BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The human iodotyrosine dehalogenase 1 (DEHAL1) gene is composed of six exons. Two isoforms (DEHAL1 and DEHAL1B) have been published in GenBank, both of which have a nitroreductase domain and arise from differential splicing in exon 5. We recently showed that the DEHAL1 isoform is a transmembrane protein that efficiently catalyzes the NADPH-dependent deiodination of mono (L-MIT) and diiodotyrosine (L-DIT) in human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK293) cells. In the present study, we establish the existence of a new transcript, DEHAL1C, in the human thyroid with a terminal exon that lacks in the DEHAL1 transcript. This exon is the complete exon 5, which is spliced in the DEHAL1B mRNA variant. These two variants encode proteins with differing C-terminal domains. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we found that the expression of the mRNA of DEHAL1C and DEHAL1B was lower than that of DEHAL1 mRNA in the thyroid. We also observed that human DEHAL1B and DEHAL1C proteins are rapidly degraded in stably transfected HEK293 cells, unlike the DEHAL1 protein, and that exposure to the proteasome inhibitor MG132 resulted in accumulation of these proteins that was markedly time- and concentration-dependent. These findings show that the cytoplasmic tail could play a role in the stability of the protein.

背景与目标： ：人碘酪氨酸脱卤素酶1（DEHAL1）基因由六个外显子组成。 GenBank中已公开了两种同工型（DEHAL1和DEHAL1B），它们均具有硝基还原酶结构域，并来自外显子5的差异剪接。 （L-MIT）和二碘代酪氨酸（L-DIT）在人类胚胎肾293（HEK293）细胞中。在本研究中，我们在人甲状腺中建立了一个新的转录物DEHAL1C的存在，其末端外显子缺少DEHAL1转录物。该外显子是完整的外显子5，其剪接在DEHAL1B mRNA变异体中。这两个变体编码具有不同C末端结构域的蛋白质。通过定量逆转录聚合酶链反应，我们发现甲状腺中DEHAL1C和DEHAL1B的mRNA表达低于DEHAL1 mRNA的表达。我们还观察到，与DEHAL1蛋白不同，人DEHAL1B和DEHAL1C蛋白在稳定转染的HEK293细胞中迅速降解，并且暴露于蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132导致这些蛋白的积累具有明显的时间和浓度依赖性。这些发现表明，胞质尾部可以在蛋白质的稳定性中起作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Using big data and the theory of cumulative deficits to develop the multimorbidity frailty index (mFI) has become a widely accepted approach in public health and health care services. However, constructing the mFI using the most critical determinants and stratifying different risk groups with dose-response relationships remain major challenges in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to develop the mFI by using machine learning methods that select variables based on the optimal fitness of the model. In addition, we aimed to further establish 4 entities of risk using a machine learning approach that would achieve the best distinction between groups and demonstrate the dose-response relationship. METHODS:In this study, we used Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database to develop a machine learning multimorbidity frailty index (ML-mFI) using the theory of cumulative diseases/deficits of an individual older person. Compared to the conventional mFI, in which the selection of diseases/deficits is based on expert opinion, we adopted the random forest method to select the most influential diseases/deficits that predict adverse outcomes for older people. To ensure that the survival curves showed a dose-response relationship with overlap during the follow-up, we developed the distance index and coverage index, which can be used at any time point to classify the ML-mFI of all subjects into the categories of fit, mild frailty, moderate frailty, and severe frailty. Survival analysis was conducted to evaluate the ability of the ML-mFI to predict adverse outcomes, such as unplanned hospitalizations, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and mortality. RESULTS:The final ML-mFI model contained 38 diseases/deficits. Compared with conventional mFI, both indices had similar distribution patterns by age and sex; however, among people aged 65 to 69 years, the mean mFI and ML-mFI were 0.037 (SD 0.048) and 0.0070 (SD 0.0254), respectively. The difference may result from discrepancies in the diseases/deficits selected in the mFI and the ML-mFI. A total of 86,133 subjects aged 65 to 100 years were included in this study and were categorized into 4 groups according to the ML-mFI. Both the Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox models showed that the ML-mFI significantly predicted all outcomes of interest, including all-cause mortality, unplanned hospitalizations, and all-cause ICU admissions at 1, 5, and 8 years of follow-up (P<.01). In particular, a dose-response relationship was revealed between the 4 ML-mFI groups and adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS:The ML-mFI consists of 38 diseases/deficits that can successfully stratify risk groups associated with all-cause mortality, unplanned hospitalizations, and all-cause ICU admissions in older people, which indicates that precise, patient-centered medical care can be a reality in an aging society.

