BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Obesity is associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis, disrupted intestinal barrier and chronic inflammation. Given the high and increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide, anti-obesity treatments that are safe, effective and widely available would be beneficial. We examined whether the medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea may reduce obesity in mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS:Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a HFD for 8 weeks to induce obesity and chronic inflammation. The mice were treated with a water extract of A. cinnamomea (WEAC), and body weight, fat accumulation, inflammation markers, insulin sensitivity and the gut microbiota were monitored. RESULTS:After 8 weeks, the mean body weight of HFD-fed mice was 39.8±1.2 g compared with 35.8±1.3 g for the HFD+1% WEAC group, corresponding to a reduction of 4 g or 10% of body weight (P<0.0001). WEAC supplementation reduced fat accumulation and serum triglycerides in a statistically significant manner in HFD-fed mice. WEAC also reversed the effects of HFD on inflammation markers (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α), insulin resistance and adipokine production (leptin and adiponectin). Notably, WEAC increased the expression of intestinal tight junctions (zonula occludens-1 and occludin) and antimicrobial proteins (Reg3g and lysozyme C) in the small intestine, leading to reduced blood endotoxemia. Finally, WEAC modulated the composition of the gut microbiota, reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the level of Akkermansia muciniphila and other bacterial species associated with anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSIONS:Supplementation with A. cinnamomea produces anti-obesogenic, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects in HFD-fed mice by maintaining intestinal integrity and modulating the gut microbiota.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The perception of visceral pain is a complex process involving the spinal cord and higher order brain structures. Increasing evidence implicates the gut microbiota as a key regulator of brain and behavior, yet it remains to be determined if gut bacteria play a role in visceral sensitivity. We used germ-free mice (GF) to assess visceral sensitivity, spinal cord gene expression and pain-related brain structures. GF mice displayed visceral hypersensitivity accompanied by increases in Toll-like receptor and cytokine gene expression in the spinal cord, which were normalized by postnatal colonization with microbiota from conventionally colonized (CC). In GF mice, the volumes of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and periaqueductal grey, areas involved in pain processing, were decreased and enlarged, respectively, and dendritic changes in the ACC were evident. These findings indicate that the gut microbiota is required for the normal visceral pain sensation.

背景与目标： 内脏疼痛的感知是一个复杂的过程，涉及脊髓和高阶脑结构。越来越多的证据表明肠道菌群是大脑和行为的关键调节剂，但肠道细菌是否在内脏敏感性中起作用尚待确定。我们使用无菌小鼠 (GF) 评估内脏敏感性，脊髓基因表达和与疼痛相关的大脑结构。GF小鼠表现出内脏超敏反应，并伴有脊髓中Toll样受体和细胞因子基因表达的增加，这通过出生后用常规定植 (CC) 的微生物群定植而标准化。在GF小鼠中，前扣带回皮层 (ACC) 和导水管周围灰色 (涉及疼痛处理的区域) 的体积分别减少和扩大，并且ACC的树突状变化明显。这些发现表明，正常的内脏疼痛感需要肠道菌群。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :DuPage County Health Department collected de-identified data from health forms submitted by participating schools for academic years 2011-2015 for kindergarten, sixth-, and ninth-grade students to determine the prevalence of obesity and elevated blood pressure among public school students. The prevalence of obesity in students for the 2014-2015 school year was 15.1%, and the prevalence of elevated blood pressure was 22.8%. Students in the "obese" body mass index percentile category had an elevated blood pressure prevalence of 44.2%, which was higher than students in the "nonobese" category (P < .001). Significant differences were also observed both by sex and by grade. The results identify the need to support implementation and evaluation of policies to reduce childhood obesity and improve health outcomes. By partnering with schools to obtain preexisting health data, state or local health departments with limited resources may replicate these methods to develop a childhood obesity surveillance system.

