Human paternal behavior is multidimensional, and extant research has yet to delineate how hormone patterns may be related to different dimensions of fathering. Further, although studies vary in their measurement of hormones (i.e., basal or reactivity), it remains unclear whether basal and/or reactivity measures are predictive of different aspects of men's parenting. We examined whether men's testosterone and cortisol predicted fathers' involvement in childcare and play with infants and whether fathers' testosterone and cortisol changed during fathers' first interaction with their newborn. Participants were 298 fathers whose partners gave birth in a UNICEF-designated "baby-friendly" hospital, which encourages fathers to hold their newborns 1 h after birth, after mothers engage in skin-to-skin holding. Salivary testosterone and cortisol were measured before and after fathers' first holding of their newborns. Basal and short-term changes in cortisol and testosterone were analyzed. Fathers were contacted 2-4 months following discharge to complete questionnaires about childcare involvement. Fathers' cortisol decreased during the time they held their newborns on the birthing unit. Fathers' basal testosterone in the immediate postnatal period predicted their greater involvement in childcare. Both basal and reactivity cortisol predicted fathers' greater involvement in childcare and play. Results suggest that reduced basal testosterone is linked with enhanced paternal indirect and direct parenting effort months later, and that higher basal cortisol and increases in cortisol in response to newborn interaction are predictive of greater paternal involvement in childcare and play, also months later. Findings are discussed in the context of predominating theoretical models on parental neuroendocrinology.

译文

人类的父亲行为是多维的,而现有的研究尚未描述激素模式如何与父亲的不同维度相关。此外,尽管研究对激素 (即基础或反应性) 的测量有所不同,但尚不清楚基础和/或反应性测量是否可以预测男性育儿的不同方面。我们检查了男性的睾丸激素和皮质醇是否可以预测父亲参与育儿和与婴儿玩耍,以及父亲的睾丸激素和皮质醇在父亲与新生儿的首次互动期间是否发生变化。参与者是298父亲,他们的伴侣在联合国儿童基金会指定的 “爱婴” 医院分娩,该医院鼓励父亲在母亲进行皮肤对皮肤的监护后1小时抱新生儿。在父亲首次抱着新生儿之前和之后,测量了唾液睾丸激素和皮质醇。分析了皮质醇和睾丸激素的基础和短期变化。出院后2-4个月与父亲联系,以完成有关育儿参与的问卷调查。父亲将新生儿抱在分娩室期间,皮质醇降低。父亲在出生后即刻的基础睾丸激素预测他们将更多地参与育儿。基础皮质醇和反应性皮质醇都预示着父亲将更多地参与育儿和娱乐活动。结果表明,基础睾丸激素的降低与几个月后父亲的间接和直接育儿努力的增强有关,而较高的基础皮质醇和对新生儿相互作用的皮质醇增加也预示着父亲在育儿和娱乐方面的更多参与。在父母神经内分泌学的主要理论模型的背景下讨论了发现。

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