BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:to investigate the prevalence of childbirth related fear in Swedish fathers and associated factors. DESIGN:a regional cohort study. Data was collected by a questionnaire. SETTING:three hospitals in the middle-north part of Sweden PARTICIPANTS:1047 expectant fathers recruited in mid-pregnancy during one year (2007) who completed the Fear of Birth Scale (FOBS). MEASUREMENTS:prevalence of childbirth fear and associated factors. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated between men who scored 50 and above (childbirth fear) and those that did not (no fear). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess which factors contributed most to childbirth fear in fathers. FINDINGS:the prevalence of childbirth fear in men was 13.6%. Factors associated with childbirth related fear were as follows: Less positive feelings about the approaching birth (OR 3.4; 2.2-5.2), country of birth other than Sweden (OR 2.8; 1.3-6.1), a preference for a caesarean birth (OR 2.1; 1.7-4.1), childbirth thoughts in mid-pregnancy (OR 1.9; 1.1-2.0) and expecting the first baby (OR 1.8; 1.2-2.6). KEY CONCLUSIONS:high levels of fear were associated with first time fathers and being a non-native to Sweden. Men with fear were more likely to experience pregnancy and the coming birth as a negative event. These men were also more likely to identify caesarean section as their preferred mode of birth. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:engaging expectant fathers in antenatal conversations about their experiences of pregnancy and feelings about birth provides health-care professionals with an opportunity to address childbirth fear, share relevant information and promote birth as a normal but significant life event.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is a need for tailored smoking cessation programs specifically for Indigenous fathers who want to quit smoking.The aim of this study was to engage Indigenous men and key informants in guiding cultural adaptations to the Dads in Gear (DIG) cessation program. In Phase 1 of this qualitative participatory study, Indigenous men were engaged in group sessions and key informants in semistructured interviews to gather advice related to cultural adaptations to the DIG program. These data were used to guide the development of program prototypes. In Phase 2, the prototypes were evaluated with Indigenous fathers who were using tobacco (smoking or chewing) or were ex-users. Data were analyzed inductively. Recommendations for programming included ways to incorporate cultural values and practices to advance men's cultural knowledge and the need for a flexible program design to enhance feasibility and acceptability among diverse Indigenous groups. Men also emphasized the importance of positive message framing, building trust by providing "honest information," and including activities that enabled discussions about their aspirations as fathers as well as cultural expectations of current-day Indigenous men. That the Indigenous men's level of involvement with their children was diverse but generally less prescriptive than contemporary "involved fathering" discourse was also a key consideration in terms of program content. Strategies were afforded by these insights for meeting the men where they are in terms of their fathering-as well as their smoking and physical activity. This research provides a model for developing evidence-based, gender-specific health promotion programs with Indigenous men.

背景与目标： : 需要专门为想要戒烟的土著父亲量身定制的戒烟计划。这项研究的目的是让土著男子和主要线人参与指导文化适应 “爸爸在齿轮 (DIG) 戒烟计划”。在这项定性参与性研究的第一阶段，土著男子参加了小组会议，并在半结构化访谈中进行了主要线人，以收集与DIG计划的文化适应有关的建议。这些数据用于指导程序原型的开发。在第2阶段，对使用烟草 (吸烟或咀嚼) 或前使用者的土著父亲进行了评估。对数据进行了归纳分析。关于方案编制的建议包括如何纳入文化价值观和做法，以提高男子的文化知识，以及需要灵活的方案设计，以提高不同土著群体的可行性和可接受性。男性还强调了积极信息框架的重要性，通过提供 “诚实的信息” 建立信任，并包括能够讨论他们作为父亲的愿望以及对当今土著人民的文化期望的活动。就节目内容而言，土著男子与子女的参与程度是多种多样的，但通常比当代的 “涉及父亲” 话语的规范性低。这些见解提供了与父亲，吸烟和体育锻炼方面的男人见面的策略。