BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Isolated cleft mitral valve (ICMV) is a rare entity not known to be related to pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD). This report describes the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging to diagnose ICMV in a patient with repaired PA-VSD who presented with incidental severe mitral regurgitation (MR) on follow-up echocardiography. An associated pulmonary varix secondary to the severe MR also was shown by CMR.

背景与目标： : 孤立的二尖瓣裂 (ICMV) 是一种罕见的实体，与肺动脉闭锁伴室间隔缺损 (pa-vsd) 无关。本报告描述了使用心血管磁共振 (CMR) 成像诊断经修复的PA-VSD患者的ICMV，该患者在后续超声心动图检查中出现了严重的二尖瓣反流 (MR)。CMR还显示了继发于严重MR的相关肺静脉曲张。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We examined seizure-susceptibility in a Drosophila model of human epilepsy using optogenetic stimulation of ReaChR (red-activatable channelrhodopsin). Photostimulation of the seizure-sensitive mutant parabss1 causes behavioral paralysis that resembles paralysis caused by mechanical stimulation, in many aspects. Electrophysiology shows that photostimulation evokes abnormal seizure-like neuronal firing in parabss1 followed by a quiescent period resembling synaptic failure and apparently responsible for paralysis. The pattern of neuronal activity concludes with seizure-like activity just prior to recovery. We tentatively identify the mushroom body as one apparent locus of optogenetic seizure initiation. The α/β lobes may be primarily responsible for mushroom body seizure induction.

背景与目标： : 我们使用ReaChR (红色激活的通道视紫红质) 的光遗传学刺激检查了果蝇癫痫模型中的癫痫发作敏感性。在许多方面，对癫痫敏感的突变体parabss1的光刺激会导致行为麻痹，类似于机械刺激引起的麻痹。电生理学表明，光刺激会在parabss1中引起异常的癫痫样神经元放电，随后是类似于突触衰竭的静止期，显然是造成瘫痪的原因。神经元活动的模式在恢复之前以癫痫样活动结束。我们初步确定蘑菇体是光遗传发作开始的一个明显基因座。Α/β 裂片可能是引起蘑菇体癫痫发作的主要原因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a prospective magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive study of 38 demented patients and 15 control subjects, 11 of 27 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 8 of 11 patients with vascular dementia had significant periventricular hyperintensities. Memory and language testing in the early investigation of dementia is useful to distinguish patients with or without periventricular hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. Patients without periventricular hyperintensities are worse on memory and conceptualization tests than patients with periventricular hyperintensities, who tend to be worse on comprehension and attention tests. These differences in cognitive pattern are present between patients with different pathogenesis who are otherwise matched for dementia severity. Language and some nonverbal cognitive deficits correlate with the extent of cortical and ventricular atrophy in Alzheimer's disease.

背景与目标： : 在对38名痴呆患者和15名对照受试者的前瞻性磁共振成像和认知研究中，27例阿尔茨海默氏病患者中的11例和11例血管性痴呆患者中的8例具有明显的脑室周围高信号。在痴呆症的早期研究中进行记忆和语言测试可用于在磁共振成像上区分有无脑室周围高信号的患者。没有脑室周围高强度的患者在记忆和概念化测试上比脑室周围高强度的患者更差，后者在理解和注意力测试上往往更差。这些认知模式的差异存在于具有不同发病机理的患者之间，这些患者在痴呆严重程度上是匹配的。语言和某些非语言认知缺陷与阿尔茨海默氏病的皮质和心室萎缩程度相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the effect of homogeneous and inhomogeneous static magnetic field (SMF) exposure on the thermal nociceptive threshold of snail in the hot plate test (43 °C). Both homogeneous (hSMF) and inhomogeneous (iSMF) SMF increased the thermo-nociceptive threshold: 40.2%, 29.2%, or 41.7% after an exposure of 20, 30, or 40 min hSMF by p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, or p < 0.001, and 32.7% or 46.2% after an exposure of 20 or 40 min iSMF by p < 0.05 or p < 0.0001. These results suggest that SMF has an antinociceptive effect in snail. On the other hand, naloxone as an atypical opioid antagonist in an amount of 1 μg/g was found to significantly decrease the thermo-nociceptive threshold (41.9% by p < 0.002), which could be antagonized by hSMF exposure implying that hSMF exerts its antinociceptive effect partly via opioid receptors.

