BACKGROUND & AIMS: JUSTIFICATION:Hearing impairment is one of the most critical sensory impairments with significant social and psychological consequences. Evidence-based, standardized national guidelines are needed for professionals to screen for hearing impairment during the neonatal period. PROCESS:The meeting on formulation of national consensus guidelines on developmental disorders was organized by Indian Academy of Pediatrics in Mumbai, on 18th and 19th December, 2015. The invited experts included Pediatricians, Developmental Pediatricians, Pediatric Neurologists and Clinical Psychologists. The participants framed guidelines after extensive discussions. OBJECTIVE:To provide guidelines on newborn hearing screening in India. RECOMMENDATIONS:The first screening should be conducted before the neonate's discharge from the hospital - if it 'fails', then it should be repeated after four weeks, or at first immunization visit. If it 'fails' again, then Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) audiometry should be conducted. All babies admitted to intensive care unit should be screened via ABR. All babies with abnormal ABR should undergo detailed evaluation, hearing aid fitting and auditory rehabilitation, before six months of age. The goal is to screen newborn babies before one month of age, diagnose hearing loss before three months of age and start intervention before six months of age.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Plants from Suriname (South-America) and several Annona species, including A. muricata, A. ckerimolia, A. montana and A. glabra were screened for 5-HT(1A) receptor binding activity by ligand-binding-studies (LBS). Crude extracts of all Annona species and from Hibiscus bifurcatus, Irlbarchia purpurascens and Scoparia dulcis showed high activity. The isoquinoline alkaloids asimilobine (1), nornuciferine (2), and annonaine (3) were isolated as the active principles from the fruit of Annona muricata. These results may partially explain the use of Hibiscus bifurcatus and Annona muricata in traditional medicine in Suriname.

背景与目标： : 通过配体结合研究 (LBS) 筛选了苏里南 (南美) 的植物和几种番荔叶物种，包括A. muricata，A. ckerimolia，A. montana和A. glabra的5-HT(1A) 受体结合活性。所有番荔叶物种的粗提物以及木槿，紫菜和紫菜的粗提物均显示出很高的活性。从番荔叶果实中分离出异喹啉生物碱asimilobine (1)，去甲钙碱 (2) 和番荔碱 (3) 作为活性成分。这些结果可能部分解释了苏里南传统医学中芙蓉和番荔叶的使用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Although the Kinect gaming system (Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA) has been shown to be of therapeutic benefit in rehabilitation, the applicability of Kinect-based virtual reality (VR) training to improve motor function following a stroke has not been investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of VR training, using the Xbox Kinect-based game system, on the motor recovery of patients with chronic hemiplegic stroke. METHODS:This was a randomized controlled trial. Twenty patients with hemiplegic stroke were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. Participants in the intervention group (n = 10) received 30 minutes of conventional physical therapy plus 30 minutes of VR training using Xbox Kinect-based games, and those in the control group (n = 10) received 30 minutes of conventional physical therapy only. All interventions consisted of daily sessions for a 6-week period. All measurements using Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA-LE), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and the 10-meter Walk Test (10mWT) were performed at baseline and at the end of the 6 weeks. RESULTS:The scores on the FMA-LE, BBS, TUG, and 10mWT improved significantly from baseline to post intervention in both the intervention and the control groups after training. The pre-to-post difference scores on BBS, TUG, and 10mWT for the intervention group were significantly more improved than those for the control group (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS:Evidence from the present study supports the use of additional VR training with the Xbox Kinect gaming system as an effective therapeutic approach for improving motor function during stroke rehabilitation.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Flying phobia is a problem that affects a significant portion of the population. There are a number of therapeutic approaches but no one is universally accepted as the gold standard. One therapy is hypnosis. A recent addition to the armamentarium is virtual reality exposure (VRE) therapy. Both therapies are short-term and compare favorably to in vivo desensitization. Heretofore a combination of both approaches has not been reported. This article presents a case of a 50-year phobia to flying that was refractory to traditional methods including pharmacotherapy, systematic desensitization, and cognitive behavioral therapy but was successfully treated using VRE therapy and hypnosis as the primary modalities. This treatment was supplemented by other approaches. The rationale for this multimodal therapy and possible mechanisms involved are discussed.

