BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Competition elevates plasma testosterone in a wide variety of vertebrates, including humans. The 'challenge hypothesis' proposes that seasonal peaks in testosterone during breeding are caused by social challenges from other males. However, during experimentally induced male-male conflicts, testosterone increases only in a minority of songbird species tested so far. Why is this so? Comparative evidence suggests that species with a short breeding season may not elevate testosterone levels during territory defence. These species may even be limited in their physiological capability to increase testosterone levels, which can be tested by injecting birds with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). We studied two populations of black redstarts that differ in breeding altitude, morphology and the length of their breeding season. Unexpectedly, males of neither population increased testosterone in response to a simulated territorial intrusion, but injections with GnRH resulted in a major elevation of testosterone. Thus, black redstarts would have been capable of mounting a testosterone response during the male-male challenge. Our data show, for the first time, that the absence of an androgen response to male-male challenges is not owing to physiological limitations to increase testosterone. Furthermore, in contrast to comparative evidence between species, populations of black redstarts with a long breeding season do not show the expected elevation in testosterone during male-male challenges.

背景与目标： : 竞争提高了包括人类在内的各种脊椎动物的血浆睾丸激素。“挑战假说” 提出，繁殖过程中睾丸激素的季节性高峰是由其他男性的社会挑战引起的。然而，在实验诱导的雄性-雄性冲突中，睾丸激素仅在迄今为止测试的少数鸣禽物种中增加。为什么会这样？比较证据表明，繁殖季节短的物种在领土防御期间可能不会提高睾丸激素水平。这些物种甚至可能在增加睾丸激素水平的生理能力方面受到限制，可以通过向鸟类注射促性腺激素释放激素 (GnRH) 来进行测试。我们研究了两个黑红脚种群，它们的繁殖高度，形态和繁殖季节长度不同。出乎意料的是，这两个种群的男性都没有响应模拟的领土入侵而增加睾丸激素，但是注射GnRH导致睾丸激素的显着升高。因此，在男性-男性挑战期间，黑色红色起点将能够增强睾丸激素反应。我们的数据首次表明，对男性-男性挑战缺乏雄激素反应并不是由于增加睾丸激素的生理限制。此外，与物种之间的比较证据相反，繁殖季节长的黑色红色起点种群在雄性-雄性挑战期间未显示出预期的睾丸激素升高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is a growing body of evidence that the rapid but transient increase in male androgens, particularly testosterone (T), following a single social encounter such as a territorial intrusion occurs in a wide array of vertebrate taxa. Yet, this phenomenon, often called the Challenge Hypothesis, has rarely been investigated in females. Moreover, when studying male challenge effects, researchers have rarely investigated other hormones that can be important to the expression of aggression, such as progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). We conducted 10-min aggression trials using the resident-intruder paradigm in cycling female California mice, Peromyscus californicus, a species in which both sexes show territorial behavior. By comparing the hormone levels of test females to control females, we found a decrease in P(4) and the P4/T ratio, but no change in T, E2, corticosterone, E2/P4, or E2/T. Interestingly, these hormone changes were observed even when the resident was not aggressive toward the intruder, suggesting that the stimulus cueing the hormone changes was the mere presence of the intruder and not the amount of aggression displayed by the resident. Generally, T has a positive relationship with aggression, whereas P4 inhibits male and nonmaternal female aggression. Thus, decreasing the P4/T ratio following an encounter may serve to increase future aggression in females. These results suggest that females may use different hormonal mechanisms than do males to mediate aggression in a challenge situation.

背景与目标： : 越来越多的证据表明，在一次社交遭遇 (例如领土入侵) 之后，雄性雄激素 (尤其是睾丸激素 (T)) 的快速但短暂的增加发生在各种各样的脊椎动物分类单元中。然而，这种现象 (通常称为挑战假说) 很少在女性中得到研究。此外，在研究男性挑战效应时，研究人员很少研究对攻击表达很重要的其他激素，例如孕酮 (P4) 和雌二醇 (E2)。我们使用居民入侵者范例对骑自行车的雌性加利福尼亚小鼠Peromyscus californicus进行了10分钟攻击试验，该物种男女都表现出领土行为。通过比较测试雌性与对照雌性的激素水平，我们发现P(4) 和P4/T比降低，但T，E2，皮质酮，E2/P4或E2/T没有变化。有趣的是，即使居民对入侵者没有攻击性，也观察到这些激素变化，这表明提示激素变化的刺激仅仅是入侵者的存在，而不是居民表现出攻击。通常，T与攻击呈正相关，而P4抑制男性和非母亲女性攻击。因此，在相遇后降低P4/T比率可能会增加女性的未来攻击。这些结果表明，在挑战情况下，女性可能使用与男性不同的激素机制来介导攻击。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Environmental conditions and individual strategies in early life may have a profound effect on fitness. A critical moment in the life of an organism occurs when an individual reaches independence and stops receiving benefits from its relatives. Understanding the consequences of individual strategies at the time of independence requires quantification of their fitness effects. We explored this period in the Red Grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus). In this system, testosterone and parasite (Trichostrongylus tenuis) levels are known to influence survival and reproduction, the two key components of individual fitness. We experimentally and simultaneously manipulated testosterone and parasites at three levels (high, intermediate, and control levels for both factors) in 195 young males in five populations using a factorial experimental design. We explored the effects of our treatments on fitness by monitoring reproduction and survival throughout the life of all males and estimating lambda(ind), a rate-sensitive index of fitness. Parasite challenges increased the number of worms with a time lag, as previously found. However, we did not find significant effects of parasite manipulations on fitness, possibly because parasite abundance did not increase to harmful levels. Our hormone manipulation was successful at increasing testosterone at three different levels. Such increases in hormone levels decreased overall fitness. This was caused by reduced offspring production in the first breeding attempt rather than by any effect of the treatment on bird survival. Our results highlight that investing in high testosterone levels at independence, a strategy that might enhance short-term recruitment probability in territorial species such as Red Grouse, has a fitness cost, and can influence the resolution of the trade-off between reproduction and survival later in life.