背景与目标： : 我们在热板测试 (43 °C) 中研究了均匀和不均匀的静磁场 (SMF) 暴露对蜗牛的热伤害性阈值的影响。均质 (hSMF) 和不均质 (iSMF) SMF均增加了热伤害感受阈值: 暴露20、30或40分钟hSMF后40.2% 、29.2% 或41.7%，p <0.001，p <0.0001或p <0.001，和32.7% 或46.2% 暴露20或40分钟后的iSMF被p <0.05或p <0.0001。这些结果表明SMF对蜗牛具有抗伤害作用。另一方面，发现纳洛酮作为1 μ g/g量的非典型阿片类拮抗剂显着降低了热伤害性阈值 (41.9% p <0.002)，这可以通过hSMF暴露来拮抗，这意味着hSMF部分地通过阿片受体发挥其抗伤害感受作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recently, growing interest in vitamin D has emerged from findings that demonstrate a low vitamin D status in populations. Similarly, much interest has been shown in the role that anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays in reproductive physiology. Considerable confusion as to whether vitamin D status is related to ovarian function can be found in the literature. Our retrospective study was performed from June 2014 to April 2015. Oocyte donors were recruited and stimulated under the antagonist protocol with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist to trigger ovulation. In 851 stimulation cycles, we determined the association among serum total and bioavailable vitamin D levels, ovarian reserve and response to ovarian stimulation and the reproductive outcome in their recipients. We showed that vitamin D levels were unrelated to ovarian reserve or ovarian response after ovarian stimulation; in oocyte recipients, gestational outcome did not differ according to a donor's vitamin D serum status. No correlation was observed between serum AMH and vitamin D. Bioavailable vitamin D was not related to recipients' ongoing pregnancy rate. Highly prevalent vitamin D insufficiency neither impaired ovarian reserve nor response or oocyte quality in egg donors. No evidence was found for recommending the analysis of vitamin D status in oocyte donors.

背景与目标： : 最近，人们对维生素d的兴趣日益浓厚，这些发现表明人群中维生素d水平较低。同样，人们对抗苗勒激素 (AMH) 在生殖生理学中的作用也表现出了极大的兴趣。在文献中可以发现关于维生素d状态是否与卵巢功能有关的相当困惑。我们的回顾性研究是从2014年6月到2015年4月进行的。招募卵母细胞供体，并在拮抗剂方案下用促性腺激素释放激素 (GnRH) 激动剂刺激排卵。在851刺激周期中，我们确定了血清总维生素d和生物利用维生素d水平，卵巢储备和对卵巢刺激的反应以及接受者的生殖结果之间的关联。我们发现维生素d水平与卵巢储备或卵巢刺激后的卵巢反应无关; 在卵母细胞接受者中，根据供体的维生素d血清状态，妊娠结局没有差异。血清AMH与维生素d之间没有相关性。生物利用维生素d与接受者的持续怀孕率无关。非常普遍的维生素d不足不会损害卵子供体的卵巢储备，反应或卵母细胞质量。没有发现建议分析卵母细胞供体中维生素d状态的证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Electrical fields are known to interact with human cells. This principle has been explored to regulate cellular activities for bone tissue regeneration. In this work, Saos-2 cells were cultured on conductive scaffolds made of biodegradable poly(L-lactide) and the heparin-containing, electrically conducting polypyrrole (PPy/HE) to study their reaction to electrical stimulation (ES) mediated through such scaffolds. Both the duration and intensity of ES enhanced cell proliferation, generating a unique electrical intensity and temporal "window" within which osteoblast proliferation was upmodulated in contrast to the downmodulation or ineffectiveness in other ES regions. The favourable ES intensity (200 mV/mm) was further investigated in terms of the gene activation and protein production of two important osteoblast markers characterised by extracellular matrix maturation and mineralisation, that is alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC). Both genes were found activated and the relevant protein production increased significantly following ES. In contrast, ES in the down-modulation region (400 mV/mm) suppressed the production of both ALP and OC. This work demonstrated that important osteoblast markers can be modulated with specific ES parameters mediated through conductive polymer substrates, providing a unique strategy for bone tissue engineering.

