BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:Estrogen treatment of men with prostate cancer is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; however, the role of endogenous estrogen levels for atherosclerotic disease in men is unknown. OBJECTIVE:The objective of the study was to determine whether endogenous serum estradiol (E2) levels predict the progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness in men. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:This was a population-based, prospective cohort study (the Atherosclerosis and Insulin Resistance study) conducted in Göteborg, Sweden, among 313 Caucasian men without cardiovascular or other clinically overt diseases. Carotid artery intima-media thickness, an index of preclinical atherosclerosis, was measured by ultrasound at baseline (58 yr of age) and after 3 yr of follow-up. Serum sex hormone levels and cardiovascular risk factors (body mass index, waist to hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, serum triglycerides, plasma c-peptide, and smoking status) were assessed at study entry. INTERVENTION:There was no intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Association between baseline total and free E2 levels and progression of carotid intima-media thickness over 3 yr with adjustments for cardiovascular risk factors was measured. RESULTS:In univariate analyses, both total and free E2 levels at baseline were positively associated with the annual change in intima-media thickness. In linear regression models including E2 and cardiovascular risk factors, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and E2 were identified as independent predictors of progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness (total E2 beta = 0.187, P = 0.001; and free E2 beta = 0.183, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS:Circulating E2 is a predictor of progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness in middle-aged men. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of endogenous E2 for incident cardiovascular disease events.

背景与目标： 背景：雌激素治疗前列腺癌的男性会增加心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率。然而，内源性雌激素水平在男性动脉粥样硬化疾病中的作用尚不清楚。
目的：研究的目的是确定内源性血清雌二醇（E2）水平是否能预测男性颈动脉内膜中层厚度的发展。
设计，地点和参与者：这是一项在瑞典哥德堡进行的基于人群的前瞻性队列研究（动脉粥样硬化和胰岛素抵抗研究），研究对象是313名无心血管疾病或其他临床明显疾病的白人。在基线（58岁）和随访3年后，通过超声测量颈动脉内膜中层厚度（临床前动脉粥样硬化的指标）。在研究开始时评估了血清性激素水平和心血管危险因素（体重指数，腰围与臀部的比率，收缩压，血清甘油三酸酯，血浆c肽和吸烟状况）。
干预：没有干预。
主要观察指标：测量基线总E2水平和游离E2水平与3年以上颈动脉内膜中层厚度进展的相关性，并调整心血管危险因素。
结果：在单变量分析中，基线时的总E2水平和游离E2水平均与内膜中膜厚度的年度变化呈正相关。在包括E2和心血管危险因素的线性回归模型中，低密度脂蛋白和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和E2被确定为颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度发展的独立预测因子（总E2 beta = 0.187，P = 0.001；免费） E2 beta = 0.183，P = 0.003）。
结论：循环E2是中年男性颈动脉内膜中层厚度发展的预测指标。需要进一步的研究来研究内源性E2在心血管事件中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Tissue factor (TF) has been implicated in coronary artery disease (CAD). High levels of circulating TF are found in patients with acute atherothrombotic events. Whether high serum TF levels predict risk of future CAD independent of known risk factors remains unknown. METHODS:We conducted a prospective case-control study nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk population study. Cases (n=1037) were apparently healthy men and women, aged 45-79 years, who developed fatal or non-fatal CAD during follow-up. Controls (n=2005) were matched by age, sex, and enrolment time. Serum TF levels were measured using high-affinity antibodies. RESULTS:In men, median TF levels were not significant higher in cases than in controls (59.0 pg mL-1, range: 16.7-370.4 vs. 54.9 pg mL-1, range: 16.2-452.4). In women, median TF levels were not significant higher in controls than in cases (73.4 pg mL-1, range: 16.7-492.3 vs. 50.5 pg mL-1, range: 16.5-376.7). The incidence of smoking was about double in the lowest compared with the highest TF quartile. Correcting for sex, age, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and C-reactive protein levels, the risk of future CAD was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.81-1.36) for people in the highest TF quartile, compared with those in the lowest (P-value for linearity=0.8). CONCLUSION:High levels of serum TF were not independently associated with an increased risk of future CAD in apparently healthy individuals.