背景与目标： 背景：利用大数据和累积赤字理论来发展多发病率脆弱指数（mFI）已成为公共卫生和医疗保健服务中被广泛接受的方法。但是，使用最关键的决定因素构建mFI并通过剂量-反应关系对不同风险组进行分层仍然是临床实践中的主要挑战。
目的：本研究旨在通过使用机器学习方法来开发mFI，该方法基于模型的最佳适应度选择变量。此外，我们的目标是使用机器学习方法进一步建立4个风险实体，以实现组之间的最佳区分并证明剂量反应关系。
方法：在这项研究中，我们使用台湾国家健康保险研究数据库，使用单个老年人的累积疾病/赤字理论开发了机器学习多发病率脆弱指数（ML-mFI）。与传统的mFI相比，传统的mFI基于专家意见来选择疾病/缺陷，我们采用随机森林法来选择最有影响力的疾病/缺陷，从而预测老年人的不良后果。为确保生存曲线在随访期间显示出具有重叠的剂量反应关系，我们开发了距离指数和覆盖指数，可在任何时间点将其用于将所有受试者的ML-mFI分为以下几类：适合，轻度虚弱，中度虚弱和严重虚弱。进行生存分析以评估ML-mFI预测不良结局的能力，例如计划外的住院治疗，重症监护病房（ICU）入院率和死亡率。
结果：最终的ML-mFI模型包含38种疾病/缺陷。与传统的mFI相比，这两个指数在年龄和性别上都有相似的分布模式。然而，在65岁至69岁的人群中，平均mFI和ML-mFI分别为0.037（SD 0.048）和0.0070（SD 0.0254）。差异可能是由mFI和ML-mFI中选择的疾病/缺陷引起的。这项研究共纳入86133名年龄在65至100岁之间的受试者，并根据ML-mFI分为4组。 Kaplan-Meier生存曲线和Cox模型均显示ML-mFI可以显着预测所有有意义的结果，包括随访1年，5年和8年的全因死亡率，计划外住院以及全因ICU入院（P <.01）。特别是，在4个ML-mFI组和不良预后之间发现了剂量反应关系。
结论：ML-mFI由38种疾病/缺陷组成，可以成功地将与老年人的全因死亡率，计划外住院和全因ICU入院相关的风险组分层，这表明可以进行以患者为中心的精确医疗在老龄化社会中的现实。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Data were collected during 1987 on 84 Baiga and 146 Gond males, ages 7 years to 18 years, living in rural regions of Madhya Pradesh State (India). Comparisons are made between Baiga and Gond males for 11 measures of body size, one measure of body form, and the body mass index (BMI). Somatic comparisons (standing height, body weight, and skelic index) were made at 5 ages with earlier samples of rural Indian males. Across all ages Gond males exceed their Baiga peers in standing height, sitting height, shoulder width, and body weight. Skelic index values (lower limb height expressed relative to sitting height) are similar for both ethnic groups through late childhood, but thereafter values are higher for Baiga males. Through age 15 years, Gond males exceed other rural Indian males from various tribes in standing height and body weight; lower limb height expressed relative to sitting height is highest for Baiga males.

