BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Vaccination against hepatitis B virus has rarely been associated with lichen planus. We report a case of this kind in a child from Nepal. A 12-year-old boy had developed generalized itchy violaceous papules and plaques six weeks after the second dose of hepatitis B virus vaccine. Serum HBsAg and HBeAb were negative, but HBsAb was positive. New crops of generalized, similar eruptions developed after the booster dose of vaccine. All the lesions resolved within three months of systemic steroid therapy. There was no recurrence after one year of follow up. Awareness of such an association is necessary, especially in children, because vaccination campaigns are increasing.

背景与目标： : 针对乙型肝炎病毒的疫苗接种很少与扁平苔藓有关。我们报告了一名来自尼泊尔的儿童的此类案件。一名12岁男孩在第二剂乙型肝炎病毒疫苗接种六周后出现了全身发痒的紫红色丘疹和斑块。血清HBsAg和HBeAb均为阴性，但HBsAb为阳性。在加强剂量的疫苗之后，出现了普遍的，类似的爆发的新作物。所有病变在全身类固醇治疗后三个月内消失。随访1年后无复发。对这种关联的认识是必要的，尤其是在儿童中，因为疫苗接种运动正在增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Concentrations of serum anti-Haemophilus influenzae type b (anti-Hib) capsular polysaccharide (CPS) >/=0.15 and >/=1.0 microgram/mL are widely used as surrogates for protection against invasive Hib disease. However, the relationship between serum anti-Hib CPS following immunization and protection against colonization is not known, making it difficult to evaluate new Hib vaccines or combination vaccines. In the Dominican Republic, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 546 9-month-old infants who had received Hib conjugate vaccine at ages 2, 4, and 6 months and from 600 unvaccinated infants of the same age. The prevalence of Hib colonization was lower among vaccinated infants than among unvaccinated infants (0.9% vs. 2.3%). Among vaccinated infants, protection against colonization was significantly correlated with anti-Hib CPS concentrations >/=5 microgram/mL 1 month following the third dose of vaccine. These results suggest that the concentration of serum anti-Hib CPS needed for protection against colonization is greater than that needed for protection for invasive disease.

背景与目标： : 血清抗流感嗜血杆菌b型 (抗Hib) 荚膜多糖 (CPS) 的浓度>/= 0.15和>/= 1.0微克/毫升被广泛用作预防侵袭性Hib疾病的替代物。然而预防接种后血清抗Hib CPS与抗定植保护之间的关系尚不清楚，因此难以评估新的Hib疫苗或组合疫苗。在多米尼加共和国，从546名在2、4和6个月龄接受Hib结合疫苗的9个月大婴儿和600名同龄未接种疫苗的婴儿中收集鼻咽拭子。接种疫苗的婴儿中Hib定植的患病率低于未接种疫苗的婴儿 (0.9% 对2.3%)。在接种疫苗的婴儿中，在第三剂疫苗接种后1个月，抗定植的保护作用与抗Hib CPS浓度>/= 5微克/毫升显着相关。这些结果表明，预防定植所需的血清抗Hib CPS浓度高于预防侵袭性疾病所需的血清抗Hib CPS浓度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:In June 2015, Alberta, Canada instituted a universal publicly funded rotavirus vaccination programme (Rotarix, RV1), with vaccine doses scheduled for 2 and 4 months of age. Vaccination was restricted so that infants were only allowed to receive first dose between 6 and 20 weeks of age, and second dose before eight calendar months of age. We assessed the coverage and schedule non-compliance of rotavirus vaccination for babies born between June 2015 and August 2016, that is, since the inception of the publicly funded rotavirus vaccination programme, and determined factors associated with rotavirus vaccine uptake. DESIGN:Retrospective cohort study using linked administrative health data. SETTING:Alberta, Canada. PARTICIPANTS:Cohort of 66 689 children. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) First and second dose rotavirus vaccination coverage, (2) percent of children non-compliant with recommended vaccine schedule and (3) adjusted ORs for factors associated with vaccination status. RESULTS:For the 66 689 children included in the study, coverage levels for one-dose and two-dose rotavirus vaccination were 87% and 83%, respectively. In comparison, two-dose diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-polio-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine coverage was 92%, despite having the same dosing schedule. Schedule non-compliance during the publicly funded programme was very low. We observed socioeconomic disparities in the uptake of the vaccine, with income, location of residence and number of children in the household all contributing to the odds of a child being vaccinated with rotavirus. CONCLUSIONS:Compliance to the recommended rotavirus schedule was very high, suggesting that even with the restrictive rotavirus vaccine schedule, the vaccine can be delivered on-time. However, rotavirus vaccine coverage remained lower than DTaP, a similarly scheduled childhood vaccination. We also observed socioeconomic disparities in vaccine uptake. These findings raise concerns about rotavirus protection in the groups at highest risk for gastrointestinal illness, including low-income and rural populations.