背景与目标： : 杜佩奇县卫生部门从参与学校提交的2011-2015学年幼儿园，六年级和九年级学生的健康表格中收集了不识别的数据，以确定公立学校学生中肥胖和血压升高的患病率。2014-2015学年学生的肥胖患病率为15.1%，血压升高的患病率为22.8%。“肥胖” 体重指数百分位类别的学生的血压患病率升高为44.2%，高于 “非肥胖” 类别的学生 (P <.001)。按性别和等级也观察到显着差异。结果表明需要支持实施和评估减少儿童肥胖和改善健康结果的政策。通过与学校合作以获取先前存在的健康数据，资源有限的州或地方卫生部门可以复制这些方法来开发儿童肥胖监测系统。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although Alpinia officinarum has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several conditions, such as abdominal pain, emesis, diarrhea, impaired renal function, and dysentery, little is known about its function in obesity. In this study, we investigated the antiobesity effect of A. officinarum ethanol extract (AOE) on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). AOE dose-dependently suppressed lipid accumulation during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by downregulating CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) genes. Galangin, a major component of A. officinarum, had antiadipogenic effects in 3T3-L1 cells. AOE supplementation in mice fed a HFD revealed that AOE significantly decreased HFD-induced increases in body, liver, and white adipose tissue weights and decreased serum insulin and leptin levels. To elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of AOE in obesity, lipid metabolism-related genes were identified. AOE efficiently suppressed protein expressions of C/EBPα, fatty acid synthase, SREBP-1, and PPAR-γ in the liver and adipose tissue. The protein expression patterns, observed by immunoblot, were confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Collectively, these results suggest that AOE prevents obesity by suppressing adipogenic and lipogenic genes. AOE has potential for use as an antiobesity therapeutic agent that can function by regulating lipid metabolism.

背景与目标： : 尽管高山姜已在传统医学中用于治疗多种疾病，例如腹痛，呕吐，腹泻，肾功能受损和痢疾，但对其在肥胖症中的功能知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们研究了A. officinarum乙醇提取物 (AOE) 对高脂饮食 (HFD) 小鼠3T3-L1细胞脂质积累和肥胖的抗肥胖作用。AOE通过下调CCAAT增强子结合蛋白 α (C/ebp α)，固醇调节元件结合蛋白1 (SREBP-1) 和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ (PPAR-γ) 基因，剂量依赖性地抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化过程中的脂质积累。高良姜是a.officinarum的主要成分，在3T3-L1细胞中具有抗脂肪作用。在喂食HFD的小鼠中补充AOE表明，AOE显着降低了HFD诱导的身体，肝脏和白色脂肪组织重量的增加，并降低了血清胰岛素和瘦素水平。为了阐明AOE对肥胖的抑制机制，确定了脂质代谢相关基因。AOE可有效抑制肝脏和脂肪组织中C/ebp α，脂肪酸合酶，SREBP-1和PPAR-γ 的蛋白表达。通过定量实时聚合酶链反应证实了通过免疫印迹观察到的蛋白质表达模式。总的来说，这些结果表明AOE通过抑制成脂和生脂基因来预防肥胖。AOE具有用作抗肥胖治疗剂的潜力，可以通过调节脂质代谢来发挥作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigates the links between parents' perceptions of their social and built residential environment and obesity among Portuguese school boys and girls. A total of 1885 children, 952 girls and 933 boys, aged 3.0-10.0 years, were observed. The children's weight and height were measured, and their parents filled out the "Environmental Module" questionnaire of the International Physical Activity Prevalence Study. Age and sex-speci`fic BMI cut-off points were used to define being overweight/obese. Environmental characteristics were combined into 2 composite neighborhood indices that were used as predictors in logistic regression models. Girls living in neighborhoods perceived as having poorly built environmental conditions had increased odds of being obese (OR=1.47; p<0.005), and girls living in neighborhoods perceived as being unsafe and dangerous had also increased odds of being obese (OR=1.339; p<0.005). These relationships were not evident for boys. Improvements in the neighborhood environment could be a strategy for tackling the growing epidemic of childhood obesity and can simultaneously contribute to reduce health inequities across population subgroups.