这项研究为与土著男子一起制定基于证据的，针对性别的健康促进计划提供了一个模型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In children with Down Syndrome (DS), as in other groups of special needs children, development depends crucially on the degree to which parents provide appropriate stimulation and effective support. The majority of recent studies investigating interactions between parents and children with DS have been conducted on mothers. METHOD:Through observation of child solitary play, child collaborative play with their father, and father play with their child, the current study focused on paternal contributions to child play in association with the effective quality of father-child interactions. A total of 19 children (M chronological age = 35.32 months, SD = 10.35; M mental age = 19.58, SD = 5.43) with DS and their fathers participated in the study. Two 10-min sessions, of child solitary play and collaborative play with their father, were videorecorded. A coding system for exploratory and symbolic play was applied to both sessions, and the Emotional Availability (EA) Scales were independently applied to the collaborative play session as a measure of the effective quality of the father-child interaction. RESULTS:Children showed more symbolic play during collaborative sessions compared with solitary sessions. Bivariate correlations showed positive associations between father play and child exploratory and symbolic play. Cluster analysis identified dyads in low, medium and high EA groups, which differed in terms of each partner's play. Specifically, both fathers and children of high EA dyads were more likely to show more symbolic play and less exploratory play than those with low EA dyads. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings enrich the theoretical perspective that dyadic interactions based on emotional involvement may lead to enhanced cognitive functioning in children with DS.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Brain networks that govern parental response to infant signals have been studied with imaging techniques over the last 15 years. The complex interaction of thoughts and behaviors required for sensitive parenting enables the formation of each individual's first social bonds and critically shapes development. This review concentrates on magnetic resonance imaging experiments which directly examine the brain systems involved in parental responses to infant cues. First, we introduce themes in the literature on parental brain circuits studied to date. Next, we present a thorough chronological review of state-of-the-art fMRI studies that probe the parental brain with a range of baby audio and visual stimuli. We also highlight the putative role of oxytocin and effects of psychopathology, as well as the most recent work on the paternal brain. Taken together, a new model emerges in which we propose that cortico-limbic networks interact to support parental brain responses to infants. These include circuitry for arousal/salience/motivation/reward, reflexive/instrumental caring, emotion response/regulation and integrative/complex cognitive processing. Maternal sensitivity and the quality of caregiving behavior are likely determined by the responsiveness of these circuits during early parent-infant experiences. The function of these circuits is modifiable by current and early-life experiences, hormonal and other factors. Severe deviation from the range of normal function in these systems is particularly associated with (maternal) mental illnesses - commonly, depression and anxiety, but also schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Finally, we discuss the limits and extent to which brain imaging may broaden our understanding of the parental brain given our current model. Developments in the understanding of the parental brain may have profound implications for long-term outcomes in families across risk, resilience and possible interventions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin and Social Behav.

背景与目标： : 在过去的15年中，已经使用成像技术研究了控制父母对婴儿信号反应的大脑网络。敏感的育儿所需的思想和行为之间复杂的相互作用使每个人的第一个社会纽带得以形成，并批判性地塑造了发展。这篇评论集中在磁共振成像实验上，该实验直接检查了父母对婴儿线索的反应所涉及的大脑系统。首先，我们介绍了迄今为止研究的父母脑回路的文献主题。接下来，我们对最新的fMRI研究进行了按时间顺序进行的全面回顾，这些研究通过一系列婴儿音频和视觉刺激来探测父母的大脑。我们还强调了催产素的假定作用和精神病理学的影响，以及有关父本大脑的最新研究。总之，出现了一种新的模型，我们建议皮质边缘网络相互作用以支持父母对婴儿的大脑反应。其中包括唤醒/显着性/动机/奖励，反身/工具关怀，情绪反应/调节和综合/复杂认知处理的电路。母亲的敏感性和照料行为的质量可能取决于这些回路在早期亲子经历中的反应能力。这些电路的功能可通过当前和早期生活经验，激素和其他因素来改变。这些系统中与正常功能范围的严重偏离特别与 (母亲) 精神疾病有关-通常是抑郁症和焦虑，还有精神分裂症和躁郁症。最后，我们讨论了在当前模型下，大脑成像可以扩大我们对父母大脑的理解的局限性和程度。对父母大脑的理解的发展可能会对风险，弹性和可能的干预措施对家庭的长期结果产生深远的影响。