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The authors evaluated the association between receipt of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and asthma-like disease in early childhood in a Danish nationwide cohort study (N = 871,234). Two outcomes were included: hospitalizations with asthma diagnoses and use of anti-asthma medications (for a subset of the cohort only). Poisson regression was used to estimate rate ratios according to vaccination status. MMR-vaccinated children were less often hospitalized with an asthma diagnosis (rate ratio (RR) = 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73, 0.78) and used fewer courses of anti-asthma medication (RR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.92) than unvaccinated children. This "protective" effect of MMR vaccine was more pronounced for hospitalizations with severe asthma diagnoses (status asthmaticus: RR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.82) and use of medication that was highly specific for asthma (long-acting beta2-agonist inhalant: RR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.73). MMR vaccine was not negatively associated with anti-asthma medications often used for wheezing illnesses in early childhood (systemic beta2-agonist: RR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.02). These results are compatible not with an increased risk of asthma following MMR vaccination but rather with the hypothesis that MMR vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of asthma-like disease in young children.

背景与目标： : 作者在丹麦的一项全国队列研究 (N = 871,234) 中评估了麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹 (MMR) 疫苗接种与儿童早期哮喘样疾病之间的关系。包括两个结果: 诊断为哮喘的住院治疗和使用抗哮喘药物 (仅针对该队列的一个子集)。泊松回归用于根据疫苗接种状况估计比率。与未接种疫苗的儿童相比，接种MMR的儿童因哮喘诊断而住院的频率较低 (率比 (RR) = 0.75，95% 置信区间 (CI): 0.73，0.78)，使用抗哮喘药物的疗程较少 (RR = 0.92，95% CI: 0.91，0.92)。MMR疫苗的这种 “保护” 作用对于严重哮喘诊断 (哮喘状态: RR = 0.63，95% CI: 0.49，0.82) 和使用对哮喘具有高度特异性的药物 (长效beta2-agonist吸入剂: RR = 0.68，95% CI: 0.63，0.73)。MMR疫苗与儿童早期经常用于喘息疾病的抗哮喘药物没有负相关 (系统beta2-agonist: RR = 1.02，95% CI: 1.01，1.02)。这些结果与MMR疫苗接种后哮喘风险增加不一致，而是与MMR疫苗接种与幼儿哮喘样疾病风险降低相关的假设一致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Hepatitis B virus infection is a major health problem. Although non-response is known to increase with age, hepatitis B vaccinations are considered to have only minor non-response rates (anti-HBs<10IU/L) in healthy subjects. OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to quantify immunosenescence in a large retrospective cohort of 11,439 healthy adults who received HBV immunisation according to the standard vaccination regime. STUDY DESIGN:We evaluated the response to the standard three-dose vaccination regimen, consisting of 20-μg doses of the HbsAg recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine, among 11,439 healthy employees using a retrospective cohort design. Logistic regression was applied to predict the non-response rate, and multivariate regression analysis was applied to predict antibody response. Predictors of responsiveness included sex, age and time between the last vaccination and antibody titre measurement. RESULTS:From the age of 29 on in men and 43 on in women, more than 5% of subjects did not respond. Compared with women, men had a higher risk of non-response and exhibited a steeper decline in antibody titres produced with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS:This retrospective cohort study demonstrates that immunosenescence starts at young age, especially among men, underlining the importance of vaccination at a young age to achieve long-lasting immunity. Moreover, HBV vaccination should always include testing for antibodies to facilitate the performance of necessary interventions to prevent long-term fatal complications.