背景与目标： : 这项研究调查了葡萄牙学校男孩和女孩中父母对其社交和建筑居住环境的看法与肥胖之间的联系。共观察到1885年名儿童，952名女孩和933名男孩，年龄在3.0-10.0岁之间。测量了儿童的体重和身高，他们的父母填写了国际体育活动患病率研究的 “环境模块” 问卷。年龄和性别特异性BMI临界点用于定义超重/肥胖。将环境特征合并为2个复合邻域指数，这些指数用作逻辑回归模型的预测因子。生活在被认为环境条件不佳的社区中的女孩肥胖的几率增加 (OR = 1.47; p<0.005)，生活在被认为不安全和危险的社区中的女孩肥胖的几率也增加 (OR = 1.339; p<0.005)。这些关系对男孩来说并不明显。改善邻里环境可能是解决日益严重的儿童肥胖症流行的一种策略，同时可以减少人口亚组之间的健康不平等。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Studies have reported that up to 60% of individuals with schizophrenia are overweight or obese. This study explored the relationship between obesity and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. METHODS:A total of 1,108 patients with schizophrenia aged 18-50 years were recruited from 10 different sites in China. Demographic and medical information were collected; the Mandarin version of Short Form 36 Health Survey questionnaire (SF-36) was used to assess HRQoL; in addition,height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). BMI was categorized into underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese using cutoffs for Asian populations recommended by the World Health Organization. RESULTS:Fifty-six percent of participants with schizophrenia were overweight or obese. A higher BMI was associated with significantly lower scores in physical functioning, role-physical, and physical component summary (p's ≤ 0.010). Obese patients with schizophrenia had significantly lower scores in 3 domains and physical component summary of the SF-36 compared with normal weight patients (p's ≤ 0.007). CONCLUSION:Obesity is associated with decreased HRQoL in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. Our findings suggest that the prevention and management of weight gain and obesity is important in improving HRQoL in patients who suffer from this devastating mental illness.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Breast-feeding is associated with maternal health, such as electrolyte metabolism, lipid profile and body component change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between duration of breast-feeding and obesity in postmenopausal women. METHODS:We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010-2012, a cross-sectional study in a Korean population. A total of 6621 postmenopausal women were analyzed. RESULTS:Body mass index and waist circumference were greater in women who had breast-fed for 6 months or more than in those who had not (BMI: 23.7±0.1 vs 24.5±0.1, P<0.0001; WC: 80.6±0.4 vs 82.8±0.3, P<0.001). This association persisted after adjustment for confounding factors (BMI: odds ratio[OR]1.54, 95% confidence interval[CI] 1.19-2.0; WC: OR1.67, 95% CI 1.29-2.17). The duration of breast-feeding tended to increase with increasing BMI and WC (P for trend, 0.001 for each). The proportions of women with greater BMI and WC increased with increasing duration of breast-feeding (27.3% in ≤6 months vs 41.2% in >18months, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION:The results of this study suggest that prolonged breast-feeding may be associated with greater BMI and WC among postmenopausal women.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Obesity affects multiple points along the breast cancer control continuum from prevention to screening and treatment, often in opposing directions. Obesity is also more prevalent in Blacks than Whites at most ages so it might contribute to observed racial disparities in mortality. We use two established simulation models from the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) to evaluate the impact of obesity on race-specific breast cancer outcomes. The models use common national data to inform parameters for the multiple US birth cohorts of Black and White women, including age- and race-specific incidence, competing mortality, mammography characteristics, and treatment effectiveness. Parameters are modified by obesity (BMI of ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) in conjunction with its age-, race-, cohort- and time-period-specific prevalence. We measure age-standardized breast cancer incidence and mortality and cases and deaths attributable to obesity. Obesity is more prevalent among Blacks than Whites until age 74; after age 74 it is more prevalent in Whites. The models estimate that the fraction of the US breast cancer cases attributable to obesity is 3.9-4.5 % (range across models) for Whites and 2.5-3.6 % for Blacks. Given the protective effects of obesity on risk among women <50 years, elimination of obesity in this age group could increase cases for both the races, but decrease cases for women ≥ 50 years. Overall, obesity accounts for 4.4-9.2 % and 3.1-8.4 % of the total number of breast cancer deaths in Whites and Blacks, respectively, across models. However, variations in obesity prevalence have no net effect on race disparities in breast cancer mortality because of the opposing effects of age on risk and patterns of age- and race-specific prevalence. Despite its modest impact on breast cancer control and race disparities, obesity remains one of the few known modifiable risks for cancer and other diseases, underlining its relevance as a public health target.