背景与目标： ：1987年收集了84位贝加族和146位冈德族男性的数据，这些男性年龄在7岁至18岁，居住在印度中央邦的农村地区。在Baiga和Gond男性之间比较了11种身体尺寸，一种身体形态和体重指数（BMI）。在5岁时与印度农村男性的早期样本进行了体格比较（站立身高，体重和速滑指数）。在各个年龄段，贡德男性的身高，坐高，肩宽和体重都超过了贝加族。两个种族的儿童至幼儿期的滑板指数值（下肢高度相对于坐姿的高度较低）相似，但此后贝加族男性的指数较高。到15岁为止，贡德族男性的身高和体重都超过了来自各个部落的其他印度农村男性；贝加族男性相对于坐姿高度的下肢高度最高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Vantrease, WC, Townsend, JR, Sapp, PA, Henry, RN, and Johnson, KD. Maximal strength, muscle activation, and bar velocity comparisons between squatting with a traditional or safety squat bar. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The purpose of this study was to compare strength, muscle activation, and bar velocity between the traditional (TRAD) and safety squat bar (SSB) back squat. Thirty-two men (21.94 ± 3.1 years, 1.78 ± 0.8 m, 81.7 ± 10.1 kg) volunteered to complete this randomized, crossover-design study. Subjects completed 2 separate 1 repetition maximum (1RM) sessions using either the TRAD or SSB. Subsequently, subjects completed 1 session of 3 repetitions at 65 and 85% of their 1RM for each squat condition (SSB & TRAD). Peak muscle activation of 7 muscles from the lower body and trunk was recorded through surface electromyography (EMG), and mean velocity (MV) was recorded by a linear transducer. Electromyography and MV were analyzed by a 2 × 2 (bar × load) repeated-measures analysis of variance. A Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship of 1RM load between bars. Squat 1RM was significantly higher (p < 0.001; 11.6%) for TRAD (144.7 kg) compared with SSB (128.8 kg), and a strong correlation (r = 0.94) was observed between 1RM values of each bar. A significant main effect was seen in EMG (p < 0.001) and MV for load (p < 0.001). No significant bar × load interaction was observed between conditions for any EMG or bar velocity measure (p > 0.05). The SSB produces similar muscle activation and bar velocities compared with the TRAD at relative intensities. However, absolute loads should be adjusted when changing squat bars during a training cycle.

背景与目标： ：Vantrease，WC，Townsend，JR，Sapp，PA，Henry，RN和Johnson，KD。与传统或安全的深蹲杠铃之间的最大力量，肌肉激活和杠铃速度比较。 J力量训练杂志XX（X）：000-000，2020年-这项研究的目的是比较传统（TRAD）和安全深蹲杠铃（SSB）后深蹲之间的力量，肌肉激活和杠铃速度。 32名男性（21.94±3.1岁，1.78±0.8 m，81.7±10.1 kg）自愿完成这项随机，交叉设计研究。受试者使用TRAD或SSB完成了2个单独的1次最大重复（1RM）会话。随后，受试者针对每种下蹲状况（SSB和TRAD）以1RM的65％和85％的频率完成1次3次重复。通过表面肌电图（EMG）记录下半身和躯干的7条肌肉的峰值肌肉激活情况，并通过线性传感器记录平均速度（MV）。肌电图和MV通过2×2（bar×负荷）重复测量方差分析进行分析。皮尔逊相关性用于确定钢筋之间1RM载荷的关系。与SSB（128.8 kg）相比，TRAD（144.7 kg）的深蹲1RM显着更高（p <0.001; 11.6％），并且在每根钢筋的1RM值之间观察到强相关性（r = 0.94）。在EMG（p <0.001）和MV负荷（p <0.001）中看到了显着的主要作用。在任何肌电图或棒速度测量的条件之间均未观察到明显的棒×载荷相互作用（p> 0.05）。在相对强度下，与TRAD相比，SSB产生相似的肌肉激活和杆速度。但是，在训练周期中改变深蹲杠时应调整绝对负荷。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To compare the performance of different anthropometric indices including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and a body shape index to predict high blood pressure (BP) in adolescents using the 90th and 95th percentiles as two different thresholds. DESIGN:Cross-sectional study. SETTING:Probability proportionate to size was used to randomly select two schools in Selangor state, Malaysia. PARTICIPANTS:A total of 513 adolescents (58.9% women and 41.1% men) aged 12-16 years were recruited. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES:Weight, height, WC and BP of the adolescents were measured. The predictive power of anthropometric indices was analysed by sex using the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS:BMI and WHtR were the indices with higher areas under the curve (AUCs), yet the optimal cut-offs to predict high BP using the 95th percentile were higher than the threshold for overweight/obesity. Most indices showed poor sensitivity under the suggested cut-offs. In contrast, the optimal BMI and WHtR cut-offs to predict high BP using the 90th percentile were lower (men: BMI-for-age=0.79, WHtR=0.46; women: BMI-for-age=0.92, WHtR=0.45). BMI showed the highest AUC in both sexes but had poor sensitivity among women. WHtR presented good sensitivity and specificity in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggested that WHtR might be a useful indicator for screening high blood pressure risk in the routine primary-level health services for adolescents. Future studies are warranted to involve a larger sample size to confirm these findings.