背景与目标： 简介：组织因子（TF）与冠心病（CAD）有关。在患有急性动脉粥样硬化血栓形成事件的患者中发现高水平的循环TF。血清TF高水平是否能独立于已知的危险因素来预测未来CAD的风险仍然未知。
方法：我们进行了一项前瞻性病例对照研究，该研究嵌套在欧洲癌症与营养前瞻性调查（EPIC）-诺福克人群研究中。病例（n = 1037）显然是健康的男性和女性，年龄在45-79岁之间，在随访期间发生了致命或非致命的CAD。对照组（n = 2005）按年龄，性别和入组时间进行匹配。使用高亲和力抗体测量血清TF水平。
结果：在男性中，病例中的TF中位数没有显着高于对照组（59.0 pg / mL-1，范围：16.7-370.4 vs. 54.9 pg / mL-1，范围：16.2-452.4）。在女性中，对照的中位TF水平没有比病例高（73.4 pg / mL-1，范围：16.7-492.3 vs. 50.5 pg / mL-1，范围：16.5-376.7）。与最高四分位数的吸烟者相比，最低吸烟率的吸烟者约为两倍。校正性别，年龄，体重指数，吸烟，糖尿病，收缩压，低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和C反应蛋白水平后，未来CAD的风险为1.05（95％CI： TF最高四分位数的人与最低TF四分位数的人（线性P值= 0.8）相比。
结论：血清TF水平升高与明显健康的个体未来冠心病风险增加并没有独立的关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We examined the effect of exercise on postprandial lipemia (PPL) and insulin resistance in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Subjects were 10 hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) males with insulin resistance [age = 40.1 +/- 2.2 years, body weight = 96.3 +/- 3.3 kg, fasting triglyceride (TG) = 263 +/- 25 mg/dl, VO(2)max = 37 +/- 1.1 ml/kg/min, and Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR, an index of insulin resistance) = 3.05 +/- 0.40]. Each subject performed a control trial (Ctr, no exercise), and three exercise trials at 40% (40%T), 60% (60%T), and 70% (70%T) of their VO(2)max. The order of trials was randomized and there were 1-2 weeks wash-out period between the trials. All subjects had a fat-meal in each trial. In the exercise trials, subjects jogged on a treadmill for 1 h at a designated intensity 12 h prior to a fat-meal ingestion. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal), and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve for over an 8 h-period (TG AUC) after the meal, and HOMA-IR were analyzed. The TG AUC score in 40%T was 30% lower (P = 0.003), 60%T was 31% lower (P = 0.02), and 70%T was 39% lower (P = 0.02) than Ctr. There were no significant differences in the TG AUC scores among the exercise trials (P > 0.05). The insulin concentrations in both 60 and 70%T were lower than Ctr (P < 0.01) which did not differ from 40%T. HOMA-IR in both 60%T (P = 0.041) and 70%T (P = 0.002) were lower than Ctr, but not different from 40%T (HOMA-IR: Ctr = 3.05 +/- 0.40, 40%T = 2.67 +/- 0.35, 60%T = 2.49 +/- 0.31, 70%T = 2.21 +/- 0.27). The results suggest that for physically inactive individuals with metabolic syndrome, exercising at low to moderate intensity may be sufficient to attenuate PPL and increase insulin sensitivity, whereas higher intensity exercise may be needed to normalize blood glucose.

