (1)H/(13)C sugar spin systems in (13)C labeled nucleic acids. This experiment enables rapid collection of highly resolved relay 4D HC(C)CH spectral information, that is, shift correlations of (13)C-(1)H groups separated by two carbon bonds. For RNA, (4,3)D HC(C)CH takes advantage of the comparably favorable 1'- and 3'-CH signal dispersion for complete spin system identification including 5'-CH. The (4,3)D HC(C)CH/HCCH based strategy is exemplified for the 30-nucleotide 3'-untranslated region of the pre-mRNA of human U1A protein.

背景与目标： ：结合（4,3）D HCCH提出了新实施的G-矩阵傅里叶变换（GFT）（4,3）D HC（C）CH实验，以有效识别（1）H /（13）C糖自旋（13）C标记核酸中的系统。该实验能够快速收集高度解析的中继4D HC（C）CH光谱信息，即由两个碳键分隔的（13）C-（1）H基团的位移相关性。对于RNA，（4,3）D HC（C）CH利用相对有利的1'-和3'-CH信号分散度来完全识别包括5'-CH的自旋系统。基于（4,3）D HC（C）CH / HCCH的策略以人U1A蛋白前mRNA的30个核苷酸的3'非翻译区为例。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Based on the previously reported clinical candidate, AMG 517 (compound 1), a series of related piperazinylpyrimidine analogues were synthesized and evaluated as antagonists of the vanilloid 1 receptor (VR1 or TRPV1). Optimization of in vitro potency and physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties led to the discovery of (R)-N-(4-(6-(4-(1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidin-4-yloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)acetamide (16p), a potent TRPV1 antagonist [rTRPV1(CAP) IC50 = 3.7 nM] with excellent aqueous solubility (>or=200 microg/mL in 0.01 N HCl) and a reduced half-life (rat t1/2 = 3.8 h, dog t1/2 = 2.7 h, monkey t1/2 = 3.2 h) as compared to AMG 517. In addition, compound 16p was shown to be efficacious at blocking a TRPV1-mediated physiological response in vivo (ED50 = 1.9 mg/kg, p.o. in the capsaicin-induced flinch model in rats) and was also effective at reducing thermal hyperalgesia induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in rats (MED = 1 mg/kg, p.o). Based on its improved overall profile, compound 16p (AMG 628) was selected as a second-generation candidate for further evaluation in human clinical trials as a potential new treatment for chronic pain.

背景与目标： ：基于先前报道的临床候选药物AMG 517（化合物1），合成了一系列相关的哌嗪基嘧啶类似物，并将其评估为香草素1受体（VR1或TRPV1）的拮抗剂。体外效能，理化和药代动力学特性的优化导致发现（R）-N-（4-（6-（4-（4-（1-（4-（1-（4-氟苯基）乙基））哌嗪-1-基）嘧啶-4-烷氧基）苯并[d]噻唑-2-基）乙酰胺（16p），有效的TRPV1拮抗剂[rTRPV1（CAP）IC50 = 3.7 nM]，具有优异的水溶性（在0.01 N HCl中≥200 microg / mL）和与AMG 517相比，降低了半衰期（大鼠t1 / 2 = 3.8小时，狗t1 / 2 = 2.7小时，猴子t1 / 2 = 3.2小时）。此外，化合物16p在阻断TRPV1-介导的体内生理反应（ED50 = 1.9 mg / kg，在辣椒素诱导的雀斑模型中的大鼠口服），并且在减轻大鼠完全弗氏佐剂诱导的热痛觉过敏中也有效（MED = 1 mg / kg，口服）。基于其改善的总体特性，化合物16p（AMG 628）被选为第二代候选药物，可在人类临床试验中进一步评估，作为潜在的治疗慢性疼痛的新方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The efficacy of current treatment protocols for childhood cancer is mainly based on empirical studies by adding drugs, changing drug dosages and changing drug combinations. In pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), this approach has resulted into approximately 80% 5-year disease-free survival whereas less favorable results have yet been obtained for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), i.e. approximately 50%, and other types of tumors, e.g. approximately 60% for medulloblastoma. A further optimization of therapy results requires more insights into the molecular biology of tumor cells, including genetic defects and aberrant expression of genes. This knowledge is needed to rationally develop more specific therapies in which relapse-risk and side-effects of therapy are reduced using targeted drugs. Genome-wide analysis of gene expression levels (mRNA) has revealed many new insights into the biology of leukemic cells. In this review we will discuss the recent progress that has been made in the use of microarrays for identifying new markers and targets for treatment of acute leukemia in children.