本文是题为催产素和社会行为的特刊的一部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:The first purpose of the study was to examine fathers' spontaneous communicative behavior with their preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit, and how father's and infant's behaviors affected each other. The second purpose was to examine any possible association between the fathers' and/or infants' characteristics and the quality of fathers' behaviors with their infants. STUDY DESIGN/SUBJECTS/OUTCOME MEASURES:Father-preterm infant dyads (n=20) were assessed at 34-36 weeks postmenstrual age, during a spontaneous face-to-face communication with the infant placed in a heated cot in the NICU, and coded according to the Parent-Preterm Infant Coding System. RESULTS:The presence of the father's Affiliative Behavior increased the occurrences of infant Gazing at the parent's face. In turn, infant gazing increased the occurrence of paternal Affiliative Behavior. The likelihood of infant's Gazing at the father's face was also significantly elicited by infrequent occurrences of paternal Affectionate Talk, co-occurring with Gazing at infant with Positive Facial Affect (but no Touch). With regard to the predictors of quality in father-infant interactions, we found a significant positive correlation between fathers' level of depressive symptomatology and fathers' Affiliative Behavior. CONCLUSION:Our results show the of bidirectional sequential patterns of communication between fathers and preterm infants at 35 weeks postmenstrual age, and provide important information about the quality and modalities of paternal communication and their influence on infant behavioral states. From a clinical perspective, these results suggest that father-specific interventions designed to improve and sustain fathers' positive engagement with infants in the NICU should be pursued.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Parent-child dietary concordance is associated with child diet, but the clinical implications of mother-father dietary concordance during pregnancy are unknown. This study evaluates antenatal mother-father dietary concordance and associations with gestational weight gain (GWG). METHODS:Mother-father (n = 111) dyads with low income reported their fruit/vegetable (FV), fast food (FF), and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption frequency during the first trimester of pregnancy. From electronic health records, we collected height and self-reported pre-pregnancy weight and calculated pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). The primary outcome was excessive GWG for pre-pregnancy BMI. Dyads were categorized as healthy or unhealthy concordant (consuming similarly high or low amounts of FV, FF, or SSB), or mother-healthy or father-healthy discordant (consuming different amounts of FV, FF, or SSB). Multivariable and logistic regressions analyzed associations between dietary concordance and GWG. RESULTS:Mothers were Hispanic (25%), 43% White, 6% Black, and 23% Asian or Other. Most mothers were employed (62%) making <$50,000/year (64%). Average maternal GWG was 11.6 kg (SD = 6.40), and 36% had excessive GWG. Mothers in the mother-healthy discordant FV group (OR = 4.84; 95% CI = 1.29, 18.22) and the unhealthy concordant FF group (OR = 7.08; 95% CI = 2.08, 24.12) had higher odds for excessive GWG, compared to healthy concordant dyads. SSB concordance was associated with higher GWG in unadjusted, but not adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS:Mothers had higher risk for excessive GWG when both partners had unhealthy FF consumption frequency, and when fathers had unhealthy FV consumption frequency. These findings imply that fathers should be involved in educational opportunities regarding dietary intake during pregnancy.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study examined (1) orodental (OD) problems in 10-19-year-old children of substance use disorder (SUD) (n = 127) and non-SUD fathers (n = 111) and (2) the moderating effect of child's substance use (SU) involvement in the associations of paternal SUD and neglectful parenting with OD problems in the offspring. The results showed that periodontal problems differentiated between groups and the interactions between child's SU involvement and paternal SUD and neglectful parenting were respectively associated with hard/soft tissue lesions and carious lesions in the offspring, indicating that SU involvement increases risk for OD due to paternal SUD and neglectful parenting.