背景与目标： ：我们研究了运动对代谢综合征患者餐后血脂（PPL）和胰岛素抵抗的影响。受试者为10名高甘油三酸酯血症（HTG）男性，其胰岛素抵抗[年龄= 40.1 /-2.2岁，体重= 96.3 /-3.3 kg，空腹甘油三酸酯（TG）= 263 /-25 mg / dl，VO（2）max = 37 -/-1.1 ml / kg / min，并且稳态模型评估（HOMA-IR，胰岛素抵抗指数）= 3.05-0.40]。每个受试者进行了一项对照试验（Ctr，无运动），并进行了三项运动试验，试验的最大VO（2）最大为40％（40％T），60％（60％T）和70％（70％T）。试验顺序是随机的，两次试验之间有1-2周的清除期。所有受试者在每次试验中均吃一顿胖饭。在运动试验中，受试者在摄入脂肪餐之前12小时以指定的强度在跑步机上慢跑1小时。在0小时（饭前），饭后2、4、6和8小时采集血样。餐后8 h（TG AUC），血浆TG，TG浓度曲线下的面积得分和HOMA-IR进行了分析。与Ctr相比，在40％T中的TG AUC得分降低了30％（P = 0.003），在60％T中降低了31％（P = 0.02），在70％T中降低了39％（P = 0.02）。在运动试验之间，TG AUC评分无显着差异（P> 0.05）。 60％和70％T中的胰岛素浓度均低于Ctr（P <0.01），与40％T无差异。 60％T（P = 0.041）和70％T（P = 0.002）的HOMA-IR均低于Ctr，但与40％T相同（HOMA-IR：Ctr = 3.05 /-0.40，40％T = 2.67 /-0.35，60％T = 2.49 /-0.31，70％T = 2.21 /-0.27）。结果表明，对于缺乏运动能力的代谢综合征患者，低强度至中等强度的运动可能足以减弱PPL和增加胰岛素敏感性，而可能需要更高强度的运动才能使血糖正常化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Japanese people in both Japan and in Hawaii have a lower incidence of hip fractures than white people in Hawaii or on the mainland of the United States. Hip fractures usually occur after a fall, and differing incidence rates of falls might contribute to the observed differences in hip fracture rates. To investigate this possibility we undertook a prospective study of falls among elderly Japanese men and women living in Hawaii using intensive surveillance methods similar to those used in studies of predominantly white populations. For our Japanese participants, the incidence rates of total falls were 139 per 1000 person years for men and 276 per 1000 person years for women. Age adjusted rate ratios of falls for predominantly white populations compared with our Japanese participants ranged from 1.8 to 2.3 for women and from 2.6 to 4.7 for men. The risk of injuries when they did fall, however, was not lower for our Japanese participants than reported for white participants. For our Japanese population, past falls, female gender, and daytime hours were associated with an increased incidence of falls.

背景与目标： ：在日本和夏威夷，日本人的髋部骨折发生率比夏威夷或美国大陆的白人低。髋部骨折通常在跌倒后发生，跌倒的发生率不同可能会导致观察到的髋部骨折发生率的差异。为了调查这种可能性，我们进行了一项前瞻性研究，研究了居住在夏威夷的日本老年男性和女性跌倒的情况，采用了与主要针对白人人口的研究相似的强化监视方法。对于我们的日本参与者，男性总跌倒发生率是每千人年139例，女性每千人年276例。与日本人相比，以白人为主的年龄调整后的跌倒比率，女性为1.8到2.3，男性为2​​.6到4.7。但是，我们的日本参与者跌倒时受伤的风险并不比白人参与者低。对于我们的日本人口来说，以往的跌倒，女性性别和白天营业时间与跌倒发生率增加相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The possible combined effects of caffeine and exercise on blood pressure (BP) regulation were examined in 34 healthy, normotensive (BP less than 135/85 mm Hg) young men (mean age 27 +/- 3 years) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design. Each subject performed submaximal and symptom-limited maximal supine bicycle exercise 1 hour apart after ingestion of placebo or caffeine (3.3 mg/kg). Heart rate, BP, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance were compared for placebo and caffeine days. Postdrug baseline showed that caffeine increased systolic and diastolic BP and peripheral vascular resistance (p less than 0.001 for each) and decreased heart rate (p less than 0.01) but did not change stroke volume or cardiac output. BP and vascular resistance effects of caffeine remained during submaximal exercise resulting in an additive increase in BP while negative chronotropic effects of caffeine disappeared. At maximal exercise substantially more subjects (15 on caffeine vs 7 on placebo, p less than 0.02) had systolic BP greater than or equal to 230 mm Hg and/or greater than or equal to 100 mm Hg for diastolic BP. Plasma norepinephrine levels were not significantly different across days, but epinephrine was higher at maximal exercise and cortisol was increased post-drug and throughout maximal exercise on caffeine days. Data indicate that caffeine increases BP additively during submaximal exercise and may cause excessive BP responses at maximal exercise for some individuals. The pressor effects of caffeine appear to be due to increasing vascular resistance rather than cardiac output.

