BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In situ alterations of DNA methylation were studied between 14 d postcoitum and 4 d postpartum in Sertoli cells and germ cells from mouse testis, using anti-5-methylcytosine antibodies. Compared to cultured fibroblasts, Sertoli cells display strongly methylated juxtacentromeric heterochromatin, but hypomethylated chromatids. Germ cells always possess hypomethylated heterochromatin, whereas their euchromatin passes from a demethylated to a strongly methylated status between days 16 and 17 postcoitum. This hypermethylation occurs in the absence of DNA replication, germ cells being blocked in the G(0)-G(1) phase from day 15 postcoitum to birth. The DNA hypermethylation of germ cells is maintained until birth and could be visualized on both chromatids of metaphase chromosomes at the first postpartum cell division. Subsequently, the DNA hypermethylation is lost semiconservatively, being replaced by a methylation pattern recalling the typical fibroblast pattern. These alterations of DNA methylation follow a strict chronology, are chromosome structure and cell-type dependent, and may underlie profound changes of genome function.

背景与目标： : 使用anti-5-methylcytosine抗体研究了小鼠睾丸支持细胞和生殖细胞在产后14 d和产后4 d之间DNA甲基化的原位改变。与培养的成纤维细胞相比，Sertoli细胞显示出强烈的甲基化的间生异染色质，但低甲基化的染色单体。生殖细胞始终具有低甲基化的异染色质，而它们的常染色质在第16至17天之间从去甲基化状态转移到强烈甲基化状态。这种高甲基化发生在没有DNA复制的情况下，生殖细胞从出生后第15天到出生在G(0)-G(1) 阶段被阻断。生殖细胞的DNA高甲基化一直维持到出生，并且可以在产后第一次细胞分裂时在中期染色体的两个染色单体上观察到。随后，DNA超甲基化被半保守地丢失，被甲基化模式取代，使其回想起典型的成纤维细胞模式。DNA甲基化的这些改变遵循严格的时间顺序，是染色体结构和细胞类型依赖性的，并且可能是基因组功能深刻变化的基础。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have analyzed 25 patients with primary testicular large-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma managed at our institution from 1972-1998. The median age was 69 years, with bilateral testicular involvement in 16%. The disease stage was I in 56%, II in 32%, and IV in 12%. Twenty-four patients received further therapy after orchiectomy, including chemotherapy in 18 and radiation therapy in 11 (encompassing regional nodes in 8 and the contralateral testis in 6), with 5 patients receiving both modalities. The complete remission rate was 88%, but a continuous pattern of recurrence is evident up to 10 years, when only 23% of patients are predicted to be in ongoing remission. The dominant sites of first failure were extranodal (91%), with prominent involvement of the contralateral testis and cerebral parenchyma. The 10-year overall survival rate is 32%, and the median overall survival is 4.4 years. Within the entire cohort, adverse prognostic factors for treatment failure were serum albumin < or = to 3.5 g/dL (P = 0.02), advanced age, advanced stage, and lack of anthracycline-containing chemotherapy (each P < or = to 0.3). Among patients with locoregional disease, albumin < or = to 3.5 g/dL (P = 0.08), no anthracycline-containing chemotherapy (P = 0.15), and fewer than 6 cycles of chemotherapy (P = 0.03) remained predictive. Based on this analysis, we are prospectively evaluating a treatment program for patients with testicular non-Hodgkin's large-cell lymphoma comprising (1) 6 cycles of anthracycline-based chemotherapy, (2) prophylactic radiation therapy to the contralateral testis, and (3) central nervous system prophylaxis with both intrathecal chemotherapy and systemic high-dose methotrexate.