背景与目标： : 肥胖会影响从预防到筛查和治疗的乳腺癌控制连续体的多个点，通常方向相反。在大多数年龄段，肥胖在黑人中也比白人更普遍，因此可能会导致观察到的种族死亡率差异。我们使用癌症干预和监测建模网络 (CISNET) 建立的两个模拟模型来评估肥胖对种族特异性乳腺癌结局的影响。这些模型使用通用的国家数据来告知美国多个黑人和白人女性出生队列的参数，包括特定于年龄和种族的发病率，竞争性死亡率，乳房x线摄影特征和治疗效果。通过肥胖 (BMI ≥ 30千克/m(2)) 及其年龄，种族，队列和时间段特异性患病率来修改参数。我们测量了年龄标准化的乳腺癌发病率和死亡率以及肥胖导致的病例和死亡。直到74岁，肥胖在黑人中比白人更普遍; 74岁以后，在白人中更普遍。这些模型估计，美国乳腺癌病例中肥胖的比例在白人中是3.9-4.5% (模型范围)，在黑人中是2.5-3.6%。鉴于肥胖对 <50岁女性风险的保护作用，消除该年龄组的肥胖可以增加两个种族的病例，但减少 ≥ 50岁女性的病例。总体而言，肥胖分别占白人和黑人乳腺癌死亡总数的4.4-9.2% 和3.1-8.4%。然而，肥胖患病率的变化对乳腺癌死亡率的种族差异没有净影响，因为年龄对风险以及年龄和种族特定患病率的模式有相反的影响。尽管肥胖对乳腺癌控制和种族差异的影响不大，但它仍然是癌症和其他疾病的少数已知可改变的风险之一，突显了其作为公共卫生目标的相关性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes is evident in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, their associations have hardly been examined in this region. METHODS:A hospital-based case-control study in urban Ghana consisting of 1221 adults (542 cases and 679 controls) investigated the role of anthropometric parameters for diabetes. Logistic regression was used for analysis. The discriminative power and population-specific cut-off points for diabetes were identified by receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS:The strongest association with diabetes was observed for waist-to-hip ratio: age-adjusted odds ratios per 1 standard deviation difference were 1.95 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64-2.31) in women and 1.40 [1.01-1.94] in men. Also, among women, the odds of diabetes increased with higher waist circumference (1.35 [1.17-1.57]) and waist-to-height ratio (1.29 [1.12-1.50]). Among men, this was not discernible. Rather, hip circumference was inversely related (0.69 [0.50-0.95]). Body mass index was neither associated with diabetes in women (1.01 [0.88-1.15]) nor in men (0.74 [0.52-1.04]). Among both genders, waist-to-hip ratio showed the best discriminative ability for diabetes in this population and the optimal cut-off points were ≥ 0.88 in women and ≥ 0.90 in men. Recommended cut-off points for body mass index and waist circumference had a poor predictive ability. CONCLUSION:Our findings suggest that measures of central rather than general obesity relate to type 2 diabetes in SSA. It remains to be verified from larger population-based epidemiological studies whether anthropometric targets of obesity prevention in SSA differ from those in developed countries.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Renal involvement in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is very frequent but the pathogenesis of this nephropathy is poorly understood. In previous studies using dogs with VL we have detected new immunopathological elements in the glomeruli such as T cells and adhesion molecules. Although Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi-infected dogs and hamsters are considered to be good models for VL, their use is limited for immunopathologic studies. The use of isogenic mouse strains susceptible to L. (L.) chagasi infection was an alternative but, on the other hand, the renal lesions of these animals have not yet been characterized. Thus, our purpose in the present study was to characterize mice infected with L. (L.) chagasi as a suitable model to study VL nephropathy. Kidney samples were obtained from control mice (N = 12) and from BALB/c mice (N = 24) injected intraperitoneally with 20 million L. (L.) chagasi amastigotes 7, 15, and 30 days after injection and processed for histopathological studies and detection of IgG deposits. Glomerular hypercellularity was clearly visible and, upon Mason's trichrome and periodic acid methenamine silver staining, a pattern suggestive of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was observed in mice with VL. Time-dependent IgG deposits were also seen in infected mice. We consider L. (L.) chagasi-infected mice to be a suitable model for studies of the immunopathogenesis of glomerular lesions in VL.