背景与目标： ：在安慰剂对照的34名健康，血压正常（血压低于135/85 mm Hg的年轻男性）（平均年龄27 /-3岁）中，研究了咖啡因和运动对血压（BP）调节的可能联合作用，双盲交叉设计。服用安慰剂或咖啡因（3.3 mg / kg）后，每位受试者间隔1小时进行次最大和症状受限的最大仰卧自行车运动。比较安慰剂和咖啡因天的心率，血压，心输出量和外周血管阻力。药物后基线显示，咖啡因可增加收缩压和舒张压以及外周血管阻力（每个P值均小于0.001）和降低心率（P值均小于0.01），但并未改变中风量或心输出量。在次最大运动量下，咖啡因的血压和血管阻力作用仍然存在，从而导致血压增加，而咖啡因的负变时效作用消失了。在最大程度的运动中，更多受试者（咖啡因为15，安慰剂为7，p小于0.02）的收缩压大于或等于230 mm Hg和/或舒张压大于或等于100 mm Hg。血浆去甲肾上腺素水平在各天之间无显着差异，但在最大运动量时，肾上腺素较高，而在咖啡因日后和整个最大运动量中，皮质醇增加。数据表明，咖啡因在次最大运动量时会增加BP，并且可能对某些个体在最大运动量时导致过度的BP反应。咖啡因的升压作用似乎是由于血管阻力增加而非心输出量增加所致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia constitute risk factors for morbidity and premature mortality. Based on animal and in vitro studies, resveratrol reverts these risk factors via stimulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), but data in human subjects are scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of high-dose resveratrol in obese human subjects. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and parallel-group design, 24 obese but otherwise healthy men were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of resveratrol or placebo treatment. Extensive metabolic examinations including assessment of glucose turnover and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) were performed before and after the treatment. Insulin sensitivity, the primary outcome measure, deteriorated insignificantly in both groups. Endogenous glucose production and the turnover and oxidation rates of glucose remained unchanged. Resveratrol supplementation also had no effect on blood pressure; resting energy expenditure; oxidation rates of lipid; ectopic or visceral fat content; or inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. The lack of effect disagrees with persuasive data obtained from rodent models and raises doubt about the justification of resveratrol as a human nutritional supplement in metabolic disorders.

背景与目标： 肥胖，糖尿病，高血压和高脂血症是发病率和过早死亡的危险因素。根据动物和体外研究，白藜芦醇通过刺激无声交配类型信息调节2同源物1（SIRT1）来逆转这些危险因素，但人类受试者的数据却很少。这项研究的目的是检查高剂量白藜芦醇在肥胖人类受试者中的代谢作用。在随机，安慰剂对照，双盲和平行组设计中，将24名肥胖但其他方面健康的男性随机分配到白藜芦醇或安慰剂治疗4周。在治疗之前和之后进行了广泛的代谢检查，包括评估葡萄糖更新和胰岛素敏感性（高胰岛素正常血糖钳夹）。两组的主要结果指标胰岛素敏感性均无显着性恶化。内源性葡萄糖的产生以及葡萄糖的周转率和氧化率保持不变。补充白藜芦醇对血压也没有影响。静息能量消耗；脂质的氧化速率；异位或内脏脂肪含量；或炎症和代谢生物标志物。缺乏效果与从啮齿动物模型获得的有说服力的数据不同，并引起人们对白藜芦醇作为代谢障碍中人类营养补充剂的合理性的怀疑。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of body mass index (BMI) and obesity on apolipoprotein (apo) A-I levels and kinetics was examined by gender. Apo A-I kinetics were determined with a primed, constant infusion of deuterated leucine in the fed state in 19 men and 13 postmenopausal women. Compared with nonobese men, nonobese women had a higher level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apo A-I due to a 48% higher apo A-I production rate (PR) (P = .05). Obesity had no significant effects on apo A-I kinetics in women. In contrast, compared with nonobese men, obese men had a 9% lower apo A-I level due to a 64% higher fractional catabolic rate (FCR) partially offset by a 47% higher PR. Obese women had a 52% higher HDL-C than obese men (50 vs 33 mg/dL, respectively; P = .012), a finding related to the faster apo A-I FCR in obese men. BMI was directly correlated with apo A-I FCR (r = 0.84, P < .001) and PR (r = 0.79, P < .001) in men but not in women. Sixty-two percent of the variability in PR and 71% of the variability in FCR were due to BMI in men and only 3% and 23%, respectively, in women. In conclusion, BMI has a significant effect on apo A-I PR and FCR in men but not in women.