背景与目标： : 我们分析了1972-1998年在我们机构管理的25例原发性睾丸大细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者。中位年龄69岁，16% 双侧睾丸受累。疾病阶段为56% 年I，32% 年II，12% 年IV。24例患者在睾丸切除术后接受了进一步的治疗，包括18例化疗和11例放疗 (包括8例区域淋巴结和6例对侧睾丸)，其中5例接受了两种方式。完全缓解率是88% 的，但是当预测只有23% 的患者处于持续缓解期时，持续10年的复发模式是明显的。首次失败的主要部位是结外 (91%)，对侧睾丸和脑实质明显受累。10年总生存率为32%，中位总生存率为4.4年。在整个队列中，治疗失败的不良预后因素是血清白蛋白 <或 = 3.5g/dL (P = 0.02)，高龄，晚期和缺乏含蒽环类药物的化疗 (每个P <或 = 0.3)。在局部区域疾病患者中，白蛋白 <或 = 3.5g/dL (P = 0.08)，没有含蒽环类药物的化疗 (P = 0.15) 和少于6个周期的化疗 (P = 0.03) 仍然是可预测的。基于此分析，我们正在前瞻性评估睾丸非霍奇金大细胞淋巴瘤患者的治疗计划，包括 (1) 6个周期的基于蒽环类药物的化疗，(2) 对侧睾丸的预防性放射治疗，(3) 鞘内化疗和全身大剂量甲氨蝶呤预防中枢神经系统。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The strength of the association between undescended testis and testicular cancer varies considerably across studies. Here we report the effect of various classifications of self-reported history of undescended testis and different data sources on the estimates of the risk of testicular cancer from a case-control study. METHODS:We performed a population-based case-control study including 269 testicular cancer cases and 797 controls matched on age and region. Medical history was assessed by interviews (index persons) and mailed questionnaires (mothers). We used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and kappa coefficients to assess agreement between different sources of information. RESULTS:Odds ratios for testicular cancer ranged between 2.4 and 5.4 based on the sons' self-reports and between 1.1 and 1.9 based on the mothers' reports. The agreement between the sons and mothers on undescended, gliding or retractile testis was fair (kappa 0.53) and was good when these conditions were treated by surgery (kappa 0.89). The rating of a history of undescended testis by two urologists was fair (kappa 0.54). CONCLUSIONS:The questionnaire design, the classifications of undescended testis and data sources have an important impact on the OR for the association of undescended testis and testicular cancer. These factors may partially explain the heterogeneity of the OR for this association in case-control studies relying on self-reports.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have characterized the expression of MYCL2, an intronless X-linked gene related to MYCL1. RNase protection analysis of a panel of human normal and tumor tissues has revealed that MYCL2 is expressed almost exclusively in human adult normal testis; much lower levels of transcript were detected in one human lung adenocarcinoma. No MYCL2 transcript was found in human testis RNA obtained from second trimester fetuses. This observation suggests a germ cell rather than somatic cell origin of the transcript and possible developmental regulation of MYCL2. Northern blot analysis of poly(A)+ RNA from adult human normal testis with an antisense riboprobe revealed a transcript of approximately 4.8-kb, which is in agreement with the size predicted from the MYCL2 nucleotide sequence. Antisense transcripts were found spanning regions of MYCL2 corresponding to all three exons of MYCL1. No sizable open reading frame was seen for the MYCL2 antisense transcripts suggesting that they may represent either regulatory sequences or an intron of a gene encoded by the complementary strand. RNase protection assays and the 5' RACE protocol (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) were used to address the localization of the transcription start site of the MYCL2 sense transcript and different putative promoters and transcription regulatory elements have been identified.