背景与目标： 已知电场与人类细胞相互作用。已探索此原理来调节骨组织再生的细胞活性。在这项工作中，将Saos-2细胞培养在由可生物降解的聚 (L-丙交酯) 和含肝素的导电聚吡咯 (PPy/HE) 制成的导电支架上，以研究它们对通过此类支架介导的电刺激 (ES) 的反应。ES的持续时间和强度都增强了细胞增殖，产生了独特的电强度和时间 “窗口”，与其他ES区域的下调或无效相反，在该窗口内对成骨细胞增殖进行了上调。进一步研究了有利的ES强度 (200  mV/mm)，即两种重要的成骨细胞标志物的基因活化和蛋白质生产，其特征是细胞外基质成熟和矿化，即碱性磷酸酶 (ALP) 和骨钙素 (OC)。发现两个基因都被激活，并且在ES之后相关的蛋白质产量显着增加。相反，下调制区域 (400  mV/mm) 中的ES抑制了ALP和OC的产生。这项工作表明，重要的成骨细胞标志物可以通过导电聚合物底物介导的特定ES参数进行调节，为骨组织工程提供了独特的策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Apoptosis can be described as programmed cell death. Apoptosis regulates cell turnover and is involved in various pathological conditions. The characteristic features of apoptosis are shrinkage of the cell body, chromatin condensation, and nucleic acid fragmentation. During apoptosis, double-stranded DNA is broken down into single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) by proteases. Acoustic trauma is commonly encountered in otorhinolaryngology clinics. Intense noise can cause inner ear damage, such as hearing disturbance, tinnitus, ear fullness, and decreased speech discrimination. In this study, we used immunohistochemical and electrophysiological methods to examine the fragmentation of DNA in the cochleas of guinea pigs that had been exposed to intense noise. Twenty-four guinea pigs weighing 250 to 350 g were used. The animals were divided into 4 groups: (I) a control group (n=6), (II) a group that was exposed to noise for 2 hours (n=6), (III) a group that was exposed to noise for 5 hours (n=6), and (IV) a group that was exposed to noise for 20 hours. The stimulus was a pure tone delivered at a frequency of 2 kHz. The sound pressure level was 120 dBSPL. No threshold shifts were apparent in group I. Group II showed a significant elevation of the hearing threshold (ANOVA, p<0.05(*)). The ABR threshold level was also significantly elevated immediately after the acoustic stimulation in groups III and IV (ANOVA, p<0.01(**)). In groups I, II, and IV, the lateral wall of the ear did not show immunoreactivity to ssDNA but did in group III. No immunoreactivity was apparent in the organ of Corti in group I or II. However, the supporting cells and outer hair cells in groups III and IV showed reactions for ssDNA. The fine structure of the organ of Corti had been destroyed in group IV. The lateral wall showed immunoreactivity for ssDNA only in group III, whereas the organ of Corti showed reactions for ssDNA in groups III and IV. Our study suggests that apoptotic changes occur in patients that suffer acoustic trauma. Once the apoptotic pathway has started, it is irreversible. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment are necessary. Earplugs should also be worn at rock concerts.