背景与目标： ：通过性别检查了体重指数（BMI）和肥胖对载脂蛋白（apo）A-I水平和动力学的影响。在19名男性和13名绝经后女性中，在喂食状态下，经初次，恒定输注氘代亮氨酸测定了Apo A-I动力学。与非肥胖男性相比，非肥胖女性具有较高水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和载脂蛋白A-I，这是由于载脂蛋白A-I的产生率（PR）升高了48％（P = 0.05）。肥胖对女性的载脂蛋白A-I动力学没有显着影响。相比之下，与非肥胖男性相比，肥胖男性的分解代谢率（FCR）提高了64％，而部分PR升高了47％，因此脂蛋白A-I水平降低了9％。肥胖女性的HDL-C比肥胖男性高52％（分别为50和33 mg / dL； P = 0.012），这一发现与肥胖男性更快的apo A-I FCR有关。男性的BMI与apo A-I FCR（r = 0.84，P <.001）和PR（r = 0.79，P <.001）直接相关，而与女性无关。 PR变异性的62％和FCR变异性的71％是由于男性的BMI而引起的，而女性分别仅为3％和23％。总之，BMI对男性的apo A-I PR和FCR有显着影响，而对女性则没有。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The relationship and degree of association between the percentage of sperm swelling (HOS-test) and conventional semen variables was investigated in 263 consecutive ejaculates. The semen samples were exclusively obtained from men suspected of primary infertility. It was found that the correlation coefficients (Spearman's rho) followed the order: percentage of progressive motility at 3 h greater than count/ml greater than percentage of total motility at 3 h greater than percentage of normal spermatozoa. Of the three morphology sub-classes considered (sperm head, mid-piece and tail abnormalities), only mid-piece abnormalities correlated with the outcome of the HOS-test (rho = -0.409). Linear relationships between HOS-test results and sperm motility and morphology, but not sperm count, were indicated by LOWESS-smoothing. However, a linear relationship between the HOS-test, sperm count and a 'functional index' combining the conventional semen variables could be demonstrated after normalization of the data. Our findings suggest that the HOS-test may be of value in assessing the functional integrity and viability of spermatozoa; however, its prognostic power for fertility is probably not different from that of conventional semen variables.

背景与目标： ：在263例连续性射精中研究了精子肿胀百分比（HOS-test）与常规精液变量之间的关系和关联度。精液样本仅从怀疑患有原发性不育症的男性获得。发现相关系数（斯皮尔曼氏rho）遵循以下顺序：大于3小时的进行性运动的百分比大于计数/ ml，大于大于3小时的总运动性的百分比大于正常精子的百分比。在考虑的三个形态学子类别（精子头，中段和尾部异常）中，仅中段异常与HOS测试的结果相关（rho = -0.409）。 LOWESS平滑显示HOS测试结果与精子活力和形态之间的线性关系，但与精子数量无关。但是，在对数据进行归一化之后，可以证明HOS测试，精子数量和结合了常规精液变量的“功能指数”之间的线性关系。我们的研究结果表明，HOS测试可能对评估精子的功能完整性和生存力具有价值。然而，它对生育能力的预后能力可能与常规精液变量没有什么不同。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Glycine-arginine-alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (GAKIC) is a relatively new supplement that athletes and fitness enthusiasts ingest to enhance performance during anaerobic exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the potential ergogenic effects of GAKIC ingestion during multiple bouts of resistance exercise. METHOD:Seven resistance-trained men participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, double-blind study. Participants were randomly assigned to placebo or GAKIC (10.2 g) and performed 5 sets of 75% of 1-repetition maximum leg press to failure. Total load volume was calculated by multiplying the 75% of 1-repetition maximum mass lifted by the sum of repetitions to failure. One week later, participants ingested the other supplement (placebo or GAKIC) and the same exercise protocol was performed (i.e., crossover). Blood lactate, glucose, and heart rate were determined preexercise and immediately postexercise. RESULTS:GAKIC supplementation significantly increased leg-press total load volume (GAKIC = 31,564 +/- 9,132 kg; placebo = 25,763 +/- 6,595 kg, p < .05). Heart rate and blood lactate were significantly increased (p < .05) postexercise compared with preexercise but were not significantly different between GAKIC and placebo. No significant changes (p > .05) were detected for one-repetition maximum and blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS:These novel findings suggest that GAKIC increases total work performed during repeated bouts of lower-body resistance exercise. Thus, our data suggest that GAKIC ingestion before weight training may increase the training volume of athletes and resistance-trained individuals.