背景与目标： : 飞行恐惧症是一个影响很大一部分人口的问题。有许多治疗方法，但没有人被普遍接受为黄金标准。一种疗法是催眠。最近在aramentarium中添加的是虚拟现实暴露 (VRE) 疗法。两种疗法都是短期的，与体内脱敏相比是有利的。迄今为止，尚未报道两种方法的组合。本文介绍了一个50年的飞行恐惧症案例，该案例对传统方法 (包括药物疗法，系统脱敏和认知行为疗法) 难以治疗，但已成功使用VRE疗法和催眠作为主要方式进行治疗。这种治疗得到了其他方法的补充。讨论了这种多模式疗法的原理和可能的机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Thirteen cultivars of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the presence of apple mosaic virus (ApMV). The virus was detected in various amounts in all tested cultivars. Control hop clones derived from tissue cultures, treated by thermotherapy and maintained in greenhouse were virus-free. The procedure for sample preparation and RT-PCR of ApMV is described in detail.

背景与目标： 通过逆转录聚合酶链反应 (rt-pcr) 测试了13个啤酒花品种 (Humulus lupulus L.) 是否存在苹果花叶病毒 (ApMV)。在所有测试品种中均检测到不同数量的病毒。来自组织培养物的对照啤酒花克隆，通过热疗处理并保存在温室中，无病毒。详细介绍了ApMV的样品制备和rt-pcr程序。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Screening programs can reduce the burden of disease, however, they can be associated with raised levels of anxiety. The risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer is increased in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). There is no prospective evidence to support screening for gynecological disease in HNPCC, however, current recommendations include the use of ultrasound and endometrial biopsy. This study assesses the impact of screening for gynecological cancer on self-reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and perceptions of health. Women from HNPCC families attending gynecological screening (n = 26) completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the ShortForm36v2 questionnaires prior to screening with transvaginal ultrasound, outpatient/office hysteroscopy, endometrial biopsy, and ovarian tumor marker assessment (CA125). The same questionnaires were completed at 3 and 6 months following screening (15/26). Women in HNPCC families attending for gynecological screening did not have excess symptoms of anxiety or depression at baseline in subjective comparison to other populations. The process of screening and false positive screening results had no significant impact on symptoms of anxiety and depression or perceptions of health. We conclude that within the limitations of analysis in this small study group, screening for gynecological disease in HNPCC does not appear to be associated with any psychological morbidity.

背景与目标： : 筛查计划可以减轻疾病负担，但是，它们可能与焦虑水平升高有关。遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌 (HNPCC) 发生子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌的风险增加。目前尚无前瞻性证据支持在HNPCC中筛查妇科疾病，但是，目前的建议包括使用超声和子宫内膜活检。这项研究评估了筛查妇科癌症对自我报告的焦虑，抑郁和健康观念的影响。来自HNPCC家庭的女性 (n = 26) 在接受经阴道超声，门诊/办公室宫腔镜检查，子宫内膜活检和卵巢肿瘤标志物评估 (CA125) 进行筛查之前，完成了医院焦虑和抑郁量表和ShortForm36v2问卷。在筛选后的3个月和6个月 (15/26) 完成相同的问卷。与其他人群相比，参加妇科筛查的HNPCC家庭中的女性在基线时没有过度的焦虑或抑郁症状。筛查过程和假阳性筛查结果对焦虑抑郁症状或健康感知无显著影响。我们得出的结论是，在这个小型研究组的分析局限性内，在HNPCC中筛查妇科疾病似乎与任何心理疾病无关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Factor V(Leiden) is the most common abnormality detected in patients examined because of hereditary thrombophilia. The most widely used clot-based screening test is based on the activated partial thromboplastin (aPTT) time. This test has a low sensitivity. A comparison of the aPTT-based test with a Russell viper venom time test (RVVT) was performed in matched samples. All samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the factor V(Leiden) defect. We studied 139 samples, of which 109 were PCR-negative; 30 were PCR-positive. Using the manufacturer's suggested threshold ratio of 2, the aPTT test showed a sensitivity of 0.43, a specificity of 0.86, and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.97. The RVVT test had a sensitivity of 1.0, a specificity of 0.95, and a PPV of 0.91. Segregation of a subpopulation of this study population into ABO group O vs non-group O showed an effect of ABO group on the aPTT test but not on the RVVT test, consistent with an influence of factor VIII clotting (factor VIII:C) on the aPTT test. The RVVT test seems superior to the unmodified aPTT test as a screening test for factor V(Leiden).