背景与目标： : 肾脏受累于内脏利什曼病 (VL) 非常常见，但对这种肾病的发病机理知之甚少。在先前使用VL狗的研究中，我们已经在肾小球中检测到新的免疫病理元素，例如T细胞和粘附分子。尽管利什曼原虫 (Leishmania) chagasi感染的狗和仓鼠被认为是VL的良好模型，但它们的使用仅限于免疫病理学研究。使用易感L的等基因小鼠品系。(L.) chagasi感染是另一种选择，但另一方面，这些动物的肾脏病变尚未得到表征。因此，我们在本研究中的目的是表征感染L的小鼠。(L.) chagasi作为研究VL肾病的合适模型。从对照小鼠 (N = 12) 和腹腔注射2000万L的BALB/c小鼠 (N = 24) 获得肾脏样品。(L。) 注射后7、15和30天的chagasi amastigotes，并进行组织病理学研究和IgG沉积物检测。肾小球细胞增生清晰可见，在Mason的三色和高碘酸甲胺银染后，在VL小鼠中观察到提示系膜增生性肾小球肾炎的模式。在感染的小鼠中也看到了时间依赖性的IgG沉积物。我们认为L。(L。) chagasi感染的小鼠是研究VL肾小球病变免疫发病机理的合适模型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Long-term evaluation of an empirically based program for the treatment of morbidly obese, low-income, minority adolescents. METHODS:In the first year, 150 participants received cognitive-behavior therapy, nutritional education, medical monitoring, and structured exercise training. Weights and heights were collected at follow-up. Successful and Less Successful groups were delineated based on change in body mass index z-scores. Medical record review provided weight and height data one year before treatment for a subset of participants (comparison group). Analyses of variance examined differences between groups. Discriminant function analyses examined predictors of success in the domains of socioeconomic status, individual factors and psychological functioning, family factors, and prior weight loss behaviors. Correlates of success were explored. RESULTS:Eighty-three adolescents participated in the follow-up, on average 23 months (SD = 3.8) after initial assessment. Nineteen (23%) participants achieved clinically meaningful weight change (-.70 z-scores or better). Discriminant function analyses, correlations, and direct comparisons showed that the Successful group, compared with the Less Successful group, on average, attended 50% more sessions over 84% more weeks, were heavier initially, had somewhat better critical weight control skills (e.g., self-monitoring) before and during the program, and were somewhat more psychologically and intellectually challenged before treatment. CONCLUSION:Although some of these very high risk adolescents made clinically significant progress, more intensive treatments, like long-term residential treatments and bariatric surgery, may produce even more favorable outcomes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study was designed to investigate the roles of P2X3 receptors in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in colonic hypersensitivity and the effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on P2X3 receptor activity and colonic hypersensitivity of diabetic rats. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce diabetic model. Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) responding to colorectal distention (CRD) was recorded as colonic sensitivity. ATP-induced current density of colon-specific DRG (T13-L2 DRGs) neurons was measured with whole-cell patch clamp. The expression of P2X3Rs of T13-L2 DRGs was measured by western blot analysis. The results showed that AWR scores significantly increased after STZ injection. P2X3R expression and ATP current density of T13-L2 DRG neurons were enhanced in diabetic rats. Intraperitoneal injection with ALA once a day for 1 week remarkably reduced P2X3R expression and ATP current density in diabetic rats. Importantly, ALA treatment attenuated colonic hypersensitivity in diabetic rats. Our data suggest that STZ injection increases expression and function of P2X3 receptors of colon-specific DRG neurons, thus contributing to colonic hypersensitivity in diabetic rats. Administration of ALA attenuates diabetic colonic hypersensitivity, which is most likely mediated by suppressing expression and function of P2X3 receptors in DRGs of diabetic rats.

背景与目标： 本研究旨在研究背根神经节 (DRG) 神经元中P2X3受体在结肠超敏反应中的作用以及 α-硫辛酸 (ALA) 对糖尿病大鼠P2X3受体活性和结肠超敏反应的影响。链脲佐菌素 (STZ) 用于诱导糖尿病模型。对结直肠扩张 (CRD) 反应的腹部撤药反射 (AWR) 被记录为结肠敏感性。用全细胞膜片钳测量ATP诱导的结肠特异性DRG (T13-L2 DRGs) 神经元的电流密度。通过蛋白质印迹分析测量T13-L2 DRGs中P2X3Rs的表达。结果显示，注射STZ后AWR评分明显升高。糖尿病大鼠T13-L2 DRG神经元P2X3R表达和ATP电流密度增强。每天一次腹腔注射ALA，持续1周，可显着降低糖尿病大鼠的P2X3R表达和ATP电流密度。重要的是，ALA治疗可减轻糖尿病大鼠的结肠超敏反应。我们的数据表明，STZ注射可增加结肠特异性DRG神经元的P2X3受体的表达和功能，从而导致糖尿病大鼠的结肠超敏反应。ALA的给药可减轻糖尿病结肠超敏反应，这很可能是通过抑制糖尿病大鼠DRGs中P2X3受体的表达和功能来介导的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Insulin resistance occurs under conditions of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. It was found to be accompanied by down-regulation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4. Decreased adipocyte GLUT4 caused secretion by adipocytes of the serum retinol-binding protein RBP4. Enhanced levels of serum RBP4 appeared to be the signal for the development of systemic insulin resistance both in experimental animals and in humans. In mice, increased levels of serum RBP4 led to impaired glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and increased glucose production by liver, whereas lowered serum RBP4 levels greatly enhanced insulin sensitivity. Thus, a link has been established between obesity and insulin resistance: RBP4, the vitamin A-transport protein secreted into the circulation by adipocytes.