背景与目标： : 细胞凋亡可以描述为程序性细胞死亡。凋亡调节细胞更新，并参与各种病理状况。细胞凋亡的特征是细胞体收缩，染色质浓缩和核酸片段化。在细胞凋亡过程中，双链DNA被蛋白酶分解为单链DNA (ssDNA)。耳鼻喉科诊所通常会遇到声学创伤。强烈的噪声会引起内耳的损伤，如听力障碍、耳鸣、耳饱满、言语辨别能力下降等。在这项研究中，我们使用免疫组织化学和电生理学方法来检查暴露于强烈噪音的豚鼠耳蜗中DNA的片段化。使用了24只体重250至350g的豚鼠。将动物分为4组 :( I) 对照组 (n = 6)，(II) 暴露于噪声2小时的组 (n = 6)，(III) 暴露于噪声5小时的组 (n = 6)，(IV) 暴露于噪音20小时的人群。刺激是以2 kHz的频率传递的纯音。声压级为120 dBSPL。组I中没有明显的阈值变化。组II显示听力阈值显着升高 (ANOVA，p<0.05(*))。在第III组和第IV组的声刺激后，ABR阈值水平也显着升高 (ANOVA，p<0.01(**))。在I，II和IV组中，耳朵的侧壁未显示对ssDNA的免疫反应性，但在III组中显示。在第一组或第二组的Corti器官中没有明显的免疫反应性。然而，III和IV组中的支持细胞和外部毛细胞显示出对ssDNA的反应。第四组破坏了Corti器官的精细结构。侧壁仅在III组中显示出对ssDNA的免疫反应性，而Corti器官在III和IV组中显示出对ssDNA的反应。我们的研究表明，遭受声学创伤的患者会发生凋亡变化。一旦凋亡途径开始，它是不可逆的。因此，早期诊断和治疗是必要的。摇滚音乐会上也应该戴耳塞。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Age-related changes in brain function are complex. Although ageing is associated with a reduction in cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity, task-related processing is often correlated with an enlargement of the corresponding and additionally recruited brain areas. This supplemental employment is considered an attempt to compensate for deficits in the ageing brain. Although there are contradictory reports regarding the role of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI), currently, there is little knowledge about age-related functional changes in other brain areas in the somatosensory network (secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and insular, anterior (ACC) and posterior cingulate cortices (PCC)). We investigated 16 elderly (age range, 62-71 years) and 18 young subjects (age range, 21-28 years) by determining the current perception threshold (CPT) and applying functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a 3.0 Tesla scanner under tactile stimulation of the right hand. CPT was positively correlated with age. fMRI analysis revealed significantly increased activation in the contralateral SI and ipsilateral motor cortex in elderly subjects. Furthermore, we demonstrated age-related reductions in the activity in the SII, ACC, PCC, and dorsal parts of the corpus callosum. Our study revealed dramatic age-related differences in the processing of a simple tactile stimulus in the somatosensory network. Specifically, we detected enhanced activation in the contralateral SI and ipsilateral motor cortex assumingly caused by deficient inhibition and decreased activation in later stages of somatosensory processing (SII, cingulate cortex) in elderly subjects. These results indicate that, in addition to over-activation to compensate for impaired brain functions, there are complex mechanisms of modified inhibition and excitability involved in somatosensory processing in the ageing brain.