背景与目标： : 因子V(Leiden) 是由于遗传性血栓形成而在检查的患者中最常见的异常。最广泛使用的基于凝块的筛查测试是基于活化的部分凝血活酶 (aPTT) 时间。该测试灵敏度低。在匹配的样品中进行了基于aPTT的测试与Russell viper毒液时间测试 (RVVT) 的比较。所有样品均通过聚合酶链反应 (PCR) 分析因子V (莱顿) 缺陷。我们研究了139份样品，其中109份为PCR阴性; 30份为PCR阳性。使用制造商建议的阈值比率2，aPTT测试显示出0.43的敏感性，0.86的特异性和0.97的阳性预测值 (PPV)。RVVT测试的敏感性为1.0，特异性为0.95，PPV为0.91。将该研究人群的亚群分为ABO组O和非O组，显示ABO组对aPTT测试有影响，但对RVVT测试没有影响，这与因子VIII凝血 (因子VIII:C) 的影响一致aPTT测试。作为因子V(Leiden) 的筛选测试，RVVT测试似乎优于未修改的aPTT测试。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have examined maternal urine concentrations of beta core, free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and total oestriol in 373 control pregnancies and 43 pregnancies affected by aneuploidy (including 22 cases of Down's syndrome) in an attempt to see if any of the analytes have a value in Down's syndrome screening between the tenth and 14th week of pregnancy. We have compared the performance of these analytes against nuchal translucency measurement combined with maternal serum free beta hCG at the same period of pregnancy. Our results show that levels of urine free beta hCG and beta core are increased in Down's syndrome with average multiple of the median levels of 1.81 and 2.91, respectively. Urine total oestriol was reduced (0.83) whilst maternal serum free beta hCG was increased (1.72). In trisomy 18 the levels of all analytes were reduced, although serum free beta hCG was the most discriminating. The spread of results in the control and the Down's group for urine beta core was more than three times than that for serum free beta hCG and with urine free beta hCG it was two times wider. In combination with maternal age, urine total oestriol had a 32 per cent detection rate at a fixed 5 per cent false-positive rate; urine beta core 34 per cent, urine free beta hCG 36 per cent, maternal serum free beta hCG 44 per cent, and nuchal translucency 82 per cent. In combination with nuchal translucency, urine total oestriol added an extra 1 per cent detection, urine beta core an extra 2 per cent, urine free beta hCG an extra 3 per cent, and serum free beta hCG an extra 5 per cent. It is unlikely that any of the urine markers will be of value in first-trimester screening. Optimal first-trimester screening programmes will rely for the foreseeable future on nuchal translucency, serum free beta hCG, and possibly pregnancy-associated plasma protein A.

