BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Cross-sectional data suggest that obesity, particularly central obesity, may be associated with decreased production of sex steroid hormones in men. However, longitudinal hormone data on men in relation to obesity status are limited. Previous studies have not consistently demonstrated whether sex steroids are associated specifically to body mass index or to measures of central obesity. Our objective was to examine the relation of obesity (body mass index > 30 kg/m2), and of central obesity (waist circumference > 100 cm or waist to hip ratio > 0.95) to longitudinal change in sex steroid hormones in men. DESIGN:Prospective follow-up of a population-based sample of men in Boston. PATIENTS:Nine hundred forty-two (942) men in the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study with complete anthropometry and hormone data at baseline (1987-1989, ages 40-70) and follow-up (1995-1997). MEASUREMENTS:Free and total testosterone (FT and TT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were assessed using standardized methods. Health behaviours and medical history were obtained by structured interview. Repeated measures regression was used to describe trends in steroid hormones and SHBG in relation to obesity status, adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol, comorbidities, and physical activity. RESULTS:Obesity was associated with decreased levels of total and free testosterone, and of SHBG at follow-up relative to baseline. For any given baseline concentration of TT, FT or SHBG, follow-up levels were lowest among men who remained obese or who became obese during follow-up. This was true for all three indices of obesity. Central adiposity was associated with lower DHEAS levels at follow-up, while elevated body mass index was not. CONCLUSIONS:Obesity may predict greater decline in testosterone and SHBG levels with age. Central adiposity may be a more important predictor of decline in DHEAS than is body mass index.

背景与目标： 目的：横断面数据表明，肥胖症，尤其是中枢型肥胖症，可能与男性性类固醇激素的产生减少有关。但是，有关肥胖状况的男性纵向激素数据有限。先前的研究并未始终证明性类固醇是否与体重指数或中枢性肥胖症的测量指标特别相关。我们的目标是检查肥胖（体重指数> 30 kg / m2）和中性肥胖（腰围> 100 cm或腰臀比> 0.95）与男性性类固醇激素的纵向变化之间的关系。
设计：对波士顿的一项以人群为基础的男性样本进行的前瞻性随访。
患者：马萨诸塞州男性衰老研究中的九十二名（942名）男性在基线（1987-1989，年龄40-70）和随访（1995-1997）时具有完整的人体测量学和激素数据。
测量：使用标准化方法评估游离和总睾丸激素（FT和TT），硫酸脱氢表雄酮（DHEAS）和性激素结合球蛋白（SHBG）。通过结构化访谈获得健康行为和病史。重复测量回归用于描述与肥胖状况相关的类固醇激素和SHBG的趋势，并根据年龄，吸烟，饮酒，合并症和体育锻炼进行调整。
结果：相对于基线，肥胖与随访时总睾丸激素和游离睾丸激素水平以及SHBG水平降低有关。对于任何给定的TT，FT或SHBG基线浓度，随访水平在仍然肥胖或在随访过程中变得肥胖的男性中最低。肥胖的所有三个指标都是如此。随访中，中央肥胖与DHEAS水平降低有关，而体重指数升高与肥胖无关。
结论：肥胖可能预示着随着年龄的增长，睾丸激素和SHBG的下降将更大。与体重指数相比，中央肥胖可能是DHEAS下降的更重要的预测指标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To evaluate the tissular expression of Androgen (A), Estrogen (E) and Progesterone (Pg) receptors, and Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), in liver tumors from resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases in order to assess their possible relationship to prognosis. METHODS:We performed an immunohistochemical study using tissue microarrays (containing more than 260 cancer specimens, from 31 HCC patients and controls) to determine the presence of specific antibodies against AR, ER, PgR and ApoD, correlating their findings with several clinico-pathological and biological variables. The staining results were categorized using a semi-quantitative score based on their intensity, and the percentage of immunostained cells was measured. RESULTS:A total of 21 liver tumors (67.7%) were positive for AR; 16 (51.6%) for ER; 26 (83.9%) for PgR and 12 (38.7%) stained for ApoD. We have found a wide variability in the immunostaining score values for each protein, with a median (range) of 11.5 (11.5-229.5) for AR; 11.1 (8.5-65) for ER; 14.2 (4-61) for PgR; and 37.7 (13.8-81.1) for ApoD. A history of heavy ethanol consumption, correlated positively with AR and PgR and negatively with ER status. HCV chronic infection also correlated positively with AR and PgR status. However, the presence of ApoD immunostaining did not correlate with any of these variables. Tumors with a positive immuno-staining for PgR showed a better prognosis. CONCLUSION:Our results indicate a moderate clinical value of the steroid receptor status in HCC, emphasizing the need to perform further studies in order to evaluate the possible role of new hormonal-based therapies.