背景与目标： : 与年龄相关的脑功能变化是复杂的。尽管衰老与脑血流量和神经元活动减少有关，但与任务相关的处理通常与相应和额外招募的大脑区域的扩大有关。这种补充就业被认为是弥补大脑老化缺陷的一种尝试。尽管关于初级体感皮层 (SI) 的作用有相互矛盾的报道，但目前，关于体感网络中其他大脑区域 (次级体感皮层 (SII) 和岛状，前部 (ACC) 和后部扣带回 (PCC))。我们通过确定当前感知阈值 (CPT) 并使用3.0特斯拉扫描仪在右手的触觉刺激下应用功能磁共振成像 (fMRI)，调查了16位老年人 (年龄范围，62-71岁) 和18位年轻受试者 (年龄范围，21-28岁)。CPT与年龄呈正相关。fMRI分析显示，老年受试者对侧SI和同侧运动皮层的激活显着增加。此外，我们证明了与年龄相关的SII，ACC，PCC和call体背侧活动的减少。我们的研究揭示了体感网络中简单触觉刺激处理过程中与年龄相关的显着差异。具体来说，我们检测到对侧SI和同侧运动皮层的激活增强，假定是由于老年受试者的体感加工 (SII，扣带回皮层) 后期的抑制不足和激活减少所致。这些结果表明，除了过度激活以补偿大脑功能受损外，衰老大脑的体感过程还涉及改良的抑制和兴奋性的复杂机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prostatic magnetic resonance images of 22 male volunteers less than 30 years old and with no known genito-urinary tract disease were obtained at 1.5 T. Normal anatomical features of the prostate were studied with spin-echo techniques. Different zones of the normal gland are shown by T2-weighted images: the anterior fibromuscular fascia, the central prostate, the peripheral prostate and the periurethral zone can be differentiated. The normal prostate gland is shown on T1-weighted images as a homogeneous appearance. It is important to recognize the normal zonal anatomy of the prostate since prostatic disorders arise in different anatomical zones.

背景与目标： : 在1.5 T时获得了22名30岁以下且没有已知生殖泌尿道疾病的男性志愿者的前列腺磁共振图像。使用自旋回波技术研究了前列腺的正常解剖特征。T2-weighted图像显示了正常腺体的不同区域: 可以区分前纤维肌筋膜，中央前列腺，外周前列腺和尿道周围区域。正常前列腺在T1-weighted图像上显示为均匀外观。重要的是要认识到前列腺的正常区域解剖结构，因为前列腺疾病发生在不同的解剖区域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Lymph flow and contraction frequency were measured in popliteal efferent lymphatics. Stimulation of the ipsilateral sympathetic chain resulted in an approximate threefold increase in lymph flow, while contraction frequency increased 28% (n = 6). Occlusion of the metatarsal afferent lymphatics with a pneumatic cuff reduced efferent flow from 18 to 4 microliters/min after 25 min (n = 5), indicating that approximately 80% of popliteal efferent lymph is derived from the foot. After occlusion of the afferent lymphatics, sympathetic stimulation failed to increase efferent lymph flow significantly, while efferent contraction frequency still showed a significant rise. It is concluded that lymph formation in the popliteal node does not contribute to the rise in efferent lymph flow following sympathetic stimulation.

背景与目标： : 在the传出淋巴管中测量淋巴流量和收缩频率。刺激同侧交感神经链导致淋巴流量增加约三倍，而收缩频率28% 增加 (n = 6)。25分钟后 (n = 5)，用气动袖带闭塞the骨传入淋巴管将传出流量从18微升/分钟减少到4微升/分钟，这表明大约80% 的the骨传出淋巴来自脚。闭塞传入淋巴管后，交感神经刺激未能显着增加传出淋巴液流量，而传出收缩频率仍显着增加。结论是，在交感神经刺激后，the淋巴结中的淋巴形成不会导致传出淋巴流的增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Among the compensatory mechanisms restoring circulating blood volume after severe haemorrhage, increased vasopressin secretion enhances water permeability of distal nephron segments and stimulates Na(+) reabsorption in cortical collecting tubules via epithelial sodium channels (ENaC). The ability of vasopressin to upregulate ENaC via a cAMP-dependent mechanism in the medium to long term is well established. This study addressed the acute regulatory effect of cAMP on human ENaC (hENaC) and thus the potential role of vasopressin in the initial compensatory responses to haemorrhagic shock. The effects of raising intracellular cAMP (using 5 mmol/L isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) and 50 μmol/L forskolin) on wild-type and Liddle-mutated hENaC activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes and hENaC localisation in oocyte membranes were evaluated by dual-electrode voltage clamping and immunohistochemistry, respectively. After 30 min, IBMX + forskolin had stimulated amiloride-sensitive Na(+) current by 52% and increased the membrane density of Na(+) channels in oocytes expressing wild-type hENaC. These responses were prevented by 5 μmol/L brefeldin A, which blocks antegrade vesicular transport. By contrast, IBMX + forskolin had no effects in oocytes expressing Liddle-mutated hENaC. cAMP stimulated rapid, exocytotic recruitment of wild-type hENaC into Xenopus oocyte membranes, but had no effect on constitutively over-expressed Liddle-mutated hENaC. Extrapolating these findings to the early cAMP-mediated effect of vasopressin on cortical collecting tubule cells, they suggest that vasopressin rapidly mobilises ENaC to the apical membrane of cortical collecting tubule cells, but does not enhance ENaC activity once inserted into the membrane. We speculate that this stimulatory effect on Na(+) reabsorption (and hence water absorption) may contribute to the early restoration of extracellular fluid volume following severe haemorrhage.