背景与目标： : 我们已经表征了MYCL2的表达，MYCL2是与mycl1相关的无内含子X连锁基因。对一组人类正常和肿瘤组织的RNase保护分析表明，MYCL2几乎仅在人类成人正常睾丸中表达; 在一种人肺腺癌中检测到的转录本水平要低得多。在从妊娠中期胎儿获得的人睾丸RNA中未发现MYCL2转录本。此观察结果表明转录本的生殖细胞而不是体细胞起源以及mycl2的可能发育调控。用反义核糖探针对来自成人正常睾丸的poly(A)+ RNA进行的Northern印迹分析显示，转录物约为4.8-kb，这与从MYCL2核苷酸序列预测的大小一致。发现反义转录本跨越MYCL2的区域，对应于mycl1的所有三个外显子。对于MYCL2反义转录本，没有看到相当大的开放阅读框，表明它们可能代表由互补链编码的基因的调控序列或内含子。RNase保护试验和5' RACE方案 (cDNA末端的快速扩增) 用于解决MYCL2有义转录本的转录起始位点的定位，并且已经鉴定出不同的推定启动子和转录调控元件。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Cancer-testis (CT) antigens are often expressed in a proportion of tumors of various types. Their restricted normal tissue expression and immunogenicity make them potential targets for immunotherapy. CABYR is a calcium-binding tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated fibrous sheath protein initially reported to be testis specific and subsequently shown to be present in brain tumors. This study was to determine whether CABYR is a novel CT antigen in lung cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:mRNA expression of CABYR-a/b (combination of CABYR-a and CABYR-b) and CABYR-c was examined in 36 lung cancer specimens, 14 cancer cell lines, and 1 normal cell line by conventional and real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Protein expression of CABYR was analyzed in 50 lung cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry. Antibodies specific to CABYR were analyzed in sera from 174 lung cancer patients and 60 healthy donors by ELISA and Western blot. RESULTS:mRNA expression of CABYR-a/b and CABYR-c was observed, respectively, in 13 and 15 of 36 lung cancer tissues as well as in 3 and 5 of 14 cancer cell lines, whereas neither of them was observed in adjacent noncancerous tissues or the normal cell line. Protein expression of CABYR-a/b and CABYR-c was observed, respectively, in 20 and 19 of 50 lung cancer tissues. IgG antibodies specific to CABYR-a/b and CABYR-c were detected, respectively, in 11% and 9% of sera from lung cancer patients but not from the 60 healthy donors. CONCLUSION:CABYR is a novel CT antigen in lung cancer and may be a promising target for immunotherapy for lung cancer patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern of prostate and of testis of 27 wild animals showed that in several species more than 5 isoenzymes are detected, with electrophoretic mobilities different to those found in humans. The LDH-X band, found in testis from mature humans is also observed in the testis of wild animals. However, in several species more than one LDH-X is found. The results obtained demonstrate their usefulness in phylogeny. The prostate gland and testis of the chimpanzee show the greatest resemblance to man. Histological examination of the prostate glands seems to correlate with the phylogenetical classification of the mammals studied.

背景与目标： : 27种野生动物的前列腺和睾丸的乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH) 同工酶模式表明，在几种物种中检测到5种以上的同工酶，其电泳迁移率与人类不同。在野生动物的睾丸中也观察到在成熟人类的睾丸中发现的ldh-x带。但是，在几种物种中发现了一个以上的ldh-x。获得的结果证明了它们在系统发育中的有用性。黑猩猩的前列腺和睾丸与人类最相似。前列腺的组织学检查似乎与所研究哺乳动物的系统发育分类有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

背景与目标： : 本文的修正案已经发表，可以通过本文顶部的链接进行访问。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The ABCD stratification [(combination of serum pepsinogen (PG) levels and titers of antibody (immunoglobulin G, IgG) against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)] is effective for the classification of individuals at risk of developing gastric cancer (GC). The Kita-Kyushu lung cancer antigen-1 (KK-LC-1) is a Cancer/Testis antigen frequently expressed in GC. AIM:To evaluate the effectiveness of KK-LC-1 and ABCD stratification in the diagnosis of GC. METHODS:We analyzed the gene expression of KK-LC-1 in surgical specimens obtained from GC tumors. The levels of serum PG I/PG II and IgG against H. pylori were measured. According to their serological status, the patients were classified into the four groups of the ABCD stratification. RESULTS:Of the 77 examined patients, 63 (81.8%) expressed KK-LC-1. The IgG titers of H. pylori and PG II were significantly higher in patients expressing KK-LC-1 than those measured in patients not expressing KK-LC-1 (P = 0.0289 and P = 0.0041, respectively). The expression of KK-LC-1 in group C [PG method (+)/H. pylori infection (+)] was as high as 93.9% high. KK-LC-1 was also detected in group A [-/-]. CONCLUSION:The KK-LC-1 expression in GC was associated with H. pylori infection and atrophic status, so that, KK-LC-1 may be a useful marker for the diagnosis of GC.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Inhalation of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) has been found to reduce sperm production. There is a possibility that DEP exposure elicits changes in gene expression in testis. To identify the alteration of gene expression resulting from DEP exposure, we constructed subtracted cDNA libraries from mouse testis using the suppression subtractive hybridization method. We isolated 16 candidate clones whose expression levels changed after exposure. Some of these candidates were highly similar to known testis-specific genes. Some of the clones also seemed to correlate with spermatogenesis. Northern blot analysis revealed that DEP exposure changed the expression levels of several clones in a dose-dependent manner. For example, the expression of clone R8, which was very similar to human XRRA1, increased by 2.3-fold in testis after DEP exposure. On the other hand, the expressions of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 6 (Acsl6) and serine/threonine kinase 35 reduced by 0.3-fold. These results indicated that some constituents of DEP alter gene expression in the testis.