背景与目标： 目的：比较不同人体测量指标的性能，包括体重指数（BMI），腰围（WC），腰围与身高比（WHtR）和体型指数，以预测青少年的高血压（BP）。第90个百分位和第95个百分位是两个不同的阈值。
设计：横断面研究。
地点：与规模成正比的概率被用来随机选择马来西亚雪兰莪州的两所学校。
参与者：总共招募了513名年龄在12-16岁之间的青少年（女性为58.9％，男性为41.1％）。
主要和次要指标：测量青少年的体重，身高，WC和BP。使用接收器工作特征曲线按性别分析人体测量指标的预测能力。
结果：BMI和WHtR是曲线下面积（AUC）较高的指标，但是使用95％百分数预测高BP的最佳临界值高于超重/肥胖阈值。在建议的临界值下，大多数指数显示出较差的敏感性。相反，使用第90个百分位数来预测高BP的最佳BMI和WHtR临界值较低（男性：年龄BMI = 0.79，WHtR = 0.46；女性：年龄BMI = 0.92，WHtR = 0.45） 。 BMI在男女中均显示出最高的AUC，但在女性中敏感性较低。 WHtR在男女中均表现出良好的敏感性和特异性。
结论：这些发现表明，WHtR可能是筛查青少年常规初级卫生保健服务中高血压风险的有用指标。保证未来的研究涉及更大的样本量以证实这些发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Nodaviridae are a family of isometric RNA viruses that infect insects and fish. Their genomes, which are among the smallest known for animal viruses, consist of two co-encapsidated positive-sense RNA segments: RNA1 encodes the viral contribution to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which replicates the viral genome, whereas RNA2 encodes the capsid protein precursor. In this study, the RNA1 sequences of two insect nodaviruses - Nodamura virus (the prototype of the genus) and Boolarra virus - are reported as well as detailed comparisons of their encoded RdRps with those of three other nodaviruses of insects and one of fish. Although the 5' and 3' untranslated regions did not reveal common features of RNA sequence or secondary structure, these divergent viruses showed similar genome organizations and encoded RdRps that had from 26 to 99% amino acid sequence identity. All six RdRp amino acid sequences contained canonical RNA polymerase motifs in their C-terminal halves and conserved elements of predicted secondary structure throughout. A search for structural homologues in the protein structure database identified the poliovirus RdRp, 3D(pol), as the best template for homology modelling of the RNA polymerase domain of Pariacoto virus and allowed the construction of a congruent three-dimensional model. These results extend our understanding of the relationships among the RNA1 segments of nodaviruses and the predicted structures of their encoded RdRps.

背景与目标： ：Nodaviridae是感染昆虫和鱼类的等距RNA病毒家族。它们的基因组是动物病毒中已知最小的基因组，由两个共衣壳化的正义RNA片段组成：RNA1编码病毒对复制病毒基因组的RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶（RdRp）的贡献，而RNA2编码衣壳蛋白前体。在这项研究中，报道了两种昆虫诺达病毒RNA的序列-Nodamura病毒（属原型）和Boolarra病毒-以及它们编码的RdRps与其他三种昆虫和一种鱼类诺达病毒的RNA序列的详细比较。尽管5'和3'非翻译区未揭示RNA序列或二级结构的共同特征，但这些趋异病毒显示相似的基因组组织并编码具有26％至99％氨基酸序列同一性的RdRps。所有六个RdRp氨基酸序列在其C末端一半均包含规范的RNA聚合酶基序，并且在整个预测过程中均包含保守的二级结构元素。在蛋白质结构数据库中搜索结构同源物，发现脊髓灰质炎病毒RdRp，3D（pol）是对帕里亚科托病毒RNA聚合酶结构域进行同源建模的最佳模板，并可以构建全等的三维模型。这些结果扩展了我们对诺达病毒RNA1片段之间的关系及其编码的RdRps的预测结构的理解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have previously shown that urinary sugars excretion in 24 h urine collections can serve as an independent biomarker of sugars consumption. In the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC) Norfolk study of nutrition and cancer, this biomarker in spot urines has been assessed in a cross-sectional comparison of 404 obese individuals aged 45 to 75 years with a body mass index (BMI) of >30 kg/m(2) and 471 normal weight individuals aged 45 to 75 years with a BMI of <25 kg/m(2). In individuals of normal weight, sucrose, protein, and vitamin C intake were positively and highly significantly related to biomarkers in spot urine or plasma (P < 0.001), but there were no significant associations between biomarkers and food intake reports in the obese. Odds ratios for a BMI of >30 were significantly elevated for urinary sucrose [trend per milligram per liter quintile, 1.13; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.02-1.25; P = 0.016], and the odds ratio for urinary sucrose/fructose ratio was highly significant (trend per quintile, 1.264; 95% CI, 1.142-1.401; P < 0.001). No associations for sugars intake and obesity were found using a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary vitamin C was apparently associated with increased risk (P < 0.001) despite an inverse association for plasma vitamin C. Nutritional biomarkers of consumption can complement existing methods for assessing cancer risk from diet in epidemiologic studies.