背景与目标： : 在严重出血后恢复循环血容量的代偿机制中，加压素分泌增加可增强远端肾单位段的水通透性，并通过上皮钠通道 (ENaC) 刺激皮质收集小管中的Na () 重吸收。加压素在中长期内通过cAMP依赖性机制上调ENaC的能力已得到充分确立。这项研究探讨了cAMP对人ENaC (hENaC) 的急性调节作用，从而探讨了加压素在对出血性休克的初始代偿反应中的潜在作用。通过双电极电压钳制和免疫组织化学评估了提高细胞内cAMP (使用5 mmol/L异丁基甲基黄嘌呤 (IBMX) 和50 μ mol/L forskolin) 对非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中表达的野生型和Liddle突变的hENaC活性以及卵母细胞膜中hENaC定位的影响。30分钟后，IBMX forskolin通过52% 刺激了对阿米洛利敏感的Na () 电流，并增加了表达野生型hENaC的卵母细胞中Na () 通道的膜密度。5 μ mol/L brefeldin A阻止了这些反应，从而阻止了顺行的水泡运输。相比之下，IBMX forskolin对表达Liddle突变的hENaC的卵母细胞没有影响。cAMP刺激野生型hENaC迅速，胞外募集到非洲爪蟾卵母细胞膜中，但对组成型过度表达的Liddle突变的hENaC没有影响。将这些发现外推到加压素对皮质收集小管细胞的早期cAMP介导的作用，他们表明加压素可迅速将ENaC动员到皮质收集小管细胞的顶膜上，但一旦插入膜中就不会增强ENaC的活性。我们推测这种对Na () 重吸收 (并因此吸收水) 的刺激作用可能有助于严重出血后细胞外液量的早期恢复。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Traditionally, for diagnostic and therapeutic application of radioiodine in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), a 4 to 6 week withdrawal of thyroid hormone was applied. Recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) was developed to provide TSH stimulation without withdrawal of thyroid hormone and associated morbidity. The results of rhTSH administration and endogenous TSH stimulation are equivalent in detecting recurrent DTC. At the present time rhTSH is approved as an adjunct for diagnostic procedures and thyroid ablation in patients with DTC. In addition, rhTSH has potential for use in facilitating the treatment of metastases in patients with DTC. In this review we have summarized our own experiences with rhTSH aided radioiodine therapy in patients with disseminated thyroid cancer. Generally, rhTSH was very well tolerated and treatment results were comparable to those achieved with thyroid hormone withdrawal.