背景与目标： : 已发现吸入柴油废气颗粒 (DEP) 可减少精子的产生。DEP暴露可能会引起睾丸中基因表达的变化。为了鉴定由DEP暴露引起的基因表达的改变，我们使用抑制消减杂交方法从小鼠睾丸中构建了减去cDNA文库。我们分离出16个候选克隆，其表达水平在暴露后发生变化。其中一些候选基因与已知的睾丸特异性基因高度相似。一些克隆似乎也与精子发生有关。Northern印迹分析显示，DEP暴露以剂量依赖性方式改变了几个克隆的表达水平。例如，与人XRRA1非常相似的克隆R8的表达在DEP暴露后在睾丸中增加了2.3倍。另一方面，长链酰基辅酶a合成酶6 (Acsl6) 和丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶35的表达降低了0.3倍。这些结果表明，DEP的某些成分改变了睾丸中的基因表达。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Alternative splicing regulation has been shown to be critically important for several developmental pathways. It is particularly prevalent in the testis, which is the site of an extensive adult developmental programme. Alternative splicing is controlled by a splicing code, in which transcripts respond to subtle cell type-specific variations in positive and negative trans-acting RNA-binding proteins according to their unique set of binding sites for these proteins. Because of their unique combinations of cis-acting sequence elements, specific transcripts are able to respond individually to this code. In this review, we discuss how this code may be deciphered in germ cells to mediate a splicing response.

背景与目标： : 替代剪接调节已被证明对几种发育途径至关重要。它在睾丸中特别普遍，睾丸是广泛的成人发育计划的场所。选择性剪接由剪接代码控制，其中转录本根据其独特的结合位点集，对阳性和阴性反式作用RNA结合蛋白的细微细胞类型特异性变化做出反应。由于顺式作用序列元素的独特组合，因此特定的转录本能够单独响应此代码。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了如何在生殖细胞中破译该代码以介导剪接反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Testicular torsion associated with undescended testis is uncommon but requires immediate treatment. Ultrasound Doppler is recognized as the preferred imaging modality for testicular torsion due to its high specificity, sensitivity and availability. OBJECTIVES:To determine the accuracy of ultrasound Doppler in diagnosis of torsion of undescended testis. METHODS:We describe three patients with known undescended testis who were admitted with groin pain and had preoperative ultrasound Doppler. The discrepancy between these and the intraoperative findings is discussed. RESULTS:In two patients incarcerated inguinal hernia was diagnosed with ultrasound Doppler; however, surgery revealed torsion of an undescended testis. In the third patient ultrasound Doppler diagnosed torsion of undescended testis, but at surgery incarcerated inguinal hernia was found, without evidence of testicular torsion. CONCLUSIONS:Torsion of undescended testis should be a clinical rather than radiologic diagnosis.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Expression of imprinted genes is restricted to a single parental allele as a result of epigenetic regulation-DNA methylation and histone modifications. Igf2/H19 is a reciprocally imprinted locus exhibiting paternal Igf2 and maternal H19 expression. Their expression is regulated by a paternally methylated imprinting control region (ICR) located between the two genes. Although the de novo DNA methyltransferases have been shown to be necessary for the establishment of ICR methylation, the mechanism by which they are targeted to the region remains unknown. We demonstrate that CTCFL/BORIS, a paralog of CTCF, is an ICR-binding protein expressed during embryonic male germ cell development, coinciding with the timing of ICR methylation. PRMT7, a protein arginine methyltransferase with which CTCFL interacts, is also expressed during embryonic testis development. Symmetrical dimethyl arginine 3 of histone H4, a modification catalyzed by PRMT7, accumulates in germ cells during this developmental period. This modified histone is also found enriched in both H19 ICR and Gtl2 differentially methylated region (DMR) chromatin of testis by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis. In vitro studies demonstrate that CTCFL stimulates the histone-methyltransferase activity of PRMT7 via interactions with both histones and PRMT7. Finally, H19 ICR methylation is demonstrated by nuclear co-injection of expression vectors encoding CTCFL, PRMT7, and the de novo DNA methyltransferases, Dnmt3a, -b and -L, in Xenopus oocytes. These results suggest that CTCFL and PRMT7 may play a role in male germline imprinted gene methylation.