背景与目标： ：当前治疗儿童癌症的方案的有效性主要基于通过添加药物，改变药物剂量和改变药物组合的经验研究。在小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）中，这种方法已导致约80％的5年无病生存，而对于急性髓细胞性白血病（AML）和其他类型的肿瘤，尚未获得较差的结果，即约50％ ，例如髓母细胞瘤约占60％。治疗结果的进一步优化需要更多了解肿瘤细胞的分子生物学，包括遗传缺陷和基因异常表达。需要这些知识来合理地开发更具体的疗法，使用靶向药物可以减少复发风险和副作用。基因表达水平（mRNA）的全基因组分析揭示了对白血病细胞生物学的许多新见解。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论在使用微阵列鉴定儿童急性白血病新标志物和靶标方面的最新进展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We have previously generated a transgenic mouse line (EGF/Tag) in which simian virus 40 (SV40) T-antigen expression is directed by the mouse epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene promoter. In these mice, cellular hyperproliferation is observed in the submaxillary gland associated with SV40 T-antigen expression. In addition, SV40 T-antigen-expressing tumours of prostatic origin are seen. We have now derived immortalized cell lines from these tissues and have used the cells to perform a functional analysis of the EGF gene promoter. Cells were transfected with EGF promoter/reporter constructs, and an element located between 51 and 35 bases upstream of the EGF mRNA start site required for basal activity of the promoter was identified. Electrophoretic mobility-shift analysis suggests that three proteins bind to this region, one of which is either Sp1 or a closely related protein.

背景与目标： 我们先前已经产生了转基因小鼠品系（EGF / Tag），其中猿猴病毒40（SV40）T抗原表达是由小鼠表皮生长因子（EGF）基因启动子指导的。在这些小鼠中，在与SV40 T抗原表达相关的上颌下腺中观察到细胞过度增殖。另外，可见到前列腺来源的表达SV40 T-抗原的肿瘤。现在，我们从这些组织中获得了永生化的细胞系，并已使用这些细胞对EGF基因启动子进行功能分析。用EGF启动子/报告子构建体转染细胞，并鉴定了启动子基础活性所需的位于EGF mRNA起始位点上游51到35个碱基之间的元件。电泳迁移率迁移分析表明，三种蛋白质与该区域结合，其中一种是Sp1或密切相关的蛋白质。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates are not homogeneous in their patterns of pathogenicity in animals and adhesion to epithelial cells. During this investigation, genotypic differences were observed between two samples of P. brasiliensis strain 18 yeast phase (Pb18) previously cultured many times, one taken before (Pb18a) and the other after (Pb18b) animal inoculation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis using the primer OPJ4 distinguished Pb18b from Pb18a by one 308 bp DNA fragment, which after cloning and sequencing was shown to encode a polypeptide sequence homologous to the protein beta-adaptin. It is suggested, by comparison to other micro-organisms, that this protein might play an important role in the virulence of P. brasiliensis. This result demonstrates the influence of in vitro subculturing on the genotype of this organism.

背景与目标： ：巴西对虾的分离株在动物中的致病性和对上皮细胞的粘附方式不均一。在这项研究过程中，观察到两次培养过多次的巴西假单胞菌菌株18酵母相（Pb18）的基因型差异，一个样品是在接种动物之前（Pb18a），另一个是在接种之后（Pb18b）。使用引物OPJ4进行的随机扩增多态性DNA分析通过一个308 bp DNA片段将Pb18b与Pb18a区别开来，该片段在克隆和测序后显示编码与蛋白质β-adaptin同源的多肽序列。与其他微生物相比，该蛋白质可能在巴西假单胞菌的毒力中起重要作用。该结果证明了体外传代培养对该生物的基因型的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The inconvenience of conventional yeast identification methods has resulted in the development of rapid, commercial systems, mainly for clinical yeast species. The Biolog system (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA, USA) is a new semi-automated, computer-linked technology for rapid identification of clinical and non-clinical yeasts. The system is based around a microtitre tray and includes assimilation and oxidation tests. This paper evaluates the Biolog system for the identification of 21 species (72 strains) of yeasts of food and wine origin. Species correctly identified included Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaryomyces hansenii, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kloeckera apiculata, Dekkera bruxellensis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii were identified correctly 50% of the time and Pichia membranaefaciens 20% of the time.