背景与目标： : 我们检查了母体尿液中 β 核心，游离 β 人绒毛膜促性腺激素 (hCG) 的浓度，以及373例对照妊娠和43例受非整倍性影响的妊娠 (包括22例唐氏综合征) 中的总雌三醇，试图在妊娠的第十周至第14周之间查看任何分析物在唐氏综合征筛查中是否具有价值。我们已经比较了这些分析物在妊娠同一时期与胎儿透明层测量结合母体血清游离 β hCG的性能。我们的结果表明，在唐氏综合症中，尿液游离的 β hCG和 β 核心水平分别增加了平均1.81和2.91水平的倍数。尿总雌三醇减少 (0.83)，而母体血清游离 β-hCG增加 (1.72)。在18三体中，所有分析物的水平都降低了，尽管无血清 β-hCG是最有区别的。在对照组和唐氏组中，尿液 β 核心的结果传播是血清游离 β hCG的三倍以上，而尿液游离 β hCG的传播是其两倍。结合产妇年龄，尿总雌三醇检出率为32%，假阳性率固定为5%; 尿 β 核心34%，尿游离 β hCG 36%，母血清游离 β hCG 44%，颈项半透明82%。结合颈项半透明性，尿液总雌三醇额外增加了1% 的检测，尿液 β 核额外增加了2%，尿液游离 β hCG额外增加了3%，血清游离 β hCG额外增加了5%。在孕早期筛查中，任何尿液标志物都不太可能具有价值。在可预见的将来，最佳的孕早期筛查计划将依赖于颈项透明层，血清游离 β hCG以及可能与妊娠相关的血浆蛋白A。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objectives of this study were to examine aspects of organization of a proposed national screening programme based in general practice. The target population of women aged 25-59 years and their general practitioners (GPs), in a defined inner city area, was identified from a population register of persons eligible for free medical services; a computerized system was developed for invitations and record linkage of cytology results. Smears were examined in one laboratory and follow up of women with abnormal smears was undertaken by one gynaecologist. A random sample of non-responders was surveyed by questionnaire. Response following two invitations was only 20%. Practices with male doctors only had significantly lower response rates (P < 0.001) than those with a female doctor/nurse. A survey of non-responders showed that over 20% of addresses were incorrect and 16% of those interviewed were ineligible for smear tests. A preference for a female to undertake smears was expressed by 67%, and 77% believed that the purpose of the cervical smear was to detect cancer. An accurate population register, health promotion, support for GP practices, provision of alternative venues for smear tests, development of computer systems, accurate data entry and fail-safe follow up are aspects of a cervical screening service which must be addressed prior to setting up a national service.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是根据一般实践研究拟议的国家筛查计划的组织方面。从有资格获得免费医疗服务的人的人口登记册中确定了在确定的内城地区25-59岁妇女及其全科医生的目标人群; 开发了一个计算机化系统，用于邀请和细胞学结果的记录联系。在一个实验室中检查了涂片，并由一名妇科医生对涂片异常的妇女进行了随访。通过问卷调查对无反应者进行了随机抽样调查。仅20% 了两次邀请后的答复。男性医生的实践仅比女性医生/护士的实践具有显着较低的反应率 (P <0.001)。对无应答者的调查显示，超过20% 的地址不正确，并且16% 的受访者不符合涂片检查的资格。67% 表示偏爱女性进行涂片检查，77% 认为宫颈涂片检查的目的是检测癌症。准确的人口登记、健康促进、对全科医生做法的支持、提供涂片检查的替代场所、计算机系统的开发、准确的数据输入和故障安全随访是子宫颈筛查服务的各个方面，在建立国家服务之前必须解决这些问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Suramin is a polyanionic compound currently used under evaluation for antineoplastic activity. One of the main problems encountered during clinical trials was an adverse neurotoxic effect, probably due to a direct cytotoxic effect on neural cells. Suramin is also known to trigger differentiation of human colon cancer cells, yet a chronic treatment induces a lysosomal storage disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate suramin analogs for their effect: (i) on the lysosomal system of the human colon cancer cell clone HT29-D4; and (ii) on C6 glioma cell growth and morphology. One of the derivatives tested, NF036, induced terminal differentiation of HT29-D4 cells without any impairment of the lysosomal system. Furthermore, in contrast to suramin, NF036 did not alter C6 cell growth and morphology. We conclude that there is a relationship between the ability of a suramin derivative to induce a lysosomal storage disorder in human colon cancer cells and its neurotoxic effect. A double screening of suramin analogs on HT29-D4 and C6 cells allowed us to identify a new candidate antineoplastic drug: NF036.