背景与目标： 用途：甘氨酸-精氨酸-α-酮异己酸（GAKIC）是运动员和健身爱好者摄取的相对较新的添加剂，可增强无氧运动时的表现。因此，本研究的目的是研究在多次抵抗运动中摄入GAKIC的潜在人体作用。
方法：七名经过抗性训练的男人参加了一项随机，平衡，双盲研究。将参与者随机分配到安慰剂或GAKIC（10.2克）中，并进行5组1次重复最大腿部按压至失败的75％。通过将举起的1次重复最大质量的75％乘以失效重复的总次数来计算总负载量。一周后，参与者摄入了另一种补充剂（安慰剂或GAKIC），并执行了相同的锻炼方案（即交叉）。在运动前和运动后立即测定血乳酸，葡萄糖和心率。
结果：GAKIC补充剂显着增加了腿部按压的总负荷量（GAKIC = 31,564 /-9,132 kg；安慰剂= 25,763 /-6,595 kg，p <.05）。与运动前相比，运动后的心率和血液乳酸水平显着增加（p <.05），但GAKIC和安慰剂之间无显着差异。没有发现一次重复最大血糖和血糖的显着变化（p> .05）。
结论：这些新颖的发现表明，GAKIC增加了在反复进行下半身抵抗运动中的总工作量。因此，我们的数据表明，在进行负重训练之前摄入GAKIC可能会增加运动员和接受阻力训练的个人的训练量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:There have been a number of studies of treatment for men with intellectual disabilities and sexually abusive behaviour but few follow-up studies. Our aim was to follow up men with intellectual disabilities who had attended group cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT) for sexually abusive behaviour. METHOD:Thirty-four men (from seven treatment sites) were followed up. All had attended SOTSEC-ID groups. The mean length of follow-up, since the end of the treatment group, was 44 months (SD 28.7, range 15-106 months). RESULTS:The statistically significant improvements in sexual knowledge, empathy and cognitive distortions that occurred during treatment were maintained at follow-up. In all, 11 of the 34 (32%) men showed further sexually abusive behaviour, but only two of these men received convictions. Analyses of the variables associated with further sexually abusive behaviour indicated that a diagnosis of autism was associated with a higher likelihood of further sexually abusive behaviour. CONCLUSIONS:This study provides some evidence of the longer-term effectiveness of group CBT for men with intellectual disabilities and sexually abusive behaviour.

背景与目标： 背景：已有许多针对智障和性虐待行为的男性的治疗研究，但随访研究很少。我们的目的是跟进曾参加过针对性虐待行为的集体认知行为治疗（CBT）的智障男性。
方法：对34名男性（来自7个治疗部位）进行了随访。所有人都参加了SOTSEC-ID组。自治疗组结束以来，平均随访时间为44个月（SD 28.7，范围15-106个月）。
结果：随访期间，在治疗过程中发生的性知识，同理心和认知扭曲方面的统计学显着改善得以维持。在这34名男性中，有11名（32％）表现出进一步的性虐待行为，但其中只有2名被定罪。对与进一步的性虐待行为有关的变量的分析表明，自闭症的诊断与更高的进一步性虐待行为的可能性有关。
结论：这项研究提供了一些证据，表明集体CBT对于智力残疾和性虐待行为的长期有效性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Osteoporosis maintains a special position in today's medicine, regarding both its growing incidence and its clinical and social consequences--fractures, leading to the loss of self-dependence, disabilities and higher mortality rates. It was thought for many years that osteoporosis affected mainly women after menopause. At present, it is known that the problem concerns men, as well. In the present review, similarities and differences between osteoporosis in either sex are discussed, concentrating on epidemiological and pathogenetic aspects, as well as on therapeutic differences.