背景与目标： : 这项研究调查了 (1) 10-19岁儿童物质使用障碍 (SUD) (n = 127) 和非SUD父亲 (n = 111) 的orodental (OD) 问题，以及 (2) 儿童物质使用 (SU) 参与父亲的SUD和疏忽的养育与后代OD问题的关联。结果表明，各组之间存在牙周问题，并且儿童SU受累与父亲SUD和疏忽育儿之间的相互作用分别与后代的硬/软组织病变和龋齿病变有关，表明SU受累增加了OD的风险。由于父亲SUD和疏忽育儿。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Mothers and fathers are severely challenged when providing care for their terminally ill child at end of life. Caregiving needs have been studied predominantly in mothers. Differences in caregiving needs between mothers and fathers during their child's end of life have not, however, been explored so far. This knowledge is of importance to best meet individual parental needs in paediatric end-of-life care. METHODS:Secondary analysis of a quantitative survey on parental needs during their child's last 4 weeks of life, collected in the Swiss multicentre "Paediatric End-of-Life Care Needs" (PELICAN) study. Caregiving needs of mothers and fathers (parental dyad) who had lost a child due to a cardiological, neurological or oncological disease or during the neonatal period in the years 2011-2012 were retrospectively assessed using a questionnaire representing six evidence-based quality domains of paediatric palliative and end-of-life care. RESULTS:Seventy-eight parental dyads were included in this analysis. Differences between mothers and fathers were mostly found around needs to be supported as a family. In all, 28 out of 34 needs-related questionnaire items were scored higher by mothers than by fathers, indicating higher importance for that need to be met. The results indicate that these differences might relate to different caregiving roles and gender-specific coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS:To best meet parental needs in paediatric end-of-life care, particular attention should be paid to both mothers and fathers and their specific caregiving roles, as differences in these roles might influence their needs in this exceptional situation. Therefore, healthcare professionals should identify how parental dyads mutually navigate care for their sick child to best meet their needs in support. Additionally, mothers and fathers should be supported in their individual coping strategies.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate sexual violence and its impact on reproductive health in unmarried young women seeking abortion in China. METHODS:A total of 2002 participants were surveyed by questionnaire, gynecologic examination, and laboratory tests for sexually transmitted disease (STD). RESULTS:Overall, 14% of participants had experienced sexual violence and 43.4% were diagnosed with STD. Among victims of sexual abuse, 8.6% had their first sexual encounter when they were younger than 18 years; 42.7% had had 2 or more sexual partners; and 21.6% never used contraception. Multivariate analysis revealed that sexual abuse, multiple sexual partners, sexual activity before the age of 18 years, and not using contraception were important indicators of the presence of STD. CONCLUSION:The prevalence of sexual abuse is high in China; and among unmarried young women seeking abortion, those who experience sexual abuse are at significantly increased risk for STD.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Changes in smoking and drinking habits of fathers of young families expecting their first baby were studied in maternity health care clinics. The first phase of the Finnish Family Competence Study included a total of 1414 fathers. Of these, 1279 responded to the questionnaire, the drop-out rate being 9.5%. Basic educational level, age, occupation and location of present and childhood home were used as demographic variables. Socio-economic factors of the father, his wife and his parents were also studied. The fathers were asked to give their own estimation of their smoking and alcohol consumption before and during the wife's pregnancy. Changes were seen in alcohol consumption, studied in relation to the amount consumed at one drinking time, frequency of alcohol consumption, age, and location of childhood home. Changes in smoking habits were studied in the same way. According to the fathers' own assessment, they reduced smoking and drinking of alcohol during their wives' pregnancies. Parents seem to transmit their own patterns of health behaviour to their children, and the model provided by them is highly important.