背景与目标： : 苏拉明是目前用于抗肿瘤活性评估的聚阴离子化合物。在临床试验中遇到的主要问题之一是不良的神经毒性作用，可能是由于对神经细胞的直接细胞毒性作用所致。苏拉明还已知会触发人结肠癌细胞的分化，但长期治疗会导致溶酶体贮积障碍。这项研究的目的是评估苏拉明类似物的作用 :( i) 对人结肠癌细胞克隆HT29-D4的溶酶体系统; (ii) 对C6神经胶质瘤细胞的生长和形态。测试的衍生物之一NF036诱导了HT29-D4细胞的终末分化，而溶酶体系统没有任何损伤。此外，与苏拉明相反，NF036没有改变C6细胞的生长和形态。我们得出的结论是，苏拉明衍生物在人结肠癌细胞中诱导溶酶体贮积障碍的能力与其神经毒性作用之间存在关系。苏拉明类似物在HT29-D4和C6细胞上的双重筛选使我们能够鉴定一种新的候选抗肿瘤药物: nf036。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Professional organizations have issued guidelines recommending breast cancer screening for women 50 years of age. OBJECTIVE:This study examines the percent of U.S. primary care physicians who report breast cancer screening practices that are not consistent with guidelines, and the characteristics of physicians who reported offering extra test modalities. DESIGN:We analyzed a subset of a 2008 cross-sectional Women's Health Care survey sent to primary care physicians randomly selected from the national American Medical Association (AMA) Physician Masterfile. A subset of physicians received a survey that presented a vignette of a health maintenance visit for an asymptomatic 51-year-old woman who was not at high risk for breast cancer. Responses were weighted to represent physicians nationally. PARTICIPANTS:1,654 U.S. family physicians, general internists, and obstetrician-gynecologists under age 65, who practiced in office or hospital based settings (62.8 % response rate). After exclusions, 553 study physicians remained for analysis. MAIN MEASURE:Physician self-report of breast cancer screening practices that are not consistent with the recommendations of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), and the American Cancer Society (ACS), defined as almost always offering mammography. KEY RESULTS:36.0 % (95 % CI: 31.8 %-40.5 %) of physicians reported offering breast cancer screening tests inconsistent with national guidelines, with most offering extra tests (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and/or ultrasound) (33.2 %, 95 % CI 29.1 %-37.6 %). In adjusted analysis, risk-averse physicians and those who believed in the clinical effectiveness of MRI were more likely to offer extra breast cancer screening tests. CONCLUSIONS:Physicians often report offering breast cancer screening test modalities beyond those recommended for a 51-year-old woman. Strategies, such as academic detailing regarding appropriate use of technology and provision of clinical decision support for breast cancer screening, could decrease overuse of resources.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of the study was to use in silico and in vitro techniques to evaluate whether a triple formulation of antiretroviral drugs (tenofovir, darunavir, and dapivirine) interacted with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or exhibited any other permeability-altering drug-drug interactions in the colorectal mucosa. Potential drug interactions with P-gp were screened initially using molecular docking, followed by molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the identified drug-transporter interaction more mechanistically. The transport of tenofovir, darunavir, and dapivirine was investigated in the Caco-2 cell models and colorectal tissue, and their apparent permeability coefficient (Papp), efflux ratio (ER), and the effect of transporter inhibitors were evaluated. In silico, dapivirine and darunavir showed strong affinity for P-gp with similar free energy of binding; dapivirine exhibiting a ΔGPB value -38.24 kcal/mol, darunavir a ΔGPB value -36.84 kcal/mol. The rank order of permeability of the compounds in vitro was tenofovir < darunavir < dapivirine. The Papp for tenofovir in Caco-2 cell monolayers was 0.10 ± 0.02 × 10-6 cm/s, ER = 1. For dapivirine, Papp was 32.2 ± 3.7 × 10-6 cm/s, but the ER = 1.3 was lower than anticipated based on the in silico findings. Neither tenofovir nor dapivirine transport was influenced by P-gp inhibitors. The absorptive permeability of darunavir (Papp = 6.4 ± 0.9 × 10-6 cm/s) was concentration dependent with ER = 6.3, which was reduced by verapamil to 1.2. Administration of the drugs in combination did not alter their permeability compared to administration as single agents. In conclusion, in silico modeling, cell culture, and tissue-based assays showed that tenofovir does not interact with P-gp and is poorly permeable, consistent with a paracellular transport mechanism. In silico modeling predicted that darunavir and dapivirine were P-gp substrates, but only darunavir showed P-gp-dependent permeability in the biological models, illustrating that in silico modeling requires experimental validation. When administered in combination, the disposition of the proposed triple-therapy antiretroviral drugs in the colorectal mucosa will depend on their distinctly different permeability, but was not interdependent.