背景与目标： : 由于表观遗传调控-DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰，印迹基因的表达仅限于单个亲本等位基因。Igf2/H19是一个相互印迹的基因座，表现出父本Igf2和母体H19表达。它们的表达受位于两个基因之间的父系甲基化印迹控制区 (ICR) 调节。尽管已证明从头DNA甲基转移酶是建立ICR甲基化所必需的，但它们靶向该区域的机制仍然未知。我们证明CTCFL/BORIS是CTCF的旁系，是在胚胎雄性生殖细胞发育过程中表达的ICR结合蛋白，与ICR甲基化的时间相吻合。PRMT7是一种与CTCFL相互作用的蛋白质精氨酸甲基转移酶，在胚胎睾丸发育过程中也表达。由PRMT7催化的组蛋白H4的对称二甲基精氨酸3在此发育时期积累在生殖细胞中。通过染色质免疫沉淀 (ChIP) 分析，该修饰的组蛋白也富含睾丸的H19 ICR和Gtl2差异甲基化区 (DMR) 染色质。体外研究表明，CTCFL通过与组蛋白和PRMT7的相互作用刺激PRMT7的组蛋白-甲基转移酶活性。最后，通过在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中核共注射编码CTCFL，PRMT7和从头DNA甲基转移酶Dnmt3a，-b和-L的表达载体来证明H19 ICR甲基化。这些结果表明CTCFL和PRMT7可能在雄性种系印迹基因甲基化中起作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis is a rare tumor. We describe the ultrastructural appearance of a retroperitoneal adenocarcinoma metastatic from the rete testis, and compare this appearance with that of normal human rete testis. Both normal rete epithelium and the tumor showed deep, narrow nuclear invaginations with apparent nuclear lobulation; small, pleomorphic, electron-dense, membrane-bound granules in the basal cytoplasm; lipid droplets in the apical cytoplasm; and distinctive bulbous cytoplasmic projections along the apical surfaces of the cells. In addition, more general features of glandular tissue were seen. Features notable for their absence were mucin granules, microvilli containing filamentous cores, glycocalyx, and glycocalyceal bodies. The ultrastructural appearance was sufficiently distinctive to suggest that, in the proper clinical context, electron microscopy may serve to support a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the rete testis.

背景与目标： 睾丸内腺癌是一种罕见的肿瘤。我们描述了从睾丸睾丸转移的腹膜后腺癌的超微结构外观，并将其与正常人睾丸的外观进行了比较。正常上皮和肿瘤均显示出深部狭窄的核内陷，并有明显的核分叶; 基底细胞质中的小，多形性，电子致密，膜结合颗粒; 顶端细胞质中的脂滴; 以及沿细胞顶端表面的独特球状细胞质突起。此外，还可以看到腺体组织的更一般特征。缺乏它们的特征是粘蛋白颗粒，含有丝状核的微绒毛，糖萼和糖萼体。超微结构的外观具有足够的独特性，表明在适当的临床背景下，电子显微镜检查可能有助于诊断睾丸腺癌。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Testosterone antiserum raised in rabbits according to conventional techniques was used to localize immunoreactive material in fixed, paraffin-embedded rainbow trout testis. Spermatogonia showed a nuclear label throughout the reproductive cycle; their nucleoli were not stained or stained less intensely. Spermatocytes displayed a staining of large cellular areas, showed an irregularly delineated intracellular label, or remained unstained; similarly stained spermatocytes were arranged in groups. Spermatids remained unstained. Spermatozoa were not labeled or were weakly labeled, which varied from male to male and also between different areas of a section. Sertoli cells showed a label confined to the nucleus. During active spermatogenesis they also carried a cytoplasmic stain. Interstitial cells with a cytoplasmic stain were found only rarely. The spermatocyte I/II transition is associated with the most considerable changes in the intracellular staining pattern.