背景与目标： 目的：评估在切除的肝细胞癌（HCC）病例的肝肿瘤中雄激素（A），雌激素（E）和孕激素（Pg）受体和载脂蛋白D（ApoD）的组织表达，以评估它们与肝癌（HCC）病例的关系。预后。
方法：我们使用组织微阵列（包含来自31个HCC患者和对照的260多个癌症标本）进行了免疫组织化学研究，以确定是否存在针对AR，ER，PgR和ApoD的特异性抗体，并将它们的发现与多种临床病理和生物学变量。使用基于强度的半定量评分对染色结果进行分类，并测量免疫染色细胞的百分比。
结果：总共21例肝肿瘤（67.7％）AR阳性。急症室16（51.6％）； PgR染色为26（83.9％），ApoD染色为12（38.7％）。我们发现每种蛋白质的免疫染色评分值存在很大差异，AR的中位数（范围）为11.5（11.5-229.5）。 ER的11.1（8.5-65）； PgR为14.2（4-61）；和ApoD的37.7（13.8-81.1）。大量饮酒的历史与AR和PgR正相关，与ER状态负相关。 HCV慢性感染也与AR和PgR状态呈正相关。但是，ApoD免疫染色的存在与这些变量均不相关。 PgR免疫染色阳性的肿瘤预后较好。
结论：我们的结果表明，在肝癌中类固醇受体状态具有中等临床价值，强调需要进行进一步的研究以评估基于激素的新疗法的可能作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of female sexual hormones on intestinal and serum cytokines following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Adult female rats were ovariectomized and distributed among the following 9 groups: (i) sham trauma, (ii) TBI (Marmarou's method), (iii) vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide) treated, (iv) estrogen (E2) treated, (v) progesterone (P) treated, (vi) treated with E2+P, (vii) propylpyrazole triol (PPT) treated, (viii) diarylpropionitrile (DPN) treated, and (ix) control. PPT and DPN are estrogen receptor αand β agonists, respectively. Serum and intestinal levels of interleukin (IL)-1β were increased by TBI (P < 0.001). The level of intestinal IL-1β was increased in the group treated with E2 (P < 0.001). There was a reduction in serum IL-1β (P < 0.01) and an increase in intestinal IL-1β level (P < 0.001) in the PPT-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group. TBI reduced serum IL-6 (P < 0.01) and increased intestinal IL-6 (P < 0.001). Serum IL-6 was increased in the group treated with E2 (P < 0.001), P (P < 0.001), E2+P (P < 0.01), and DPN (P < 0.001) after TBI; however, intestinal IL-6 was higher in the E2-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group (P < 0.01). Intestinal tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was increased by TBI (P < 0.001). Progesterone decreased serum TNF-α (P < 0.01). Intestinal TNF-α in the E2 (P < 0.01), E2+P (P < 0.001), and PPT (P < 0.001) treatment groups was less than in the vehicle-treated group. In conclusion, estrogen influences the intestinal levels of proinflammatory cytokines, in particular TNF-α, mediated through estrogen receptor α.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是评估女性性激素对脑外伤（TBI）后肠道和血清细胞因子的影响。将成年雌性大鼠切除卵巢，并分布在以下9组中：（i）假创伤，（ii）TBI（Marmarou方法），（iii）媒介物（二甲亚砜）治疗，（iv）雌激素（E2）治疗，（v）孕激素（P）处理，（vi）用E2 P处理，（vii）丙基吡唑三醇（PPT）处理，（viii）二芳基丙腈（DPN）处理，以及（ix）对照。 PPT和DPN分别是雌激素受体α和β激动剂。 TBI可提高血清和肠道白细胞介素（IL）-1β的水平（P <0.001）。 E2治疗组肠道IL-1β水平升高（P <0.001）。与溶媒治疗组相比，PPT治疗组的血清IL-1β降低（P <0.01），肠内IL-1β水平升高（P <0.001）。 TBI降低血清IL-6（P <0.01），增加肠道IL-6（P <0.001）。 TBI后E2组（P <0.001），P组（P <0.001），E2P组（P <0.01）和DPN组（P <0.001），血清IL-6水平升高。然而，E2治疗组的肠道IL-6高于媒介物治疗组（P <0.01）。 TBI可增加肠道肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）（P <0.001）。孕酮降低血清TNF-α（P <0.01）。 E2（P <0.01），E2 P（P <0.001）和PPT（P <0.001）治疗组的肠道TNF-α低于赋形剂治疗组。总之，雌激素影响通过雌激素受体α介导的促炎细胞因子，特别是TNF-α的肠道水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Human endometrium undergoes sequential changes during the menstrual cycle and becomes receptive to implantation during a defined period in the secretory phase. We attempted to identify the genes expressed during this period by representational difference analysis (RDA). When the cDNAs of a proliferative endometrium were used as the driver and the cDNAs of a post-ovulatory day 5 endometrium were used as the tester, a number of bands were identified by RDA. DNA of the cloned RDA products revealed that the majority of the clones contained a fragment of a cDNA identical to that of a crystallin B chain. Northern blot analysis showed that the expression of the alpha crystallin B chain mRNA was absent during the proliferative phase. The expression of the mRNA of alpha crystallin B chain first appeared in the secretory phase, progressively increased during this phase and peaked in the late secretory endometria. The pattern of expression of alpha crystallin B chain mRNA in the endometrium of mature cycling baboons (Papio anubis) was similar to that seen in human endometrium. As revealed by Western blot analysis, the expression of the alpha crystallin B chain protein in human endometrium followed a pattern of expression similar to its mRNA. At the cellular level, the immunoreactive protein first appeared in the surface epithelial cells of human endometrium within the implantation window without significant immunoreactivity in the underlying glandular cells. During the mid- and late secretory phases, the intensity of staining in the epithelial cells was enhanced and an intense immunoreactivity was developed in the glandular epithelium, alpha crystallin B chain was virtually an epithelial product and no immunoreactivity for this protein was detectable in the stromal cells, endothelial cells or lymphoid cells. The expression of alpha crystallin B chain could be regulated, by medroxy progesterone acetate as well as by oestrogen withdrawal, in human endometrial carcinoma cells (EnCa-101), transplanted to nude mice. Based on the data presented here, the known function of alpha crystallin B chain and its distinct pattern of expression in human endometrium, we suggest that this protein is an important factor within the molecular repertoire that makes endometrium receptive to implantation.