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:To evaluate the immunological responses of personalized peptide vaccination combined with low-dose glucocorticoids for advanced hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) patients (pts). METHODS:Eleven pts with advanced HRPC were treated with the vaccination and low-dose glucocorticoids; 6 pts with 10 mg/day of prednisolone (PDL) followed by 1 mg/day of dexamethasone at the time of progression, 1 pt with PDL, and 4 pts with dexamethasone. Peptide-specific cellular and humoral responses were employed to monitor pre- and post- (6th) vaccination samples. RESULTS:The vaccination combined with glucocorticoids was well tolerated with no severe adverse effects. Increments of IgG responses were observed in 1 of 4 or 8 of 10 pts tested who received PDL or dexamethasone, respectively, increment of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity was observed in 2 of 4 or 5 of 7 pts tested, respectively. Vaccination with PDL or dexamethasone resulted in a decline of PSA (at least 50%) in 1 of 7 or 6 of 10 pts with significantly longer median TTP in the dexamethasone group, respectively. CONCLUSION:Vaccination combined with dexamethasone could be recommended for further clinical trials from both immunological and clinical points of view.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The WHO Director-General has issued a call for action to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. To help inform global efforts, we modelled potential human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and cervical screening scenarios in low-income and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) to examine the feasibility and timing of elimination at different thresholds, and to estimate the number of cervical cancer cases averted on the path to elimination. METHODS:The WHO Cervical Cancer Elimination Modelling Consortium (CCEMC), which consists of three independent transmission-dynamic models identified by WHO according to predefined criteria, projected reductions in cervical cancer incidence over time in 78 LMICs for three standardised base-case scenarios: girls-only vaccination; girls-only vaccination and once-lifetime screening; and girls-only vaccination and twice-lifetime screening. Girls were vaccinated at age 9 years (with a catch-up to age 14 years), assuming 90% coverage and 100% lifetime protection against HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Cervical screening involved HPV testing once or twice per lifetime at ages 35 years and 45 years, with uptake increasing from 45% (2023) to 90% (2045 onwards). The elimination thresholds examined were an average age-standardised cervical cancer incidence of four or fewer cases per 100 000 women-years and ten or fewer cases per 100 000 women-years, and an 85% or greater reduction in incidence. Sensitivity analyses were done, varying vaccination and screening strategies and assumptions. We summarised results using the median (range) of model predictions. FINDINGS:Girls-only HPV vaccination was predicted to reduce the median age-standardised cervical cancer incidence in LMICs from 19·8 (range 19·4-19·8) to 2·1 (2·0-2·6) cases per 100 000 women-years over the next century (89·4% [86·2-90·1] reduction), and to avert 61·0 million (60·5-63·0) cases during this period. Adding twice-lifetime screening reduced the incidence to 0·7 (0·6-1·6) cases per 100 000 women-years (96·7% [91·3-96·7] reduction) and averted an extra 12·1 million (9·5-13·7) cases. Girls-only vaccination was predicted to result in elimination in 60% (58-65) of LMICs based on the threshold of four or fewer cases per 100 000 women-years, in 99% (89-100) of LMICs based on the threshold of ten or fewer cases per 100 000 women-years, and in 87% (37-99) of LMICs based on the 85% or greater reduction