背景与目标： : 传统上，对于分化型甲状腺癌 (DTC) 患者的放射性碘的诊断和治疗应用，使用4至6周的甲状腺激素戒断。开发了重组人TSH (rhTSH) 来提供TSH刺激，而不会停用甲状腺激素和相关的发病率。rhTSH给药和内源性TSH刺激的结果在检测复发性DTC方面是相同的。目前，rhTSH被批准为DTC患者的诊断程序和甲状腺消融的辅助手段。此外，rhTSH具有促进DTC患者转移治疗的潜力。在这篇综述中，我们总结了我们自己在弥漫性甲状腺癌患者中使用rhTSH辅助放射性碘治疗的经验。通常，rhTSH的耐受性非常好，治疗结果与甲状腺激素戒断所获得的结果相当。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: HYPOTHESIS:Perimodiolar intracochlear electrodes with contacts facing towards the modiolus have limited current flow towards the outer wall of the cochlea and therefore, may reduce the occurrence of facial nerve stimulation (FN) in cochlear implant subjects. BACKGROUND:Facial nerve stimulation is a well-known complication in cochlear implant treatment especially in the group of subjects with otosclerosis. The possible explanation of this side effect is a change of the electrical properties of the otosclerotic bone leading to leakage current and resulting in facial nerve stimulation. METHODS:Four CI subjects who had been implanted with a Nucleus Mini22 device with a Nucleus Straight electrode between 9 to 12 years ago suffered from severe FN stimulation. Electrode contacts had to be switched off so that they could only use 4, 11, 13, and 15 electrodes of their usual set of 22. The switch off resulted in deteriorating speech understanding over time. Therefore, all subjects were reimplanted with a Nucleus 24R device with a Contour electrode. Preoperatively, the threshold of FN stimulation was obtained on all electrodes subjectively. Intraoperatively, FN stimulation thresholds were measured objectively with both, the old and the new device and were compared. NRT and SRT thresholds were also obtained with the reimplanted device to assure effective electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. RESULTS:In all four cases the postoperative fitting demonstrated no FN stimulation on all electrodes up to maximum comfortable level. The insertion of the Contour electrode array was complete in three cases, in one case the array could only be inserted partially similarly to the situation before the reimplantation. Speech perception tests showed a significant improvement in all subjects with the new device. CONCLUSION:Electrodes with modiolar facing contacts and perimodiolar position like the Nucleus Contour electrode reduce the possibility of facial nerve stimulation significantly due to more focused electrical stimulation.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Purinergic stimulation of human airway epithelia results in a prolonged increase in ciliary beat frequency that depends on calcium-mediated cAMP production [Lieb, T., Wijkstrom Frei, C., Frohock, J.I., Bookman, R.J. and Salathe, M. (2002) Prolonged increase in ciliary beat frequency after short-term purinergic stimulation in human airway epithelial cells. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 538, 633-646]. Here, fully differentiated human airway epithelial cells in culture are shown to express calcium-stimulated transmembrane adenylyl cyclase (tmAC) isoforms (types 1, 3, and 8) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry of tracheal sections and fully differentiated airway epithelial cell cultures revealed polarized expression of these tmACs, with types 1 and 8 localized to the apical membrane and thus at the position required for ciliary regulation. Real-time, ciliated-cell specific cAMP production by tmACs upon apical, purinergic stimulation with UTP was confirmed using fluorescent energy resonance transfer between fluorescently tagged PKA subunits.

背景与目标： : 嘌呤能刺激人气道上皮细胞导致睫状搏动频率的延长增加，这取决于钙介导的cAMP产生 [Lieb，T.，Wijkstrom Frei，C.，Frohock，J.I.，Bookman，r.j.和salate，M. (2002) 人气道上皮细胞短期嘌呤能刺激后睫状搏动频率的延长增加。J. Physiol。(Lond。) 538，633-646]。在这里，通过逆转录聚合酶链反应显示培养物中完全分化的人气道上皮细胞表达钙刺激的跨膜腺苷酸环化酶 (tmAC) 亚型 (1、3和8型)。气管切片和完全分化的气道上皮细胞培养物的免疫组织化学显示这些tmac的极化表达，其中1型和8型位于根尖膜上，因此位于纤毛调节所需的位置。使用荧光标记的PKA亚基之间的荧光能量共振转移，证实了tmACs在UTP的顶端，嘌呤能刺激下实时，纤毛细胞特异性cAMP的产生。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Using 31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) and surface coils, we noninvasively assessed the intracellular changes in delayed skin flaps of the high-energy phosphometabolites, ATP and phosphocreatine, which are basic energy sources of living cells. In 5 rats, a 3.5 x 7.5 cm bipedicled skin flap was elevated from the dorsum and its caudal base divided after a delay period of 2 weeks. MRS spectra were collected at four timesimmediately, 1 week and 2 weeks after elevation of the bipedicled flap, and 18 hours after division of its caudal base.