背景与目标： 人的子宫内膜在月经周期中会发生顺序变化，并在分泌期的特定时期内接受植入。我们试图通过代表性差异分析（RDA）来鉴定在此期间表达的基因。当使用增生性子宫内膜的cDNA作为驱动器，并在排卵后第5天的子宫内膜的cDNA作为检测器时，通过RDA鉴定了许多条带。克隆的RDA产物的DNA显示大多数克隆都包含与crystallin B链相同的cDNA片段。 Northern印迹分析表明在增殖期不存在α晶状体蛋白B链mRNA的表达。 α晶状蛋白B链的mRNA表达首先出现在分泌期，在此阶段逐渐增加，并在晚期分泌性子宫内膜达到高峰。在成熟的狒狒（Papio anubis）的子宫内膜中，α晶状蛋白B链mRNA的表达方式与人的子宫内膜相似。如蛋白质印迹分析所揭示的，人子宫内膜中的α结晶蛋白B链蛋白的表达遵循与其mRNA相似的表达模式。在细胞水平上，免疫反应蛋白首先出现在植入窗口内人子宫内膜的表面上皮细胞中，而在下面的腺体细胞中却没有明显的免疫反应性。在分泌的中期和后期，上皮细胞的染色强度增强，腺上皮形成强烈的免疫反应性，αcrystallin B链实际上是上皮产物，在基质中未检测到该蛋白的免疫反应性细胞，内皮细胞或淋巴样细胞。醋酸甲羟孕酮以及雌激素的撤除均可在移植到裸鼠的人子宫内膜癌细胞（EnCa-101）中调节α晶状蛋白B链的表达。根据此处提供的数据，α晶体蛋白B链的已知功能及其在人子宫内膜中的独特表达模式，我们建议该蛋白是分子库中的一个重要因素，可使子宫内膜易于接受植入。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :BD-II and BD-IX male and female rats received weekly subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of 15 mg/kg 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) beginning at either 35, 120 or 210 days of age and continuing for 20 weeks. Control animals received only the DMH vehicle. Additional BD-II and BD-IX male and female rats of the three age groups were gonadectomized at 21, 106 and 196 days. Beginning 14 days after gonadectomy, the rats received 15 mg/kg of DMH by s.c. injection once a week for 20 weeks. Animals were sacrificed 35 weeks after the initial DMH injection. Control rats of the appropriate age and sex did not develop colon tumors. BD-IX rats are apparently more sensitive to DMH than BD-II rats. The incidence of DMH-induced cancer is less in females than in males in both the BD-II and BD-IX animals. Gonadectomy does not affect cancer incidence in either BD-II males or females nor in the BD-IX females but reduced the incidence in BD-IX males exposed initially at either 120 or 210 days. Administration of androgen to castrate BD-IX males (120-day-old group) increases the incidence of colon cancer to that approaching the intact animal but has little effect in the BD-II castrate male. These data suggest a genetically influenced susceptibility to DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis between BD-II and BD-IX rats. Furthermore, a sex difference is evident in both BD lines but age appears to be a factor only in older BD-IX females. Apparently, androgens influence DMH-induced tumorigenesis in BD-IX males only if the initial exposure of DMH occurs after sexual maturity.