threshold. When adding twice-lifetime screening, 100% (71-100) of LMICs reached elimination for all three thresholds. In regions in which all countries can achieve cervical cancer elimination with girls-only vaccination, elimination could occur between 2059 and 2102, depending on the threshold and region. Introducing twice-lifetime screening accelerated elimination by 11-31 years. Long-term vaccine protection was required for elimination. INTERPRETATION:Predictions were consistent across our three models and suggest that high HPV vaccination coverage of girls can lead to cervical cancer elimination in most LMICs by the end of the century. Screening with high uptake will expedite reductions and will be necessary to eliminate cervical cancer in countries with the highest burden. FUNDING:WHO, UNDP, UN Population Fund, UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Canadian Institute of Health Research, Fonds de recherche du Québec-Santé, Compute Canada, National Health and Medical Research Council Australia Centre for Research Excellence in Cervical Cancer Control.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:Childhood non-vaccination can have different short-and long-term negative outcomes on their health. In Ethiopia, in addition to low coverage of full vaccination, street children were among the neglected part of the community who were missed during planning and reporting vaccination coverage. Moreover, there is no related research conducted on this title specifically. Objective:The objective of the study was to assess the vaccination status and its associated factors among street children 9-24 months old in Sidama zone. Methods:Community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in four selected towns of Sidama region, southern Ethiopia. The convenience sampling method was applied to involve mothers of street children younger than two years during the study period. Data entry was done with EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS22 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with immunization status of street children. Results:A significant number (26 [24.3%]) of the street children younger than two years were not vaccinated. Those mothers who are ≤20 years old (P = 0.014, AOR = 0.216, 95% CI: 0.064-0.732) and who gave birth at home (P = 0.029, AOR = 0.292, 95% CI: 0.097-0.879) had less odds of vaccinating their child than those older than 20 and who gave birth at health facility respectively. Conclusion:A significant number of the street children in this study are not fully vaccinated. Mothers aged <20 years and home births were significantly associated with non-vaccination status.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying tumor-specific immune response and tumor escape has considerably increased. HLA class I antigen defects remain an important tumor escape mechanism since they influence the interactions between tumor cells and specific T and NK cells in the course of malignant disease. We have studied here HLA class I expression in six subcutaneous metastases obtained from a melanoma patient immunized with an autologous melanoma cell vaccine (M-VAX). We report in this paper that HLA class I antigen expression on these metastatic lesions strongly correlated with the course of the disease. The three metastases that were partially regressing at the time of their excision showed a strong HLA class I expression, whereas the progressing ones showed a very weak or negative staining with most of the anti-HLA class I mAbs used. Real-time quantitative PCR of the samples obtained from microdissected tumor tissue revealed a significant difference in the mRNA levels of HLA-ABC heavy chain and beta2m between the two types of metastases, i.e., lower levels in progressing metastases and high levels in regressing ones, confirming the immunohistological findings. This is, to our knowledge, the first report where the clinical outcome of different HLA class I positive and negative melanoma metastases can be clearly correlated with the regression and progression of the disease, respectively.