背景与目标： 骨质疏松症在发病率，临床和社会后果（骨折）方面均在当今医学中保持特殊地位，导致丧失自力更生，残疾和更高的死亡率。多年来一直认为，骨质疏松症主要影响绝经后的女性。目前，已知问题也与男人有关。在本综述中，讨论了两种性别之间骨质疏松症之间的相似性和差异，重点是流行病学和致病性方面以及治疗上的差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS:Impaired regulation of lipolysis and accumulation of lipid intermediates may contribute to obesity-related insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We investigated insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle (SM) of obese men with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and obese type 2 diabetic men. METHODS:Eleven NGT men and nine long-term diagnosed type 2 diabetic men (7 ± 1 years), matched for age (58 ± 2 vs 62 ± 2 years), BMI (31.4 ± 0.6 vs 30.5 ± 0.6 kg/m(2)) and [Formula: see text] (28.9 ± 1.5 vs 29.5 ± 2.4 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) participated in this study. Interstitial glycerol concentrations in AT and SM were assessed using microdialysis during a 1 h basal period and a 6 h stepwise hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (8, 20 and 40 mU m(-2) min(-1)). AT and SM biopsies were collected to investigate underlying mechanisms. RESULTS:Hyperinsulinaemia suppressed interstitial SM glycerol concentrations less in men with type 2 diabetes (-7 ± 6%, -13 ± 9% and -27 ± 9%) compared with men with NGT (-21 ± 7%, -38 ± 8% and -53 ± 8%) (p = 0.014). This was accompanied by increased circulating fatty acid and glycerol concentrations, a lower glucose infusion rate (21.8 ± 3.1 vs 30.5 ± 2.0 μmol kg body weight(-1) min(-1); p < 0.05), higher hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) serine 660 phosphorylation, increased saturated diacylglycerol (DAG) lipid species in the muscle membrane and increased protein kinase C (PKC) activation in type 2 diabetic men vs men with NGT. No significant differences in insulin-mediated reduction in AT interstitial glycerol were observed between groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION:Our results suggest that a blunted insulin-mediated suppression of SM lipolysis may promote the accumulation of membrane saturated DAG, aggravating insulin resistance, at least partly mediated by PKC. This may represent an important mechanism involved in the progression of insulin resistance towards type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01680133.

背景与目标： 目的/假设：脂解作用的调节受损和脂质中间体的积累可能会导致肥胖相关的胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病。我们调查了胰岛素抵抗正常的肥胖男性和2型糖尿病男性肥胖者的腹部皮下脂肪组织（AT）和骨骼肌（SM）的胰岛素介导的脂解抑制作用。
方法：11名NGT男性和9名经长期诊断的2型糖尿病男性（7±1岁），年龄相匹配（58±2 vs 62±2岁），BMI（31.4±0.6 vs 30.5±0.6 kg / m（2） ）和[公式：参见文字]（28.9±1.5 vs 29.5±2.4 ml kg（-1）min（-1））参与了这项研究。在1 h的基础期和6 h的逐步高胰岛素血症-正常血糖钳制（8、20和40 mU m（-2）min（-1））中使用微透析法评估AT和SM中的间质甘油浓度。收集AT和SM活组织检查以研究潜在的机制。
结果：与NGT男性（-21±7％，-38±8）相比，高胰岛素血症抑制的2型糖尿病男性的间质SM甘油浓度更低（-7±6％，-13±9％和-27±9％） ％和-53±8％）（p = 0.014）。这伴随着循环脂肪酸和甘油浓度的增加，葡萄糖输注速率的降低（21.8±3.1 vs 30.5±2.0μmolkg体重（-1）min（-1）; p <0.05），激素敏感性脂肪酶更高（ HSL）丝氨酸660磷酸化，2型糖尿病男性患者与NGT男性相比，肌肉膜中饱和二酰基甘油（DAG）脂质种类增加，蛋白激酶C（PKC）活化增加。两组之间在胰岛素介导的AT间质甘油减少方面没有观察到显着差异。
结论/解释：我们的结果表明，胰岛素介导的SM脂解抑制作用减弱可能会促进膜饱和DAG的积累，加重胰岛素抵抗，至少部分是由PKC介导的。这可能代表了胰岛素抵抗向2型糖尿病发展的重要机制。
试用注册：ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01680133。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate health related quality of life (HRQOL) using the Medical Outcomes Study 8-items Short Form Health Survey (SF-8) questionnaire in Japanese patients with early prostate cancer. METHODS:A cross-sectional analysis was done in 457 patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, androgen deprivation therapy, and watchful waiting or a combination these therapies. General HRQOL was measured using the Japanese version of the SF-8 questionnaire and disease-specific HRQOL was assessed using the Japanese version of the Extended Prostate Cancer Index Composite. RESULTS:The external beam radiotherapy group reported significantly lower values for the physical health component summary score (PCS) in comparison to the radical prostatectomy and brachytherapy groups (P < 0.05). In the analysis of both the PCS and the mental health component summary score (MCS) over time after treatment, higher scores with time were found in the radical prostatectomy group. No significant change over time after androgen deprivation therapy in the PCS was found. In contrast, the MCS was found to deteriorate in the early period, showing a significant increase over time. CONCLUSIONS:SF-8 in combination with the Extended Prostate Cancer Index Composite has shown to be a helpful tool in the HRQOL assessment of Japanese patients treated for localized prostate cancer.