背景与目标： ：我们之前已经证明，24小时尿液收集物中尿糖的排泄可以作为糖消耗的独立生物标记。在欧洲癌症前瞻性研究（EPIC）对营养和癌症的诺福克研究中，通过对404名年龄在45至75岁，体重指数（BMI）> 30 kg / m（2）和471名体重正常的人，年龄在45至75岁之间，其BMI小于25 kg / m（2）。在体重正常的个体中，蔗糖，蛋白质和维生素C的摄入量与尿液或血浆中的生物标志物呈正相关且高度显着相关（P <0.001），但是在肥胖者中，生物标志物与食物摄入量之间没有显着相关性。尿蔗糖的BMI> 30的几率显着提高[每毫克每升五分位数的趋势为1.13； 95％置信区间（95％CI），1.02-1.25; P = 0.016]，尿蔗糖/果糖比的优势比非常显着（每五分位数趋势为1.264； 95％CI为1.142-1.401； P <0.001）。使用食物频率问卷没有发现糖摄入和肥胖之间的关联，尽管血浆维生素C呈负相关，但饮食中维生素C显然与增加的风险相关（P <0.001）。食用营养生物标志物可以补充现有的评估癌症的方法流行病学研究中饮食带来的风险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article presents a comparative study of public perceptions of food risk across 25 European member states. A secondary data analysis is conducted on a Eurobarometer survey fielded to nationally representative samples in 2005. The survey included closed questions as well as free associations to map risk perceptions. Taking a quantitative approach, we find that people in a majority of European countries express similar levels of concern about food risks. However, outside this majority a North-South divide is evident, with the Northern countries worrying less than the Southern countries. Multilevel modeling shows that cross-national differences in individual respondents' level of worry are in part attributable to shared country effects and to generalized risk sensitivity about a range of personal risks. On the underlying structure of food risk concerns, factor analysis points to three dimensions described by groupings of risks related to adulteration and contamination, health effects, and production and hygiene. A qualitative analysis of respondents' free associations about problems and risks with food identifies three major themes that are consistent with the quantitative results. However, the free associations also point toward greater cross-national diversity and to striking variations in the range and importance of food risks. Overall, the picture is of a public that frames food risks in a wider context of beliefs about the links between diet and health. We conclude with some implications for research on food risk perceptions in particular and risk perception studies in general.