背景与目标： 胰岛素抵抗发生在肥胖、代谢综合征和2型糖尿病的条件下。发现伴随着胰岛素反应性葡萄糖转运蛋白glut4的下调。脂肪细胞GLUT4的减少引起脂肪细胞分泌的血清视黄醇结合蛋白rbp4。在实验动物和人类中，血清RBP4水平的升高似乎是系统性胰岛素抵抗发展的信号。在小鼠中，血清RBP4水平升高导致骨骼肌葡萄糖摄取受损，肝脏葡萄糖产生增加，而血清RBP4水平降低则大大增强了胰岛素敏感性。因此，肥胖与胰岛素抵抗之间已经建立了联系: RBP4，即脂肪细胞分泌到循环中的维生素a转运蛋白。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In Asia, obesity has reached epidemic proportions and physicians are likely to face a burden of obesity-related disorders, of which osteoarthritis of the knee is one. However, it is unclear whether obesity affects improvement of conventional TKAs in Asian patients. PURPOSE:We therefore asked whether obese patients with a BMI of 30 kg/m(2) or greater would have worse ROM and function after TKA compared with their nonobese counterparts and whether they would have less improvement preoperatively to postoperatively. METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed 369 patients who underwent TKAs from 2006 to 2010. We stratified patients into four groups: (1) 98 patients with BMIs less than 25 kg/m(2); (2) 158 patients with BMIs between 25 kg/m(2) and 29.9 kg/m(2); (3) 87 patients with BMIs between 30 kg/m(2) and 34.9 kg/m(2); and (4) 26 patients with BMIs greater than 35 kg/m(2). We then compared ROM, function score, Knee Society score, Oxford Knee Questionnaire, and SF-36 questionnaire(®) across the four groups at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. RESULTS:At the 6-month followup, we found a difference only in the ROM. At the 2-year followup, there were no differences in any functional scores across the four groups. Severely obese patients had greater improvement in postoperative ROM than the other groups but did not have any greater improvement in function. CONCLUSION:BMI had little clinical impact on short-term outcomes of conventional TKAs in Asian patients. The data suggest that BMI should not be used as a major determinant to exclude obese patients from surgery with the presumption of poorer outcomes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide and associated with a high health risk. Unfavourable psychological factors, lower self-ratings of health and worse health-related behaviour can be found in individuals with a low socioeconomic status (SES). Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether normal weight vs. obese subjects with a high vs. low socioeconomic status (SES) differ with regard to self-perceived health, quality of life and health-related behaviour. METHODS:Data of the Austrian Health Interview Survey (ATHIS) 2006/07, precisely of 8015 subjects were analysed stratified by sex and adjusted by age concerning these outcomes. RESULTS:The results have shown that men and women with a low SES differ significantly from those with a high SES in terms of self-perceived health, quality of life, intensity of physical activities, alcohol consumption, and eating behaviour (men: p <0.001; women: p<0.001). A significant interaction between the body mass index (BMI) and SES occurred in men concerning quality of life in the domains physical (p<0.05) and psychological health (p<0.01), in women as to self-perceived health (p<0.01), quality of life in the domains physical health (p<0.01) and environment (p<0.05), as well as physical activities (p<0.01). CONCLUSION:The SES has a strong negative impact on health-related variables, especially in obese subjects, and therefore risk assessment in the primary health-care setting should include socioeconomic factors. Furthermore, a continued strong public health programme is required with an absolute priority placed on obese subjects of low SES.

背景与目标：