背景与目标： : 我们对肿瘤特异性免疫反应和肿瘤逃逸机制的了解已大大增加。HLA I类抗原缺陷仍然是重要的肿瘤逃逸机制，因为它们在恶性疾病过程中会影响肿瘤细胞与特异性T和NK细胞之间的相互作用。我们在这里研究了用自体黑素瘤细胞疫苗 (m-vax) 免疫的黑素瘤患者获得的六个皮下转移中的HLA I类表达。我们在本文中报告了这些转移性病变上的HLA I类抗原表达与疾病的进程密切相关。切除时部分消退的三个转移灶显示出较强的HLA I类表达，而大多数使用的抗HLA I类mab，进展的转移灶显示出非常弱或阴性的染色。从显微解剖的肿瘤组织获得的样品的实时定量PCR显示，两种转移类型之间hla-abc重链和beta2m的mRNA水平存在显着差异，即进展转移中的水平较低，而消退中的水平较高，证实了免疫组织学发现。据我们所知，这是第一份报告，其中不同的HLA I类阳性和阴性黑色素瘤转移的临床结果可以分别与疾病的消退和进展明确相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To assess rates of influenza vaccination among children with asthma; document the frequency, timing, and patterns of missed opportunities to vaccinate during successive influenza seasons; and project potential influenza vaccination rates that could be achieved by reducing or eliminating missed opportunities. SETTING:Michigan Medicaid program during the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 influenza seasons. DESIGN:Retrospective cohort analysis of administrative claims. PARTICIPANTS:We evaluated the claims of 4358 children aged 5 to 18 years with persistent asthma who were continuously enrolled in Medicaid. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Influenza vaccinations and missed opportunities assessed using procedure and diagnosis codes. RESULTS:During the 2001-2002 season, 16.7% of children with asthma received an influenza vaccination; during 2002-2003, 21.8% received the vaccine (9.5% vaccinated in both seasons). However, 76.5% of children had at least 1 office visit during the 2001-2002 influenza season (75.3% during 2002-2003). Among children without influenza vaccination, 72.9% had at least 1 missed opportunity for vaccination during the 2001-2002 season and 69.3% during 2002-2003. The most common outcome was having at least 1 missed opportunity (39.6%) in each of 2 successive influenza seasons. Eliminating missed opportunities prior to the historical peak of influenza season would have increased the influenza vaccination rate among this population of children to 76%. CONCLUSIONS:Missed opportunities for influenza vaccination among children with asthma are common and are often repeated from one influenza season to the next. Future studies should assess how interventions could be aimed at patients and health care professionals to improve awareness of the need for annual influenza vaccination.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Studies investigating timeliness for childhood vaccination are limited especially in Asia. We examined the timeliness of vaccine administration and associated factors among infant and young children in Singapore. A total of 782 children born between November 2009 and July 2011 from a prospective cohort in Singapore were studied. Vaccination records from birth to 24 months of age were obtained from the National Immunization Registry of Singapore. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed. By 2 years of age, 92.8% of children in our cohort experienced a delay in receiving 1 or more vaccine doses according to the recommended national immunization schedule. When vaccinations were reviewed by series for each vaccine, 15.6% received all vaccine series outside the recommended age ranges. Factors associated with receiving vaccination series outside the recommended ages included maternal aged ≤ 35 years (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.09, 3.66), Malay (1.71; 1.01, 2.89) or Indian ethnicity (2.06; 1.19, 3.59), low monthly household income (1.91; 1.14, 3.18), having at least four children (3.46; 1.62, 7.38) and private (3.42; 1.80, 6.48) and multiple vaccination providers (3.91; 1.23, 12.48). These findings show an unacceptably high proportion of children experienced a delay in the receipt of their vaccinations. The identification of several demographic, socioeconomic, health-seeking behavioural and vaccine provider factors provides opportunities for targeted interventions to enhance the timeliness of childhood vaccination in Singapore.

背景与目标： : 调查儿童疫苗接种及时性的研究有限，尤其是在亚洲。我们研究了新加坡婴幼儿疫苗接种的及时性和相关因素。从新加坡的一个前瞻性队列中总共研究了782名2009年11月至2011年7月之间出生的儿童。从出生到24个月大的疫苗接种记录是从新加坡国家预防接种登记处获得的。采用多变量logistic回归模型。到2岁时，根据推荐的国家预防接种计划，我们队列中的92.8% 儿童在接受1次或更多次疫苗剂量方面经历了延迟。当对每种疫苗按系列审查疫苗接种时，15.6% 接受了推荐年龄范围以外的所有系列疫苗。与在推荐年龄之外接受疫苗接种系列相关的因素包括年龄 ≤   35岁 (或2.00岁; 95% CI 1.09，3.66)，马来人 (1.71; 1.01，2.89) 或印第安人 (2.06; 1.19，3.59)，低家庭月收入 (1.91; 1.14，3.18)，有至少四个孩子 (3.46; 1.62、7.38) 和私人 (3.42; 1.80、6.48) 和多个疫苗接种提供者 (3.91; 1.23、12.48)。这些发现表明，接受疫苗接种的延迟儿童比例高得令人无法接受。确定了一些人口，社会经济，寻求健康的行为和疫苗提供者的因素，为有针对性的干预措施提供了机会，以提高新加坡儿童疫苗接种的及时性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We report the first synthetic peptide vaccine eliciting strong CD8(+) and CD4(+) T lymphocyte responses in humans. The vaccine, representing the C-terminal region of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum (amino acids 282-383) was well tolerated and strong sporozoite-specific antibodies were elicited. In addition, robust lymphocyte proliferation responses were equally elicited with concomitant in vitro production of IFN-gamma, crucial in the elimination of the parasite. Most importantly, we also observed the development of CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses decisive in the immunity to malaria. The latter finding opens new, possibly safer, avenues for vaccination strategies when a CD8(+) T cell response is needed.