背景与目标： : 该研究的目的是使用计算机和体外技术来评估抗逆转录病毒药物的三重制剂 (替诺福韦，达罗纳韦和达比韦林) 是否与P-糖蛋白 (P-gp) 相互作用或表现出任何其他渗透性改变的药物-大肠粘膜中的药物相互作用。最初使用分子对接筛选与P-gp的潜在药物相互作用，然后进行分子动力学模拟，以更机械地分析已鉴定的药物-转运蛋白相互作用。在Caco-2细胞模型和结直肠组织中研究了替诺福韦，达鲁纳韦和达比韦林的转运，并评估了它们的表观渗透系数 (Papp)，流出比 (ER) 和转运蛋白抑制剂的作用。在计算机中，达皮韦林和达卢纳韦对P-gp表现出很强的亲和力，具有相似的结合自由能; 达皮韦林表现出 Δ gpb值-38.24 kcal/mol，达卢纳韦a Δ gpb值-36.84 kcal/mol。化合物体外通透性的等级顺序为替诺福韦 <达瑞那韦 <达瑞韦林。替诺福韦在Caco-2细胞单层中的Papp为0.10 ± 0.02 × 10-6厘米/s，ER = 1。对于dapivirine，Papp为32.2 ± 3.7 × 10-6厘米/s，但ER = 1.3低于基于计算机研究结果的预期。替诺福韦和达比韦林的转运均不受P-gp抑制剂的影响。darunavir的吸收渗透率 (Papp = 6.4 ± 0.9 × 10-6厘米/s) 与ER = 6.3有关，维拉帕米将其降低至1.2。与作为单一药物施用相比，联合施用药物不会改变其渗透性。总之，在计算机模拟，细胞培养和基于组织的测定中，替诺福韦不与P-gp相互作用，渗透性差，与细胞旁转运机制一致。在计算机模拟中预测darunavir和dapivirine是P-gp底物，但只有darunavir在生物模型中显示出P-gp依赖性渗透性，这说明在计算机模拟中需要实验验证。当联合给药时，拟议的三联疗法抗逆转录病毒药物在大肠粘膜中的配置将取决于它们明显不同的渗透性，但不是相互依存的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the usability of a neuropsychological screening instrument and two observation scales of everyday behaviour to describe cognitive and functional capacity of patients with multiepisode schizophrenia and considerable care needs, who frequently refuse to participate in cognitive testing or performance-based functional measurement. SETTING:One psychiatric unit specialised in severe mental illness at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS:Patients were included consecutively from date of admission to the unit. INCLUSION CRITERIA:age 18-65 years, International Classification of Diseases 10 diagnoses F20.0-F20.9 (schizophrenia) or F25.0-F25.9 (schizoaffective disorder) since at least 5 years. EXCLUSION CRITERIA:acute serious psychotic episodes or physical illness, alcohol or drug abuse during the year before the study, diagnosed cerebral disorder at admission to the unit, and insufficient ability to speak Swedish. 64 patients filled the criteria and 19 accepted participation: 14 males, 5 females, median age 56 years. OUTCOME MEASURES:Barrow Neurological Institute Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions (BNIS) scores, measured by a psychologist; Frontal Systems Behaviour Scale (FrSBe) Family Version and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) V.4.0 scores, measured by nursing staff. Non-parametric statistics were consistently applied to process the data. RESULTS:Failure analysis showed differences regarding gender and subdiagnoses between participants and non-participants. All participants had BNIS scores indicating cognitive dysfunction. FrSBe group medians showed apathy and executive problems, indicating possible frontal lobe disturbance. FIM showed dependency on others for linguistic and social communication, everyday problem solving, and remembering persons and daily routines. Correlations between FrSBe and FIM (p≤0.01) suggested executive dysfunction being crucial to explain difficulties in performing activities of daily functioning. CONCLUSIONS:Indications of considerable cognitive and functional difficulties found among the participants suggestedthat the instruments are clinically applicable for tentative assessment of cognitive and functional ability among patients with multiepisode schizophrenia and considerable care needs.