背景与目标： ：BD-II和BD-IX雄性和雌性大鼠从35、120或210日龄开始每周皮下（s.c.）皮下注射15 mg / kg 1,2-二甲基肼二盐酸盐（DMH），并持续20周。对照动物仅接受DMH载具。在21、106和196天对另外三个年龄组的BD-II和BD-IX雄性和雌性大鼠进行性腺切除术。从性腺切除术后14天开始，通过皮下注射，大鼠接受15 mg / kg的DMH。每周一次，持续20周。最初的DMH注射后35周，处死动物。适当年龄和性别的对照大鼠均未出现结肠肿瘤。 BD-IX大鼠对DMH的敏感性明显高于BD-II大鼠。在BD-II和BD-IX动物中，DMH诱发的癌症的发生率在雌性动物中均低于雄性动物。角膜切除术既不影响BD-II男性或女性的癌症发病率，也不影响BD-IX女性的癌症发病率，但是降低了最初暴露于120天或210天的BD-IX男性的癌症发病率。给去势的BD-IX雄性雄性激素（120天龄组）使结肠癌的发病率增加到接近完整动物的结肠癌，但对BD-II的去势雄性几乎没有影响。这些数据表明，遗传因素对BD-II和BD-IX大鼠之间DMH诱导的结肠癌发生的敏感性。此外，在两个BD系中都明显存在性别差异，但年龄似乎仅是年龄较大的BD-IX女性中的一个因素。显然，只有当DMH最初暴露于性成熟后，雄激素才会影响BD-IX男性中DMH诱导的肿瘤发生。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Vitamin D is suggested to have a role in the coupling of bone resorption and formation. Compared with women, men are believed to have more stable bone remodeling, and thus, are considered less susceptible to the seasonal variation of calcitropic hormones. We examined whether seasonal variation exists in calcitropic hormones, bone remodeling markers, and BMD in healthy men. Furthermore, we determined which vitamin D intake is required to prevent this variation. Subjects (N = 48) were healthy white men 21-49 yr of age from the Helsinki area with a mean habitual dietary intake of vitamin D of 6.6 +/- 5.1 (SD) microg/d. This was a 6-mo double-blinded vitamin D intervention study, in which subjects were allocated to three groups of 20 microg (800 IU), 10 microg (400 IU), or placebo. Fasting blood samplings were collected six times for analyses of serum (S-)25(OH)D, iPTH, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), and TRACP. Radial volumetric BMD (vBMD) was measured at the beginning and end of the study with pQCT. Wintertime variation was noted in S-25(OH)D, S-PTH, and S-TRACP (p < 0.001, p = 0.012, and p < 0.05, respectively) but not in S-BALP or vBMD in the placebo group. Supplementation inhibited the winter elevation of PTH (p = 0.035), decreased the S-BALP concentration (p < 0.05), but benefited cortical BMD (p = 0.09) only slightly. Healthy men are exposed to wintertime decrease in vitamin D status that impacts PTH concentration. Vitamin D supplementation improved vitamin D status and inhibited the winter elevation of PTH and also decreased BALP concentration. The ratio of TRACP to BALP shows the coupling of bone remodeling in a robust way. A stable ratio was observed among those retaining a stable PTH throughout the study. A daily intake of vitamin D in the range of 17.5-20 microg (700-800 IU) seems to be required to prevent winter seasonal increases in PTH and maintain stable bone turnover in young, healthy white men.

背景与目标： 建议：维生素D在骨吸收和形成的耦合中起作用。与女性相比，男性被认为具有更稳定的骨骼重塑，因此被认为较不易受降钙激素的季节性变化的影响。我们检查了健康男性的降钙素激素，骨重塑标志物和BMD是否存在季节性变化。此外，我们确定了需要哪种维生素D摄入量才能防止这种变化。受试者（N = 48）是来自赫尔辛基地区的21-49岁健康白人，平均日常饮食中维生素D摄入量为6.6 /-5.1（SD）microg / d。这是一项为期6个月的双盲维生素D干预研究，其中将受试者分为三组，分别为20微克（800 IU），10微克（400 IU）或安慰剂。空腹抽血采样六次，用于分析血清（S-）25（OH）D，iPTH，骨特异性碱性磷酸酶（BALP）和TRACP。在研究开始和结束时用pQCT测量Rad骨BMD（vBMD）。在S-25（OH）D，S-PTH和S-TRACP中分别观察到冬季变化（分别为p <0.001，p = 0.012和p <0.05），而在安慰剂组中则没有。补充抑制了冬季PTH升高（p = 0.035），降低了S-BALP浓度（p <0.05），但仅使皮质BMD受益（p = 0.09）。健康的男人在冬季暴露于维生素D含量降低的状况中，这会影响PTH的浓度。补充维生素D改善了维生素D的状态，抑制了冬季PTH升高，并且还降低了BALP浓度。 TRACP与BALP的比率显示了骨骼重塑的耦合性很强。在整个研究过程中，在保持稳定PTH的人群中观察到了稳定的比率。似乎需要每天摄入17.5-20微克（700-800 IU）范围内的维生素D，以防止冬季PTH的季节性增加并保持年轻健康的白人男性的骨代谢稳定。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated how visitor-use affects water quality in wilderness in Yosemite National Park. During the summers of 2012-2014, we collected and analyzed surface-water samples for water-quality indicators, including fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon), suspended sediment concentration, pharmaceuticals, and hormones. Samples were collected upstream and downstream from different types of visitor use at weekly to biweekly intervals and during summer storms. We conducted a park-wide synoptic sampling campaign during summer 2014, and sampled upstream and downstream from meadows to evaluate the mitigating effect of meadows on water quality. At pack stock stream crossings, Escherichia coli concentrations were greater downstream from crossings than upstream (median downstream increase in Escherichia coli of three colony forming units 100 mL-1), with the greatest increases occurring during storms (median downstream increase in Escherichia coli of 32 CFU 100 mL-1). At backpacker use sites, hormones, and pharmaceuticals (e.g., insect repellent) were detected at downstream sites, and Escherichia coli concentrations were greater at downstream sites (median downstream increase in Escherichia coli of 1 CFU 100 mL-1). Differences in water quality downstream vs. upstream from meadows grazed by pack stock were not detectable for most water-quality indicators, however, Escherichia coli concentrations decreased downstream, suggesting entrapment and die-off of fecal indicator bacteria in meadows. Our results indicate that under current-use levels pack stock trail use and backpacker use are associated with detectable, but relatively minor, effects on water quality, which are most pronounced during storms.