背景与目标： : 根据常规技术在兔子中产生的睾丸激素抗血清用于将免疫反应性材料定位在固定的，石蜡包埋的虹鳟鱼睾丸中。精原细胞在整个生殖周期中都显示出核标记; 他们的核仁没有染色或染色强度较低。精母细胞显示大细胞区域染色，显示不规则的细胞内标记，或保持未染色; 类似染色的精母细胞分组排列。精子未染色。精子未标记或标记弱，从男性到男性以及切片的不同区域之间也有所不同。支持细胞显示出局限于细胞核的标记。在活跃的精子发生过程中，它们还带有细胞质染色。很少发现具有细胞质染色的间质细胞。精母细胞I/II过渡与细胞内染色模式的最显着变化有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Puberty has a profound effect upon the biochemical composition of the testis. We previously demonstrated that puberty was accompanied by great increases in the content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3) and dihomogamma-linoleic acid (20:3 n-6) and decreases in arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4 n-6) in the phospholipids of testis. In this report, we analyze the composition of the phospholipid molecular species of the ethanolamine and choline glycerophospholipids in the testis of prepubertal (2 years old) and young adult (7-8 years old) monkeys, There was an increase in the DHA species and a decrease in arachidonic species. Interestingly, with few exceptions, among the three molecules with DHA or AA at the sn-2 position, only 16:0-22:6 and 18:0-20:4 changed selectively in opposite directions for both ethanolamine and choline glycerophospholipids. In contrast, there was no such selectivity seen in molecular species containing dihomogamma-linoleic acid or linoleic acid at the sn-2 position. All three dihomogamma-linoleic acid species increased and all three linoleic acid species decreased during puberty. In summary, at puberty, i.e., the onset of spermatogenesis, there are selective changes in the phospholipid molecular species, particularly those containing DHA and AA. These changes suggest a specific functional role of DHA-containing molecular species in the lipid bilayer membranes of sperm cells. A possible link between the composition of DHA-phospholipid molecular species and cellular function is discussed.

背景与目标： : 青春期对睾丸的生化成分有深远的影响。我们先前证明，青春期伴随着二十二碳六烯酸 (DHA; 22:6 n-3) 和二高甘-亚油酸 (20:3 n-6) 的含量大大增加，而花生四烯酸 (AA; 20:4 n-6) 的含量减少睾丸的磷脂。在本报告中，我们分析了青春期前 (2岁) 和年轻成年 (7-8岁) 猴子的睾丸中乙醇胺和胆碱甘油磷脂的磷脂分子种类的组成，DHA种类增加，花生四烯类种类减少。有趣的是，除了少数例外，在DHA或AA处于sn-2位置的三个分子中，对于乙醇胺和胆碱甘油磷脂，只有16:0-22:6和18:0-20:4选择性地沿相反方向变化。相反，在sn-2位置含有二高甘胺-亚油酸或亚油酸的分子物种中没有看到这种选择性。在青春期期间，所有三种二homoogamma-亚油酸种类均增加，所有三种亚油酸种类均减少。总之，在青春期，即精子发生的开始，磷脂分子种类，特别是含有DHA和AA的磷脂分子种类有选择性变化。这些变化表明含DHA的分子物种在精子细胞的脂质双层膜中具有特定的功能作用。讨论了DHA-磷脂分子种类的组成与细胞功能之间的可能联系。