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of different nutritional screening tools in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with regard to an adverse clinical course. METHODS:This prospective cohort study analyzed 894 adult patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients were screened using four nutritional screening tools: Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002), the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and the Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ). Nutritional status was assessed using the Subjective Global Assessment. In-hospital mortality, postoperative complications, length of stay in the intensive care unit, and length of hospitalization were analyzed. RESULTS:The sensitivities of the SNAQ, MUST, and NRS-2002 to detect the malnutrition confirmed by the Subjective Global Assessment were 91.5%, 97.9%, and 38.3%, respectively, and the MNA showed a sensitivity of 81.8% for the elderly. Malnutrition detected by the SNAQ, MUST, and NRS-2002 was associated with postoperative complications (odds ratios [ORs] 1.75, 1.98, and 1.82, respectively) and a stay in the intensive care unit longer than 2 d (ORs 1.46, 1.56, and 2.8). Malnutrition as detected by the SNAQ and MUST was also associated with prolonged hospitalization (ORs 1.49 and 1.59). According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, postoperative complications were independently predicted by the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (OR 1.1, P < 0.0001), cardiopulmonary bypass time (OR 1.01, P < 0.0001), and malnutrition identified by the MUST (OR 1.2, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION:The MUST independently predicts postoperative complications. The SNAQ and MUST have comparable accuracy in detecting malnutrition. Whether preoperative nutritional therapy would improve the outcome in malnourished patients needs to be studied.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Five compounds known to be pheromone components of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Cerambycinae were field-tested as attractants and possible pheromones for the cerambycid fauna of Hungary. Nine cerambycid species were caught in baited traps. Large numbers of both sexes of the cerambycine species Molorchus umbellatarum Schreb. were caught in traps baited with (2R*,3S*)-octanediol, while the diastereomeric (2R*,3R*)-octanediol was to some extent attractive as well. This is the first report on an aggregation attractant and a likely pheromone for a species in the cerambycine tribe Molorchini. The results of our study support the hypothesis that the diol/hydroxyketone pheromone motif is characteristic of and highly conserved within the subfamily Cerambycinae. Intraspecific chemical communication is summarized for the subfamily Cerambycinae, and possible links between taxonomy, insect behaviour, and pheromone structures are described.

背景与目标： : 已对五种已知为Cerambycinae亚科长角甲虫 (鞘翅目: 天牛科) 的信息素成分的化合物进行了现场测试，作为匈牙利cerambycid动物区系的引诱剂和可能的信息素。九种cerambycid物种被诱饵捕获。cerambycine物种Molorchus umpelatarum Schreb的两性都被捕获在诱捕器中，诱捕了 (2R *，3S *)-辛二醇，而非对映异构体 (2R *，3R *)-辛二醇也在一定程度上具有吸引力。这是有关cerambycine部落moorchini中某个物种的聚集引诱剂和可能的信息素的第一份报告。我们的研究结果支持以下假设: 二醇/羟基酮信息素基序是Cerambycinae亚科的特征并高度保守。总结了Cerambycinae亚科的种内化学通讯，并描述了分类学，昆虫行为和信息素结构之间的可能联系。