背景与目标： ：我们调查了游客的使用方式如何影响优胜美地国家公园荒野的水质。在2012-2014年夏季，我们收集并分析了地表水样品中的水质指标，包括粪便指标细菌大肠杆菌，营养物质（氮，磷，碳），悬浮沉淀物浓度，药物和激素。每周至每两周一次，在夏季暴风雨期间，从不同类型的访客使用的上游和下游采集样本。我们在2014年夏季进行了公园范围的天气抽样活动，并从草甸的上游和下游进行了采样，以评估草甸对水质的缓解作用。在打包种群的过境点处，下游的大肠杆菌浓度比上游的浓度高（三个集落形成单位100-1mL-1的大肠杆菌的中间下游增加），在暴风雨期间发生的最大增加（大肠杆菌的下游中间增加32个） CFU 100 mL-1）。在背包客使用地点，在下游地点检测到激素和药品（例如驱蚊剂），并且下游地点的大肠杆菌浓度更高（大肠杆菌中下游增加1 CFU 100？mL-1）。对于大多数水质指标而言，用包装纸放牧的草甸下游和上游的水质差异是无法检测到的，但是，大肠杆菌浓度在下游下降，表明粪便指示菌在草甸中被捕获和死亡。我们的结果表明，在当前使用水平下，背包径和背包客的使用与可检测到的但相对较小的对水质的影响相关，这在暴风雨期间最为明显。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The presence of "high-affinity-saturable" binding sites for thyroid hormones of similar characteristics not only in isolated nuclei but in all the major extranuclear cellular components, as well as the failure of cytosol to promote nuclear binding, invalidates the analogy with steroid hormone receptors and necessitates a more critical assessment of the physiological relevance of current approaches to binding of thyroid hormone in vitro nuclear preparations.

背景与目标： ：不仅在分离的细胞核中，而且在所有主要的核外细胞成分中，具有类似特征的甲状腺激素的“高亲和力饱和”结合位点的存在，以及胞质溶胶不能促进核结合，使类固醇类比无效激素受体，因此有必要对目前体外核制剂中结合甲状腺激素的方法的生理相关性进行更严格的评估。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Advanced cancers are associated with a chronic inflammation, especially high interleukin-6 (IL-6) and with various levels of adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), while ghrelin counteracts the anorexigenic effect of leptin in cancer-induced anorexia-cachexia syndrome. We aimed to understand how IL-6, adipokines and ghrelin plasma levels could be influenced by cancer on the one hand, and by age, frailty, and nutritional status in old cancer patients on the other hand. Ninety-nine patients aged 79[76-83] years old were included. Sixty-six percent had advanced stages of cancer, and 34% had cachexia. Fifty percent were at risk of malnutrition, and 10% had overt malnutrition. None of the variables studied was significantly correlated with the advanced stage, or cachexia. In multiple regression, the only parameter significantly and positively associated with age was adiponectin (p = 0.008). Despite a high prevalence of frailty in our study, we did not find any independent association of frailty (assessed by G8) with IL-6, leptin, adiponectin, or ghrelin in multivariate analysis. We observed that a low albumin level was independently associated with a higher level of IL-6 (p < 0.0001), but not with the MNA score. However, leptin showed a positive correlation with BMI (p < 0.0001), confirming the persistence of a relationship between leptin and adiposity, even in older cancer patients. Finally, high IL-6 level was associated with a higher mortality rate (p = 0.027). In conclusion, IL-6, leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin are not associated with advanced stages of cancer or cancer-induced cachexia in older subjects with cancer, but they are significantly correlated with anthropometric factors and body composition.

背景与目标： 晚期癌症与慢性炎症有关，尤其是高白介素6（IL-6）和各种水平的脂联素（瘦素和脂联素），而ghrelin抵消了瘦素在癌症诱发的厌食-恶病质综合征中的厌食作用。我们旨在了解一方面IL-6，脂肪因子和生长素释放肽血浆水平如何受到癌症的影响，另一方面又受老年癌症患者的年龄，虚弱和营养状况的影响。纳入年龄为79 [76-83]岁的99例患者。 66％患有癌症晚期，34％患有恶病质。百分之五十有营养不良的风险，百分之十有明显的营养不良。没有研究的变量与晚期或恶病质显着相关。在多元回归中，与年龄显着正相关的唯一参数是脂联素（p = 0.008）。尽管在我们的研究中脆弱性的患病率很高，但在多变量分析中，我们没有发现脆弱性（由G8评估）与IL-6，瘦素，脂联素或生长素释放肽的任何独立关联。我们观察到较低的白蛋白水平与较高的IL-6水平（p <0.0001）独立相关，但与MNA评分无关。然而，瘦素与BMI呈正相关（p <0.0001），证实了瘦素与肥胖之间的关系仍然存在，即使在老年癌症患者中也是如此。最后，高IL-6水平与更高的死亡率相关（p = 0.027）。总之，在老年癌症患者中，IL-6，瘦素，脂联素和生长素释放肽与癌症晚期或癌症诱发的恶病质无关，但它们与人体测量因素和身体组成显着相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Melanophore-stimulating hormones (MSHs) from chum salmon cause pigment dispersion in isolated melanophores of medaka, a teleost. The in vitro medaka melanophore bioassay that responded to light with pigment dispersion and to the dark with pigment aggregation was utilized for measuring the activity of melanotropic hormones. alpha-MSH I was the most potent melanophore-dispersing agent tested. The minimal dose for the induction of pigment dispersion was 10(-15) M alpha-MSH I, 10(-13) M N-des-acetyl(Ac)-alpha-MSH, and 10(-11) M beta-MSH I, respectively. The melanosome-dispersing activity of beta-MSH I was enhanced about 40% by salmon N-acetyl-endorphin I (N-Ac-EP). The results suggest that N-Ac-EP may act as an enhancer for the activity of certain MSHs. The present bioassay provides a unique method for determining the biological activity of melanotropic peptides.