背景与目标： : 在产妇保健诊所研究了期望第一个孩子的年轻家庭的父亲的吸烟和饮酒习惯的变化。芬兰家庭能力研究的第一阶段共有1414位父亲。其中，1279回答了问卷，辍学率9.5%。基础教育水平，年龄，职业以及现在和童年家庭的位置被用作人口统计变量。还研究了父亲，妻子和父母的社会经济因素。父亲被要求对妻子怀孕之前和期间的吸烟和饮酒做出自己的估计。观察到饮酒量的变化，研究了一次饮酒时的饮酒量，饮酒频率，年龄和童年家庭的位置。以同样的方式研究了吸烟习惯的变化。根据父亲自己的评估，他们在妻子怀孕期间减少了吸烟和饮酒。父母似乎将自己的健康行为模式传递给孩子，他们提供的模型非常重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization negatively impact maternal parenting. However, little is known about the association between fathers' perpetration of IPV and paternal parenting. OBJECTIVE:To examine associations between fathers' IPV perpetration against the child's mother and fathers' stimulation and spanking practices with their young child. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING:We used two waves of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study in the United States. The analytic sample comprised of 2,257 biological fathers who had been in a romantic relationship with the child's mother. METHODS:Fathers' IPV perpetration at year 1 and 3 was measured based on maternal report. Fathers were categorized into: never perpetrators (no IPV at either year), persisters (IPV at both years), desisters (IPV at year 1 only), and emergers (IPV at year 3 only). Fathers' parenting at year 3 was measured based on self-reported stimulation (e.g., reading books, playing games, telling stories) and spanking. RESULTS:Approximately one-third of fathers never perpetrated IPV, 35.8% were persisters, 14.4% were desisters, and 16.9% were emergers. For stimulation, persisters (β=-0.16, 95% CI: -0.25, -0.06) and emergers (β=-0.25, 95% CI: -0.36, -0.14), but not desisters (β=-0.02, 95% CI: -0.14, 0.11), were less engaged in stimulation than fathers who never perpetrated IPV. However, for spanking, there were no differences in the associations by father IPV profiles. CONCLUSIONS:Findings suggest that fathers' perpetration of IPV is related to their stimulation practices. Partner-abusive men and their children may benefit from parenting programs that promote engagement in stimulation and improve the quality of parent-child relationships.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:The purpose of this study was to broadly assess the level of knowledge, attitude and behaviors related to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) among unmarried female migrants in China. MATERIAL AND METHODS:This cross-sectional study was conducted and a self-administered questionnaire was designed for collecting information on SRH including 15 items for knowledge, 8 items for attitude and some items for contraception and abortion related behaviors. RESULTS:A total of 1690 unmarried female migrants were interviewed. Most of the respondents had less knowledge of SRH. Only one-third of respondents was aware of emergency contraceptives and could freely talk about SRH with their friends. Over one-third of respondents were not willing to come into contact with someone with AIDS or STDs. In this study, 10.4% participants had an unwanted pregnancy and 95% of them had an abortion. Multivariate analysis showed that having a boyfriend, duration of employment in city, knowledge on SRH and freely discussing SRH with peer were associated with having premarital sex among these unmarried female migrants. CONCLUSION:This study revealed that the unmarried female migrant was one of the most vulnerable groups concerning SRH. In some policy reforms, appropriate and cost-effective SRH services should be provided for these migrants.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Based on available evidence, it appears reasonable to assume that the psychological and social consequences of becoming a father during adolescence are the same as those more traditionally associated with adolescent motherhood. Guidelines for research to enhance knowledge of this important but relatively neglected area are outlined.