From the spectra, we calculated the intracellular pH and the following ratiosPi/PCr, PCr/(PCr + Pi), ATP/(PCr + Pi) (PCr, phosphocreatine; Pi, inorganic phosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate). As an undelayed control group, cranially based skin flaps of the same size were elevated in another 5 rats, and MRS spectra were obtained 18 hours later. The length of the surviving area was longer in the delayed flaps than in the undelayed flaps. Intracellular pH and ATP/(PCr + Pi) showed no significant alteration in the delayed skin flaps, not only during the delay period but also after conversion of the flaps into cranially based flaps by division of their caudal base. In contrast, PCr/(PCr + Pi) decreased with each surgical procedure (bipedicled flap elevation and base division). Compared with the necrotic distal portion of the undelayed flaps, the surviving distal portion of the delayed flaps had higher levels of intracellular pH and ATP/(PCr + Pi) and lower levels of PCr/(PCr + Pi). Intracellular pH and ATP/(PCr + Pi) showed a strong correlation with the viability of the delayed and undelayed skin flaps, and they can be prognostic indices for predicting the fate of skin flaps. The reason the surviving distal portions of the delayed flaps maintained their level of ATP despite the low intracellular level of PCr may be that the accumulation of mitochondrial creatine kinase enhances the so-called 'energy transport' function of the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system.

背景与目标： 使用31磷磁共振波谱 (31P-MRS) 和表面线圈，我们无创地评估了高能磷酸代谢物，ATP和磷酸肌酸 (它们是活细胞的基本能量来源) 的延迟皮瓣的细胞内变化。在5只大鼠中，从背部抬高3.5 x 7.5厘米双蒂皮瓣，并在2周的延迟期后将其尾基分开。在双蒂皮瓣抬高后1周和2周以及尾基分裂后18小时立即收集4次MRS光谱。
从光谱中，我们计算了细胞内pH和以下比率Pi/PCr，PCr/(PCr Pi)，ATP/(PCr + Pi) (PCr，磷酸肌酸; Pi，无机磷酸盐; ATP，三磷酸腺苷)。作为不延迟的对照组，在另外5只大鼠中升高了相同大小的基于颅骨的皮瓣，并在18小时后获得了MRS光谱。延迟皮瓣中存活区域的长度比未延迟皮瓣中的更长。细胞内pH和ATP/(PCr Pi) 在延迟的皮瓣中没有显示出明显的变化，不仅在延迟期间，而且在通过将其尾基分割将皮瓣转化为基于颅骨的皮瓣之后。相反，每次手术 (双蒂皮瓣抬高和基底分裂) 时，PCr/(PCr Pi) 均降低。与未延迟皮瓣的坏死远端部分相比，存活的延迟皮瓣的远端部分具有较高的细胞内pH和ATP/(PCr Pi) 水平和较低的PCr/(PCr Pi) 水平。细胞内pH和ATP/(PCr Pi) 与延迟和未延迟皮瓣的生存能力有很强的相关性，它们可以作为预测皮瓣命运的预后指标。尽管细胞内PCr水平较低，但存活的延迟皮瓣远端部分仍保持其ATP水平的原因可能是线粒体肌酸激酶的积累增强了肌酸激酶/磷酸肌酸系统的所谓 “能量传输” 功能。