背景与目标： ：常规酵母鉴定方法的不便导致开发了快速，商业化的系统，主要用于临床酵母菌种。 Biolog系统（Biolog Inc.，美国加利福尼亚州海沃德）是一种新型的半自动计算机链接技术，用于快速鉴定临床和非临床酵母菌。该系统基于微量滴定盘，包括同化和氧化测试。本文评估了Biolog系统，以鉴定21种食物和葡萄酒来源的酵母（72个菌株）。正确鉴定出的物种包括酿酒酵母，汉逊脱酵母，解脂耶氏酵母，马克斯克鲁维酵母，短吻K，布鲁克德氏菌和粟酒裂殖酵母。 50％的时间正确识别了百里酵母和鲁氏酵母，20％的时间正确识别了膜毕赤酵母。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It has been shown that the generalized F-statistics can give satisfactory performances in identifying differentially expressed genes with microarray data. However, for some complex diseases, it is still possible to identify a high proportion of false positives because of the modest differential expressions of disease related genes and the systematic noises of microarrays. The main purpose of this study is to develop statistical methods for Affymetrix microarray gene expression data so that the impact on false positives from non-expressed genes can be reduced. I proposed two novel generalized F-statistics for identifying differentially expressed genes and a novel approach for estimating adjusting factors. The proposed statistical methods systematically combine filtering of non-expressed genes and identification of differentially expressed genes. For comparison, the discussed statistical methods were applied to an experimental data set for a type 2 diabetes study. In both two- and three-sample analyses, the proposed statistics showed improvement on the control of false positives.

背景与目标： ：已经表明，广义的F统计量可以在用微阵列数据鉴定差异表达的基因方面提供令人满意的性能。但是，对于某些复杂的疾病，由于疾病相关基因的适度差异表达和微阵列的系统噪声，仍然有可能鉴定出较高比例的假阳性。这项研究的主要目的是为Affymetrix微阵列基因表达数据开发统计方法，以便减少未表达基因对假阳性的影响。我提出了两种新颖的广义F统计量，用于鉴定差异表达的基因和一种估算调节因子的新方法。提出的统计方法系统地结合了非表达基因的过滤和差异表达基因的鉴定。为了进行比较，将讨论的统计方法应用于2型糖尿病研究的实验数据集。在两个和三个样本的分析中，建议的统计数据显示出对假阳性的控制有所改善。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gastrointestinal nematode infections of livestock animals are prevalent and costly problems worldwide. Currently, infections are controlled by anthelmintic chemicals but increasing drug resistance has prompted research interest to shift towards alternative methods of control such as vaccine development and selection of worm-resistant animals. The present study analyses proteins from Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective L3s that are recognised by IgG of immune sheep. Following protein separation via two-dimensional electrophoresis and Western blot probing with plasma from sheep resistant to T. colubriformis, mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses were used to identify immuno-reactive protein spots. We were able to identify 28 immune targets, including aspartyl protease inhibitor, enolase, chaperone proteins, galectin, glycolytic enzymes, kinase, phosphatase and structural muscle proteins such as myosin, paramyosin, calponin and DIM-1. The data suggest that immune responses to T. colubriformis are dispersed over a relatively large number of parasite antigens, including several cytoplasmically expressed proteins. The results have new implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms that underpin host-parasite interaction during gastrointestinal nematode infections.

背景与目标： ：家畜的胃肠道线虫感染是世界范围内普遍存在且代价高昂的问题。目前，感染是由驱虫药控制的，但耐药性的提高促使研究兴趣转向了替代控制方法，如疫苗开发和抗蠕虫动物的选择。本研究分析了来自毛支毛滴虫的感染性L3s的蛋白，这些蛋白被免疫羊的IgG识别。在通过二维电泳分离蛋白质并用血浆对来自粘膜衣原体的绵羊进行血浆蛋白质印迹法探测后，基于质谱的蛋白质组学分析被用于鉴定免疫反应性蛋白斑点。我们能够鉴定出28个免疫靶标，包括天冬氨酰蛋白酶抑制剂，烯醇酶，伴侣蛋白，半乳凝素，糖酵解酶，激酶，磷酸酶和结构性肌肉蛋白，如肌球蛋白，副肌球蛋白，钙蛋白和DIM-1。数据表明，对粘膜衣原体的免疫反应分散在相对大量的寄生虫抗原上，包括几种细胞质表达的蛋白质。该结果对理解胃肠道线虫感染过程中宿主与寄生虫相互作用的分子机制具有新的启示。