背景与目标： 目的：使用医疗结果研究8项简式健康调查（SF-8）问卷对日本早期前列腺癌患者进行健康相关生活质量（HRQOL）评估。
方法：对457例前列腺癌患者进行横断面分析，这些患者接受了前列腺癌根治术，外照射，放疗，近距离放射疗法，雄激素剥夺疗法以及警惕的等待或这些疗法的联合治疗。普通HRQOL使用日文版SF-8问卷进行测量，而疾病特异性HRQOL使用日文版扩展前列腺癌指数复合材料进行评估。
结果：与放射根治性前列腺切除术和近距离放射治疗组相比，外束放射治疗组报告的身体健康成分摘要评分（PCS）值明显更低（P <0.05）。在分析治疗后随时间变化的PCS和精神健康成分总评分（MCS）时，根治性前列腺切除术组随时间的推移发现了更高的评分。在PCS中，雄激素剥夺治疗后未发现随时间的显着变化。相反，发现MCS在早期恶化，显示随时间的推移显着增加。
结论：SF-8与前列腺癌指数综合指数的组合已被证明是对接受局部前列腺癌治疗的日本患者进行HRQOL评估的有用工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Resistance to insulin occurs in chronic heart failure (CHF) and is related to prognosis. Studies of testosterone in non-(CHF) males suggest that physiological testosterone therapy improves insulin sensitivity. This was a single-blind placebo controlled crossover trial to determine the effect of testosterone replacement on insulin sensitivity in 13 men with moderate to severe CHF (ejection fraction 30.5+/-1.3). The primary outcome was the homeostatic model index (HOMA-IR) of fasting insulin sensitivity and secondary outcomes were body composition as measured by bioelectrical impedance and glucose tolerance to a standard 75 g oral glucose load. Analysis was performed on the delta values with the treatment effect of placebo compared with that of testosterone. At baseline HOMA-IR correlated with measures of body fat [% fat mass (rP=0.84, p=0.0001) and body mass index (rP=0.79, p=0.01)] but not with CHF severity. Testosterone reduced HOMA-IR (-1.9+/-0.8, p=0.03) indicating improved fasting insulin sensitivity. Testosterone also increased total mass (+1.5+/-0.5 kg, p=0.008) and decreased body fat (-0.8+/-0.3%, p=0.02). Testosterone improves fasting insulin sensitivity in men with CHF and may also increase lean body mass, these data suggest a favourable effect of testosterone on an important metabolic component of CHF.

背景与目标： 胰岛素抵抗发生在慢性心力衰竭（CHF）中，并与预后有关。非（CHF）男性中睾丸激素的研究表明，生理性睾丸激素疗法可提高胰岛素敏感性。这是一项单盲安慰剂对照的交叉试验，旨在确定睾丸激素替代对13例中度至重度CHF（射血分数30.5 /-1.3）男性的胰岛素敏感性的影响。主要结果是空腹胰岛素敏感性的稳态模型指标（HOMA-IR），次要结果是通过生物电阻抗和对标准75 g口服葡萄糖负荷的葡萄糖耐量测得的身体成分。分析了δ值，比较了安慰剂和睾丸激素的治疗​​效果。在基线时，HOMA-IR与体脂[脂肪含量百分比（rP = 0.84，p = 0.0001）和体重指数（rP = 0.79，p = 0.01）]相关，但与CHF严重度无关。睾丸激素降低HOMA-IR（-1.9 /-0.8，p=0.03），表明空腹胰岛素敏感性提高。睾丸激素还增加了总质量（1.5 /-0.5 kg，p = 0.008），减少了体内脂肪（-0.8 /-0.3%，p=0.02）。睾丸激素改善患有CHF的男性的空腹胰岛素敏感性，还可能增加瘦体重，这些数据表明睾丸激素对CHF的重要代谢成分具有有利作用。