背景与目标： ：来自鲑鱼的促黑素刺激激素（MSH）导致色素分散在硬骨鱼（Medaka）的孤立黑素细胞中。利用体外对色素分散的光和对色素凝集的黑暗作出反应的medaka黑色素生物测定法来测定促黑素激素的活性。 alpha-MSH I是测试过的最有效的黑色素分散剂。诱导颜料分散的最小剂量是10（-15）M alpha-MSH I，10（-13）M N-des-乙酰基（Ac）-alpha-MSH和10（-11）M beta-MSH我分别。鲑鱼N-乙酰-内啡肽I（N-Ac-EP）将β-MSHI的黑素体分散活性提高了约40％。结果表明，N-Ac-EP可能充当某些MSHs活性的增强剂。本生物测定法提供了确定黑素肽的生物活性的独特方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Metabolic processes are affected by both temperature and thyroid hormones in ectothermic vertebrates. Temperature is the major determinant of incubation length in oviparous vertebrates, but turtles can also alter developmental rate independent of temperature. Temperature gradients within natural nests cause different developmental rates of turtle embryos within nests. Despite temperature-induced reductions in developmental rate, cooler-incubated neonates often hatch synchronously with warmer siblings via metabolic compensation. The physiological mechanisms underlying metabolic compensation are unknown, but thyroid hormones may play a critical role. We applied excess triiodothyronine (T3) to developing eggs of Murray River short-necked turtle (Emydura macquarii)-a species that exhibits metabolic compensation and synchronous hatching-to determine whether T3 influences developmental rate and whether changes to incubation period incur metabolic costs. We measured heart rate, oxygen consumption and incubation period of eggs, and morphology and performance of hatchlings. Embryos that were exposed to T3 pipped up to 3.5 d earlier than untreated controls, despite no change in total metabolic expenditure, and there were no treatment differences in hatchling morphology. Hatchlings treated with T3 demonstrated similar righting ability to hatchlings from the control groups. Exposure to T3 shortens incubation length by accelerating embryonic development but without statistically increasing embryonic metabolism. Thus, T3 is a mechanism that cooler-incubated reptiles could use to accelerate their development to allow synchronous hatching with their warmer clutch mates but at little or no metabolic cost. Thus, metabolic compensation for synchronous hatching may not be metabolically expensive if T3 is the underlying mechanism.

背景与目标： ：热代谢脊椎动物的代谢过程受温度和甲状腺激素的影响。温度是卵生脊椎动物孵化时间的主要决定因素，但是乌龟也可以独立于温度而改变发育速度。天然巢穴中的温度梯度会导致巢穴中龟胚发育的速率不同。尽管温度导致发育速度降低，但较冷孵化的新生儿通常会通过代谢补偿与较热的兄弟姐妹同时孵化。代谢补偿的生理机制尚不清楚，但甲状腺激素可能起关键作用。我们将过量的三碘甲腺氨酸（T3）应用于表现出代谢补偿和同步孵化的墨累河短颈龟（Emydura macquarii）的卵的发育，以确定T3是否影响发育速度以及潜伏期的变化是否引起代谢成本。我们测量了心率，耗氧量和卵的潜伏期，以及孵化的形态和性能。暴露于T3的胚胎比未处理的对照组早了3.5 d，尽管新陈代谢的总支出没有变化，并且在孵化形态上没有差异。用T3处理的小鱼与对照组的小鱼表现出相似的扶正能力。暴露于T3可以通过加速胚胎发育而缩短孵化时间，但在统计学上不会增加​​胚胎代谢。因此，T3是一种机制，低温孵化的爬行动物可以用来加速它们的发育，以便与温暖的离合器伴侣进行同步孵化，而代谢成本却很少或没有。因此，如果T3是潜在的机制，则同步孵化的代谢补偿可能不会在代谢上昂贵。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to examine the effect of high-intensity sprint and strength training (HISST) on glucoregulatory hormones in young (20 years) and middle-aged (40 years) men. Thirty-six moderately trained men participated as volunteers in this study. After medical examination, eligible subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups according to their age: a young training group (21.3 ± 1.3 yrs, YT, n = 9), a young control group (21.4 ± 1.7 yrs, YC, n = 9), a middle-aged training group (40.7 ± 1.8 yrs, AT, n = 9), and a middle-aged control group (40.5 ± 1.8 yrs, AC, n = 9). YT and AT participated in HISST for 13 weeks. Before and after HISST, all participants performed the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). Blood samples were collected at rest, after warm-up (50% VO2max), immediately post-WAnT, and 