背景与目标： ：本文对欧洲25个成员国的公众对食品风险的看法进行了比较研究。二次数据分析是在2005年对欧洲晴雨表进行的一次欧洲晴雨表调查中进行的，该调查针对的是全国代表性的样本。该调查包括封闭的问题以及建立风险感知图的免费协会。采用定量方法，我们发现大多数欧洲国家的人们对食品风险表达了相似的关注水平。但是，在多数之外，明显存在南北分歧，北方国家所担心的比南方国家要少。多级建模表明，各个受访者的担忧程度之间的跨国差异部分归因于共同的国家效应以及对一系列个人风险的普遍风险敏感性。关于食品风险关注的基本结构，因素分析指向三个维度，这些维度通过与掺假和污染，健康影响以及生产和卫生有关的风险分组来描述。对受访者关于食品问题和风险的自由联想的定性分析确定了与定量结果相一致的三个主要主题。但是，自由协会还指出了更大的跨国多样性，并指出了食品风险范围和重要性的显着差异。总体而言，该图描绘的是一个公众，其在关于饮食与健康之间的联系的更广泛的信念中描述了食物风险。我们得出结论，特别是对食品风险认知的研究和总体风险认知的研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Background and purpose - Most registry studies regarding highly crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) have focused on the overall revision risk. We compared the risk of cup and/or liner revision for specific cup and liner designs made of either XLPE or conventional polyethylene (CPE), regarding revision for any reason and revision due to aseptic loosening and/or osteolysis. Patients and methods - Using the Nordic Arthroplasty Register Association (NARA) database, we identified cup and liner designs where either XLPE or CPE had been used in more than 500 THAs performed for primary hip osteoarthritis. We assessed risk of revision for any reason and for aseptic loosening using Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, femoral head material and size, surgical approach, stem fixation, and presence of hydroxyapatite coating (uncemented cups). Results - The CPE version of the ZCA cup had a risk of revision for any reason similar to that of the XLPE version (p = 0.09), but showed a 6-fold higher risk of revision for aseptic loosening (p < 0.001). The CPE version of the Reflection All Poly cup had an 8-fold elevated risk of revision for any reason (p < 0.001) and a 5-fold increased risk of revision for aseptic loosening (p < 0.001). The Charnley Elite Ogee/Marathon cup and the Trilogy cup did not show such differences. Interpretation - Whether XLPE has any advantage over CPE regarding revision risk may depend on the properties of the polyethylene materials being compared, as well as the respective cup designs, fixation type, and follow-up times. Further research is needed to elucidate how cup design factors interact with polyethylene type to affect the risk of revision.

背景与目标： ：背景和目的-大多数有关高度交联聚乙烯（XLPE）的注册研究都集中在总体修订风险上。我们比较了由XLPE或常规聚乙烯（CPE）制成的特定杯和内胆设计的杯和/或内胆翻新风险，无论是出于任何原因的翻新还是由于无菌松动和/或溶骨引起的翻新。患者和方法-使用北欧人工关节置换协会（NARA）数据库，我们确定了杯状和衬垫设计，其中XLPE或CPE在用于原发性髋骨关节炎的500多例THA中已经使用。我们使用因年龄，性别，股骨头材料和大小，手术方法，茎固定和羟基磷灰石涂层（无胶量杯）调整的Cox回归评估了由于任何原因和无菌性松动的翻修风险。结果-ZCA杯的CPE版本由于与XLPE版本类似的任何原因而具有翻修的风险（p = 0.09），但显示出无菌松动翻修的风险高6倍（p <0.001）。 CPE版本的Reflection All Poly杯由于任何原因翻新风险增加了8倍（p <0.001），而无菌松动翻新风险增加了5倍（p <0.001）。 Charnley Elite Ogee / Marathon杯和Trilogy杯未显示出此类差异。解释-XLPE在翻新风险方面是否比CPE有任何优势可能取决于所比较的聚乙烯材料的特性，以及相应的杯设计，固定类型和随访时间。需要进一步研究来阐明杯形设计因素如何与聚乙烯类型相互作用以影响翻新的风险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The influence of type of illness (breast cancer versus osteoarthritis) and age on physical health and functioning, self-system interpretive mechanisms, and women's psychological well-being were examined. Self-system interpretive mechanisms are considered mediators of the effects of physical health on psychological well-being and include social comparisons, social integration, and illness perceptions. Young-old (aged 60-74) and old-old (75 +) women, diagnosed with osteoarthritis (N = 102) or breast cancer (N = 86), who volunteered for the study were interviewed using structured self-report scales. Young-old and old-old women did not differ in terms of health status, interpretive mechanisms, or on three of five indices of psychological well-being. On the other hand, women with arthritis, regardless of age, reported more functional health problems, more symptoms, and perceived their illness as more severe, more chronic, and less controllable than women with breast cancer. Although women with arthritis and breast cancer differed significantly in terms of physical health, they did not differ on multiple measures of psychological well-being. For both groups, women who made more positive social comparisons and who had more extensive social networks had higher levels of psychological well-being, regardless of physical health problems.