背景与目标： : 我们报告了第一个合成肽疫苗，在人类中引起强烈的CD8 () 和CD4 () T淋巴细胞反应。代表恶性疟原虫环子孢子蛋白 (氨基酸282-383) 的C末端区域的疫苗具有良好的耐受性，并产生了强的子孢子特异性抗体。此外，伴随IFN-γ 的体外产生同样引起了强大的淋巴细胞增殖反应，这对于消除寄生虫至关重要。最重要的是，我们还观察到CD8 () T淋巴细胞反应的发展对疟疾的免疫力起决定性作用。当需要CD8(+) T细胞应答时，后者的发现为疫苗接种策略开辟了新的，可能更安全的途径。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Most tumor-associated antigens represent self-proteins and as a result are poorly immunogenic due to immune tolerance. Here we show that tolerance to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which is overexpressed by the majority of lethal malignancies, can be reversed by immunization with a CEA-derived peptide. This peptide was altered to make it a more potent T cell antigen and loaded onto dendritic cells (DCs) for delivery as a cellular vaccine. Although DCs are rare in the blood, we found that treatment of advanced cancer patients with Flt3 ligand, a hematopoietic growth factor, expanded DCs 20-fold in vivo. Immunization with these antigen-loaded DCs induced CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes that recognized tumor cells expressing endogenous CEA. Staining with peptide-MHC tetramers demonstrated the expansion of CD8 T cells that recognize both the native and altered epitopes and possess an effector cytotoxic T lymphocyte phenotype (CD45RA(+)CD27(-)CCR7(-)). After vaccination, two of 12 patients experienced dramatic tumor regression, one patient had a mixed response, and two had stable disease. Clinical response correlated with the expansion of CD8 tetramer(+) T cells, confirming the role of CD8 T cells in this treatment strategy.

背景与目标： : 大多数肿瘤相关抗原代表自身蛋白，因此由于免疫耐受而免疫原性差。在这里，我们表明，对大多数致死性恶性肿瘤过表达的癌胚抗原 (CEA) 的耐受性可以通过使用CEA衍生肽预防接种来逆转。改变该肽以使其成为更有效的T细胞抗原，并装载到树突状细胞 (dc) 上以作为细胞疫苗递送。尽管DCs在血液中很少见，但我们发现用造血生长因子Flt3配体治疗晚期癌症患者，使DCs在体内增加了20倍。用这些负载抗原的dc预防接种诱导的CD8细胞毒性T淋巴细胞识别表达内源性CEA的肿瘤细胞。用肽-MHC四聚体染色表明CD8 T细胞扩增，该细胞识别天然和改变的表位，并具有效应细胞毒性T淋巴细胞表型 (CD45RA () CD27(-)CCR7(-))。接种疫苗后，12名患者中有2名经历了急剧的肿瘤消退，1名患者出现混合反应，2名患者病情稳定。临床反应与CD8四聚体 (+) T细胞的扩增相关，证实了CD8 T细胞在该治疗策略中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was discovered in 2001 as a causative agent of respiratory disease in young children, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. Clinical signs of hMPV infection range from mild respiratory illness to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Two main genetic lineages of hMPV that circulate worldwide were found to be antigenically different, but antibodies against the F protein, the major determinant of protection, were shown to be cross-protective. Since the discovery of hMPV in 2001, several research groups have developed vaccine candidates that may be used to protect different risk groups against hMPV-induced respiratory disease. The studies in rodent and non-human primate models look promising, but none of the vaccine candidates has been tested yet in human volunteers. Here we give an overview of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a variety of live attenuated, virus vectored, inactivated virus and subunit vaccines that have been tested in animal models.