10 min post-WAnT. Before HISST, we observed significantly higher (P < 0.05) glucose concentrations in AT (5.86 ± 0.32 mmol.L-1) compared to YT (4.24 ± 0.79 mmol.L-1) at rest, and in response to WAnT (6.56 ± 0.63 mmol.L-1 vs. 5.33 ± 0.81 mmol.L-1). Cortisol levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in AT than in YT in response to WAnT (468 ± 99.50 ng.mL-1 vs. 382 ± 64.34 ng.mL-1). Catecholamine levels measured at rest and in response to WAnT rose in a similar fashion. After HISST, this "age effect" disappeared at rest and in response to exercise in the trained groups (YT and AT). Changes in hormone concentrations with intense training are due to adaptive changes in various tissues, especially in the skeletal muscle and liver in trained subjects. HISST may, at least in part, counteract the negative "age effect" on glucose metabolism.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是检查高强度的短跑和力量训练（HISST）对年轻（20岁）和中年（40岁）男性的糖调节激素的影响。三十六名受过中等训练的男人作为志愿者参加了这项研究。医学检查后，将符合条件的受试者根据年龄随机分为四组之一：一个年轻的训练组（21.3％±1.3岁，YT，n = 9），一个年轻的对照组（21.4％±1.7岁，YC，nC = n = 9）。 9），一个中年训练组（40.7±±1.8岁，AT，n = 9）和一个中年对照组（40.5±±1.8岁，AC，n = 9）。 YT和AT参加了HISST，为期13周。在HISST之前和之后，所有参与者都进行了Wingate无氧测试（WAnT）。预热（50％VO2max）后，静息后，静息后和静息后10分钟，静息时收集血样。在HISST之前，我们观察到静息时AT（5.86±±0.32 mmol.L-1）中的葡萄糖浓度（4.24±±0.79 mmol.L-1）显着更高（P <0.05），并且对WAnT（6.56±±）有反应0.63 mmol.L-1对5.33（±0.81 mmol.L-1）。响应WAnT，AT中的皮质醇水平显着高于YT（P <0.05）（468±99.50ng.mL-1 vs. 382±64.34ng.mL-1）。静息时和对WAnT的反应中测得的儿茶酚胺水平以类似方式上升。在HISST之后，这种“年龄效应”在休息时以及在训练有素的人群（YT和AT）对运动的反应中都消失了。激烈训练中荷尔蒙浓度的变化是由于各种组织的适应性变化，特别是受过训练的受试者的骨骼肌和肝脏中的变化。 HISST可以至少部分抵消对葡萄糖代谢的负面“年龄效应”。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Context:We hypothesize that endogenous sex steroids are associated with fracture risk independent of race/ethnicity. Design and Setting:We performed a nested case-control study within the prospective Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Incident nonspine fractures were identified in 381 black, 192 Hispanic, 112 Asian, and 46 Native American women over an average of 8.6 years. A random sample of 400 white women who experienced an incident fracture was chosen. One control was selected per case and matched on age, race/ethnicity, and blood draw date. Bioavailable estradiol (BioE2), bioavailable testosterone (BioT), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured using baseline fasting serum. Conditional logistic regression models calculated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of fracture across tertiles of hormone. Results:In multivariable and race/ethnicity-adjusted models, higher BioE2 (>8.25 pg/mL) and higher BioT (>13.3 ng/dL) were associated with decreased risk of fracture (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.85; P trend = 0.001 and OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.96; P trend = 0.02, respectively). The interaction term between race/ethnicity and either BioE2 or BioT was not significant. There was no association between SHBG and fracture risk. In models stratifying by race/ethnicity, higher BioE2 was associated with a lower risk of fracture in both white women (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.87) and black women (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.96). Higher BioT was associated with a significantly lower fracture risk in only black women (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.00), P trend = 0.03. Conclusions:Serum BioE2 and BioT are associated with fracture risk in older women irrespective of race/ethnicity and independent of established risk factors for fracture.