背景与目标： 研究了疾病类型（乳腺癌与骨关节炎）和年龄对身体健康和功能，自我系统的解释机制以及女性心理健康的影响。自我系统的解释机制被认为是身体健康对心理健康的影响的中介者，包括社会比较，社会融合和疾病感知。自愿参加这项研究的年轻（年龄在60-74岁之间）和老年（75岁）妇女被诊断出患有骨关节炎（N = 102）或乳腺癌（N = 86），他们接受了结构化的自我报告量表的访问。男女老少在健康状况，解释机制或心理健康五个指标中的三个方面都没有差异。另一方面，与乳腺癌女性相比，患有关节炎的女性，无论年龄大小，都报告了更多的功能性健康问题，更多的症状，并且认为自己的疾病更严重，更慢性，更难控制。尽管患有关节炎和乳腺癌的妇女在身体健康方面存在显着差异，但在心理健康的多种衡量指标上并没有差异。对于这两个群体，无论身体健康问题如何，进行更积极的社会比较并拥有更广泛的社交网络的女性都有较高的心理健康水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :1. The present review describes the mechanisms involved in controlling Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle, which ultimately regulates contraction. 2. Comparisons are made between cardiac and skeletal muscle with respect to: (i) the role of the dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR) as Ca2+ channels and voltage-sensors; (ii) the regulation of the ryanodine receptor (RyR)/Ca2+-release channels in the SR; and (iii) the importance of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. 3. It is shown that the key differences of the skeletal muscle Ca2+-release channel (RyR1), namely the increase in its stimulation by ATP and its inhibition by Mg2+, are critical for its direct regulation by the associated DHPR and, consequently, for the fast, accurate control of skeletal muscle contraction.

背景与目标： ：1。本综述描述了控制Ca2从骨骼肌的肌浆网（SR）释放的机制，该机制最终调节了收缩。 2.在心肌和骨骼肌之间进行以下方面的比较：（i）二氢吡啶受体（DHPR）作为Ca2通道和电压传感器的作用； （ii）调节SR中的ryanodine受体（RyR）/ Ca2释放通道； （iii）Ca2诱导的Ca2释放的重要性。 3.研究表明，骨骼肌Ca2释放通道（RyR1）的关键差异，即ATP对其刺激的增加和Mg2对其的抑制，对于直接由相关的DHPR调节至关重要，因此对于快速，准确地控制骨骼肌收缩。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this investigation was to determine external loading variables that could describe any statistically significant differences between the limbs of below-knee-amputee (BKA) and able-bodied children. Eleven able-bodied children and four BKA children volunteered to participate in this investigation. Force platform data were collected for two consecutive foot falls during two experimental sessions. Significant external load differences existed between the prosthetic limbs and nonprosthetic limbs of BKA children and between limbs of the BKA and able-bodied children. The prosthetic limb generally displayed a subordinate role when compared to nonprosthetic and normal limbs. The nonprosthetic limbs displayed a dominant role when compared to the other limbs. These external loading characteristics of the prosthetic and nonprosthetic limbs may be a logical consequence of the morphologic and functional differences that exist between the groups. It was concluded that as long as the prosthetic limb functions differently from a normal limb, BKA children may have a difficult time walking the same as able-bodied children. It would appear to be advantageous to determine the most appropriate gait pattern for BKA children, given the influence of such factors as prosthetic design, construction, and alignment, rehabilitation, and joint loading.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是确定外部负荷变量，这些变量可以描述膝盖以下截肢者（BKA）和肢体健全的孩子四肢之间的任何统计学上的显着差异。 11名身体健全的儿童和4名BKA儿童自愿参加了这项调查。在两个实验阶段连续两次跌倒时，收集了部队平台数据。 BKA儿童的假肢和非假肢之间以及BKA的肢体和身体健全的孩子之间存在显着的外部负荷差异。与非假肢和正常肢相比，假肢通常表现出从属作用。与其他肢体相比，非假肢肢体表现出主导作用。假肢和非假肢的这些外部负荷特征可能是两组之间存在形态和功能差异的逻辑结果。结论是，只要假肢的功能与正常肢体不同，BKA儿童与健壮儿童的行走时间可能会很困难。考虑到假体设计，构造，对准，康复和关节负荷等因素的影响，为BKA儿童确定最合适的步态模式似乎是有利的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In the absence of well-powered, randomised, direct-comparison trials, indirect comparisons are the only option for comparing treatment strategies. Several methodologies have been developed and each has sparked criticism. Using direct comparisons of escitalopram versus venlafaxine extended release (XR), we explore the differences between the two compounds through indirect comparisons. METHODS:The CENTRAL, Medline and Embase databases were interrogated, focusing on randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials involving adult patients treated for major depressive disorder in the acute phase. Corresponding authors were contacted to reduce missing data. Effect sizes were derived from each study's primary outcome. For indirect comparisons, a global effect size was computed through meta-regression. For direct comparisons, the studies were considered separately due to missing data. Non-inferiority assessments were employed. The conclusion of the meta-regression was then compared with the conclusions made in direct comparison trials. RESULTS:Ten placebo-controlled studies--six assessing escitalopram and four assessing venlafaxine XR--and two direct comparison studies were retrieved. Escitalopram was found to be non-inferior to venlafaxine XR in both indirect and direct comparisons with results of mean -0.02 (unilateral 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.16 to infinity) and 0.23 (95% CI -0.01 to infinity), respectively. Results obtained by both indirect and direct comparisons were similar. Investigating the influence of age, gender repartition and severity at baseline suggests that results are consistent. Results were also considered robust against publication bias. CONCLUSIONS:This empirical finding suggests that escitalopram is non-inferior to venlafaxine XR. This reinforces the evidence found in direct comparisons trials. Indirect comparisons through meta-regression may be suitable to support decision-making. To fully assess its potential, further evaluation of this methodology, using other examples, is needed.