背景与目标： : 人偏肺病毒 (hMPV) 2001年被发现是幼儿，免疫功能低下的个体和老年人呼吸系统疾病的病原体。hMPV感染的临床症状范围从轻度呼吸道疾病到毛细支气管炎和肺炎。发现在世界范围内传播的hMPV的两个主要遗传谱系在抗原性上有所不同，但是针对F蛋白的抗体 (保护的主要决定因素) 被证明具有交叉保护作用。自从发现hMPV 2001年以来，一些研究小组已经开发了候选疫苗，可用于保护不同风险人群免受hMPV诱导的呼吸道疾病的侵害。在啮齿动物和非人类灵长类动物模型中的研究看起来很有希望，但是尚未在人类志愿者中测试过候选疫苗。在这里，我们概述了已在动物模型中测试的多种减毒活，病毒载体，灭活病毒和亚单位疫苗的免疫原性和保护功效。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To assess among parents longitudinal predictors of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination uptake for their daughters, random samples of parents were identified via municipal services and sent baseline questionnaires in June 2009 and follow-up questionnaires in November 2011 after their uptake decision. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was used to assess whether demographic characteristics, and affective and social cognitive factors, predicted uptake at follow-up. Response rates of the baseline and follow-up questionnaire were 29.8% (1762/5918) and 74.3% (793/1067), respectively. Uptake was predicted by a later (2011) versus earlier (2010) decision about uptake as HPV vaccination implementation [odds ratio (OR) 2.48; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-5.52], anticipated regret about no uptake (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.08-1.89) and intention (OR 2.61; 95% CI 1.47-4.61). There was an interaction between ambivalence and attitude (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.14-2.47); parents with a positive attitude and a high ambivalence toward vaccination were more likely to have their daughter vaccinated than parents with a positive attitude and a low ambivalence. An informed choice about uptake (5/7 correct items) was made by 44%. In conclusion, uptake was predicted by intention, a later (2011) versus earlier (2010) decision and by anticipated regret about no uptake. Decisions regarding new vaccines are difficult to make, we recommend a well-balanced implementation process.

背景与目标： : 为了评估父母对女儿的人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 疫苗摄取的纵向预测因素，通过市政服务确定了父母的随机样本，并在2009年6月决定摄取后发送了基线问卷，并在2011年11月发送了随访问卷。使用分层logistic回归分析来评估人口统计学特征以及情感和社会认知因素是否预测了随访时的摄取。基线和随访问卷的应答率分别为29.8% (1762/5918) 和74.3% (793/1067)。通过稍后 (2011) 与较早 (2010) 的决定来预测摄取作为HPV疫苗接种实施 [优势比 (OR) 2.48; 95% 置信区间 (CI) 1.11-5.52]，预期对未摄取 (或1.43) 的遗憾; 95% CI 1.08-1.89) 和意图 (或2.61; 95% CI 1.47-4.61)。矛盾和态度 (或1.68; 95% CI 1.14-2.47) 之间存在相互作用; 对疫苗接种持积极态度和高度矛盾的父母比态度积极和态度低的父母更有可能给女儿接种疫苗。44% 做出了关于摄取的明智选择 (5/7正确的项目)。总之，通过意图，以后 (2011) 与较早 (2010) 的决定以及对未摄取的预期遗憾来预测摄取。关于新疫苗的决定很难做出，我们建议一个平衡的实施过程。