背景与目标： 背景：我们假设内源性类固醇与骨折风险相关，而与种族/民族无关。
设计与设置：我们在前瞻性妇女健康倡议观察研究中进行了嵌套的病例对照研究。平均8.6年内，在381名黑人，192名西班牙裔，112名亚洲裔和46名美国原住民女性中发现了非脊柱骨折事件。随机抽取400名经历骨折的白人妇女作为样本。根据病例选择一个对照，并根据年龄，种族/民族和抽血日期进行匹配。使用基线禁食血清测量可利用的雌二醇（BioE2），可利用的睾丸激素（BioT）和性激素结合球蛋白（SHBG）。条件逻辑回归模型计算了激素三分位数之间骨折的比值比（OR）和95％置信区间（CI）。
结果：在多变量和种族/种族调整的模型中，较高的BioE2（> 8.25 pg / mL）和较高的BioT（> 13.3 ng / dL）与骨折风险降低相关（OR，0.65; 95％CI，0.50至0.85 ； P趋势= 0.001，OR为0.76； 95％CI为0.60至0.96； P趋势= 0.02）。种族/种族与BioE2或BioT之间的相互作用项并不显着。 SHBG与骨折风险之间没有关联。在按种族/族裔分层的模型中，白人女性（OR，0.56； 95％CI，0.36至0.87）和黑人女性（OR，0.61； 95％CI，0.39至0.96）中较高的BioE2与较低的骨折风险相关）。只有黑人女性的BioT较高与骨折风险显着降低有关（OR为0.65； 95％CI为0.43至1.00），P趋势= 0.03。
结论：血清BioE2和BioT与老年妇女的骨折风险相关，而与种族/民族无关，并且与确定的骨折危险因素无关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Largely attributable to concerns surrounding sustainability, the utilisation of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich (n-3 LC-PUFA) fish oils in aquafeeds for farmed fish species is an increasingly concerning issue. Therefore, strategies to maximise the deposition efficiency of these key health beneficial fatty acids are being investigated. The present study examined the effects of four vegetable-based dietary lipid sources (linseed, olive, palm and sunflower oil) on the deposition efficiency of n-3 LC-PUFA and the circulating blood plasma concentrations of the appetite-regulating hormones, leptin and ghrelin, during the grow-out and finishing phases in rainbow trout culture. Minimal detrimental effects were noted in fish performance; however, major modifications were apparent in tissue fatty acid compositions, which generally reflected that of the diet. These modifications diminished somewhat following the fish oil finishing phase, but longer-lasting effects remained evident. The fatty acid composition of the alternative oils was demonstrated to have a modulatory effect on the deposition efficiency of n-3 LC-PUFA and on the key endocrine hormones involved in appetite regulation, growth and feed intake during both the grow-out and finishing phases. In particular, n-6 PUFA (sunflower oil diet) appeared to 'spare' the catabolism of n-3 LC-PUFA and, as such, resulted in the highest retention of these fatty acids, ultimately highlighting new nutritional approaches to maximise the maintenance of the qualitative benefits of fish oils when they are used in feeds for aquaculture species.

背景与目标： ：很大程度上是由于人们对可持续性的关注，在养殖鱼类的水产饲料中利用富含ω-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 LC-PUFA）的鱼油已成为一个日益引起关注的问题。因此，正在研究最大化这些对健康有益的关键脂肪酸的沉积效率的策略。本研究检查了四种基于蔬菜的膳食脂质来源（亚麻籽，橄榄油，棕榈和葵花籽油）对n-3 LC-PUFA的沉积效率以及食欲调节激素，瘦素和脂肪的循环血浆浓度的影响。 ghrelin，在虹鳟鱼养殖的成长期和育肥阶段。在鱼类生产中注意到了最小的有害影响。然而，在组织脂肪酸组成上的主要改变是明显的，这通常反映出饮食的改变。在鱼油精制阶段之后，这些修饰有所减弱，但更持久的效果仍然很明显。事实证明，替代油的脂肪酸组成对n-3 LC-PUFA的沉积效率以及在成长期和肥育阶段参与食欲调节，生长和采食的关键内分泌激素具有调节作用。 。特别是n-6 PUFA（葵花籽油饮食）似乎“浪费”了n-3 LC-PUFA的分解代谢，因此，这些脂肪酸的保留率最高，最终突出了新的营养方法，以最大限度地维持鱼油用于水产养殖种类饲料中时的定性益处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Changes in the serum levels of gonadotrophins and steroid hormones with increasing age were studied in 449 women aged 40 and over to investigate the relationships between these hormones even very late in life. The levels of oestradiol (E2) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) fell after age 50 and remained low thereafter. However, while serum oestrone (E1), testosterone (T), delta-4-androstenedione (A) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations also decreased initially after age 50 they subsequently rose again progressively and this increase was in fact significant in the case of E1. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) rose after age 50, but whereas FSH remained elevated, LH decreased late in life. Cortisol (F) increased significantly after age 70. There was a significant correlation between androgens and E1 as well as between E2 and LH, even after age 60. Owing to the great heterogeneity of the population studied, it is not yet possible to speculate as to the physiopathological significance of these observations. It would seem, however, that the negative feedback effect of oestrogens on LH secretion remains operational very late in life.

背景与目标： ：研究了449名40岁及以上的女性随年龄增长而引起的血清促性腺激素和类固醇激素水平的变化，以调查这些激素之间的关系，甚至在生命的最晚时期也是如此。雌二醇（E2）和脱氢表雄酮硫酸盐（DHEA-S）的水平在50岁以后下降，此后保持较低水平。然而，尽管血清雌酮（E1），睾丸激素（T），δ4-雄烯二酮（A）和催乳激素（PRL）的浓度在50岁以后也开始下降，但随后又逐渐上升，实际上，对于E1。黄体生成素（LH）和促卵泡激素（FSH）在50岁以后上升，但是FSH保持升高，而LH在生命后期下降。皮质醇（F）在70岁以后显着增加。即使在60岁以后，雄激素和E1之间以及E2和LH之间也存在显着相关性。由于所研究人群的巨大异质性，尚无法推测这些观察的生理病理意义。但是，似乎雌激素对LH分泌的负反馈作用在生命的最后阶段仍然有效。