背景与目标： 背景：在缺乏功能强大，随机，直接比较试验的情况下，间接比较是比较治疗策略的唯一选择。已经开发了几种方法，每种方法都引发了批评。使用艾司西酞普兰与文拉法辛缓释（XR）的直接比较，我们通过间接比较探索了两种化合物之间的差异。
方法：对CENTRAL，Medline和Embase数据库进行了调查，重点是随机对照安慰剂对照的临床试验，该试验涉及在急性期接受过重度抑郁症治疗的成年患者。与通讯作者联系以减少丢失的数据。效果大小来自每项研究的主要结果。对于间接比较，通过meta回归计算全局效应大小。对于直接比较，由于缺少数据，将研究单独考虑。采用非自卑性评估。然后将荟萃回归的结论与直接比较试验中得出的结论进行比较。
结果：十项安慰剂对照研究-六项评估艾司西酞普兰和四项评估文拉法辛XR-并检索到两项直接比较研究。在间接和直接比较中，依西酞普兰均不低于文拉法辛XR，均值分别为-0.02（单边95％置信区间[CI] -0.16至无穷大）和0.23（95％CI -0.01至无穷大）。 。通过间接和直接比较获得的结果相似。在基线时调查年龄，性别划分和严重程度的影响表明结果是一致的。结果也被认为对发表偏见是有力的。
结论：该经验发现表明艾司西酞普兰不逊于文拉法辛XR。这加强了直接比较试验中发现的证据。通过元回归进行的间接比较可能适合于支持决策。为了充分评估其潜力，需要使用其他示例对这种方法进行进一步评估。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) is a multifunctional protein responsible for multiple molecular events in viral cycle. Here, we demonstrate that functional correlation of sequence motifs of HC-Pro is an important source to predict its role in deubiqutinylation pathway and rescuing viral proteins from degradation. The sequence of papaya ringspot viral HC-Pro was compared with respect to both inter and intea-species across different potyviruses. This study suggested that highly conserved domains involved in post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppression and proteolytic activity are essential functions in plant-virus cycle. In contrast, mechanisms primed for differentiation such as host specificity and virus replication are less conserved. Also, they contribute substantially to the differences among HC-Pro, derived from different potyviruses. The results obtained from this study provide a framework for new hypothesis and research directions in the area of differential role of potyviral HC-Pro.

背景与目标： ：Helper组分蛋白酶（HC-Pro）是一种多功能蛋白，负责病毒周期中的多个分子事件。在这里，我们证明了HC-Pro序列基序的功能相关性是预测其在去泛素化途径中的作用以及从降解中拯救病毒蛋白的重要来源。比较了木瓜环斑病毒HC-Pro的序列，它们涉及跨不同马铃薯病毒的种间和种间。这项研究表明，参与转录后基因沉默（PTGS）抑制和蛋白水解活性的高度保守的域是植物-病毒循环中必不可少的功能。相反，用于分化的机制，例如宿主特异性和病毒复制，则保守性较低。同样，它们也极大地促进了源自不同马铃薯病毒的HC-Pro之间的差异。从这项研究中获得的结果为在杯状病毒HC-Pro的不同作用领域提供了新的假设和研究方向的框架。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2