背景与目标： 根据现有证据，似乎可以合理地假设，在青春期成为父亲的心理和社会后果与传统上与青春期母亲有关的后果相同。概述了研究指南，以增强对这一重要但相对被忽视的领域的了解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study's aim was to understand the experience of being the father of a boy diagnosed with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Eight fathers of 10-year-old or older boys diagnosed with DMD, living in RibeirãoPreto and surrounding cities participated in the study. Interviews included a semi-structured script and data were analyzed according to thematic content analysis. The results show that the confirmation of a DMD diagnosis shocked fathers and was mixed with sorrow, helplessness and hopelessness. Most fathers considered the illness of their child to be a mission sent by God, which helps to alleviate the pain and anguish caused by the disease. As the symptoms started manifesting, the fathers experienced losses that exposed them to great suffering and triggered an anticipatory mourning process. The fathers assigned to the disease the meaning of a mission to be accomplished and considered themselves to be "special fathers", which positively influenced their adaptation to the disease. Identifying and understanding how fathers experience fatherhood in the presence of a chronic disease/disability is essential to devising psychological counseling and care programs directed to fathers and their families.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是了解成为被诊断患有Duchenne肌营养不良症 (DMD) 的男孩的父亲的经历。居住在ribeir ã opreto和周边城市的八名被诊断为DMD的10岁或10岁以上男孩的父亲参加了这项研究。访谈包括半结构化脚本，并根据主题内容分析对数据进行分析。结果表明，DMD诊断的确认震惊了父亲，并充满了悲伤，无助和绝望。大多数父亲认为孩子的疾病是上帝派来的使命，这有助于减轻疾病造成的痛苦和痛苦。随着症状开始显现，父亲遭受了损失，使他们遭受了巨大的痛苦，并引发了预期的哀悼过程。父亲为疾病分配了要完成的任务的含义，并认为自己是 “特殊父亲”，这对他们对疾病的适应产生了积极影响。识别和理解父亲在存在慢性病/残疾的情况下如何经历父亲身份对于制定针对父亲及其家人的心理咨询和护理计划至关重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human paternal behavior is multidimensional, and extant research has yet to delineate how hormone patterns may be related to different dimensions of fathering. Further, although studies vary in their measurement of hormones (i.e., basal or reactivity), it remains unclear whether basal and/or reactivity measures are predictive of different aspects of men's parenting. We examined whether men's testosterone and cortisol predicted fathers' involvement in childcare and play with infants and whether fathers' testosterone and cortisol changed during fathers' first interaction with their newborn. Participants were 298 fathers whose partners gave birth in a UNICEF-designated "baby-friendly" hospital, which encourages fathers to hold their newborns 1 h after birth, after mothers engage in skin-to-skin holding. Salivary testosterone and cortisol were measured before and after fathers' first holding of their newborns. Basal and short-term changes in cortisol and testosterone were analyzed. Fathers were contacted 2-4 months following discharge to complete questionnaires about childcare involvement. Fathers' cortisol decreased during the time they held their newborns on the birthing unit. Fathers' basal testosterone in the immediate postnatal period predicted their greater involvement in childcare. Both basal and reactivity cortisol predicted fathers' greater involvement in childcare and play. Results suggest that reduced basal testosterone is linked with enhanced paternal indirect and direct parenting effort months later, and that higher basal cortisol and increases in cortisol in response to newborn interaction are predictive of greater paternal involvement in childcare and play, also months later. Findings are discussed in the context of predominating theoretical models on parental neuroendocrinology.

背景与目标： : 人类的父亲行为是多维的，而现有的研究尚未描述激素模式如何与父亲的不同维度相关。此外，尽管研究对激素 (即基础或反应性) 的测量有所不同，但尚不清楚基础和/或反应性测量是否可以预测男性育儿的不同方面。我们检查了男性的睾丸激素和皮质醇是否可以预测父亲参与育儿和与婴儿玩耍，以及父亲的睾丸激素和皮质醇在父亲与新生儿的首次互动期间是否发生变化。参与者是298父亲，他们的伴侣在联合国儿童基金会指定的 “爱婴” 医院分娩，该医院鼓励父亲在母亲进行皮肤对皮肤的监护后1小时抱新生儿。在父亲首次抱着新生儿之前和之后，测量了唾液睾丸激素和皮质醇。分析了皮质醇和睾丸激素的基础和短期变化。出院后2-4个月与父亲联系，以完成有关育儿参与的问卷调查。父亲将新生儿抱在分娩室期间，皮质醇降低。父亲在出生后即刻的基础睾丸激素预测他们将更多地参与育儿。基础皮质醇和反应性皮质醇都预示着父亲将更多地参与育儿和娱乐活动。结果表明，基础睾丸激素的降低与几个月后父亲的间接和直接育儿努力的增强有关，而较高的基础皮质醇和对新生儿相互作用的皮质醇增加也预示着父亲在育儿和娱乐方面的更多参与。在父母神经内分泌学的主要理论模型的背景下讨论了发现。