背景与目标： : 早期生活中的环境条件和个人策略可能会对健身产生深远影响。当一个人达到独立并停止从其亲属那里获得利益时，就会发生生物体生命中的关键时刻。了解独立时个人策略的后果需要量化其适应效果。我们在红色松鸡 (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) 中探索了这一时期。在这个系统中，已知睾丸激素和寄生虫 (Trichostrongylus tenuis) 的水平会影响生存和繁殖，这是个体健康的两个关键组成部分。我们使用析因实验设计，对五个种群中的195名年轻男性进行了三个水平 (两个因素的高，中和对照水平) 的实验和同时操纵睾丸激素和寄生虫。我们通过监测所有男性的整个生命中的繁殖和存活并估算lambda(ind) (一种对健康的速率敏感指数)，探索了我们的治疗方法对健康的影响。如前所述，寄生虫的挑战会随着时间的滞后而增加蠕虫的数量。但是，我们没有发现寄生虫操纵对健身的显着影响，可能是因为寄生虫的丰度并未增加到有害水平。我们的激素操作成功地提高了三种不同水平的睾丸激素。激素水平的增加降低了总体适应性。这是由于第一次繁殖尝试中后代产量减少所致，而不是由于治疗对鸟类存活的任何影响。我们的结果强调，在独立时投资于高睾丸激素水平，这一策略可能会提高红色松鸡等领土物种的短期招募概率，具有健身成本，并且可能会影响生殖与生存之间权衡的解决方案在以后的生活中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We addressed the questions (i) whether a social defeat triggers similar autonomic and behavioral responses in birds as is known from mammals and (ii) whether individuals that differ in coping style differ in their reaction to a social defeat. Adult captive male great tits (Parus major) from either of two different selection lines for coping style were used to test the effect of social defeat by an aggressive resident male conspecific on subsequent social and nonsocial behaviour, body temperature, breath rate and body mass. These parameters were measured 1 day before (baseline), immediately after and at Days 1 to 3 and 6 after the social interaction took place (Day 0). Social defeat decreased social exploration and increased body temperature substantially for at least 1 day in all birds. Breath rate and body mass were not affected. Birds belonging to the more aggressive and bolder line showed impairment in activity immediately after the social defeat. This is to our knowledge the first report showing that psychosocial stress in birds can have a similar impact as in rodents, but with a shorter recovery time. This might be due to species-specific differences in sensitivity to social stress, or to differences in the way social stress was induced.

背景与目标： 我们解决了以下问题 :( i) 社交失败是否会触发哺乳动物已知的鸟类类似的自主和行为反应，以及 (ii) 应对方式不同的个体对社交失败的反应是否有所不同。使用来自两个不同应对方式选择线中的任何一个的成年圈养男性大山雀 (Parus major) 来测试侵略性常驻男性同种异体的社交失败对随后的社交和非社交行为，体温，呼吸频率和身体的影响质量。这些参数是在社交互动发生 (第0天) 之前 (基线)，之后和之后的第1天至第3天和第6天 (第0天) 测量的。在所有鸟类中，社交失败至少减少了社交探索，并显着增加了体温至少1天。呼吸频率和体重未受到影响。属于更具侵略性和更大胆的路线的鸟类在社交失败后立即表现出活动障碍。据我们所知，这是第一份报告，表明鸟类的心理社会压力可能与啮齿动物产生类似的影响，但恢复时间较短。这可能是由于对社会压力的敏感性存在物种特异性差异，或者是引起社会压力的方式差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The brain plays a critical role in upstream regulation of processes central to mating effort, parental effort, and self-maintenance. For seasonally breeding animals, the brain is likely mediating trade-offs among these processes within a short breeding season, yet research thus far has only explored neurogenomic changes from non-breeding to breeding states or select pathways (e.g., steroids) in male and/or lab-reared animals. Here, we use RNA-seq to explore neural plasticity in three behaviorally relevant neural tissues (ventromedial telencephalon [VmT], hypothalamus [HYPO], and hindbrain [HB]), comparing free-living female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) as they shift from territory establishment to incubation. We additionally highlight changes in aggression-related genes to explore the potential for a neurogenomic shift in the mechanisms regulating aggression, a critical behavior both in establishing and maintaining a territory and in defense of offspring. RESULTS:HB had few differentially expressed genes, but VmT and HYPO had hundreds. In particular, VmT had higher expression of genes related to neuroplasticity and processes beneficial for competition during territory establishment, but down-regulated immune processes. HYPO showed signs of high neuroplasticity during incubation, and a decreased potential for glucocorticoid signaling. Expression of aggression-related genes also shifted from steroidal to non-steroidal pathways across the breeding season. CONCLUSIONS:These patterns suggest trade-offs between enhanced activity and immunity in the VmT and between stress responsiveness and parental care in the HYPO, along with a potential shift in the mechanisms regulating aggression. Collectively, these data highlight important gene regulatory pathways that may underlie behavioral plasticity in females.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The rapid changes that societies have gone through in the last few decades have led to the increase in the prevalence of malnutrition in all its forms and to the degradation of natural resources and the environment. The change in the dietary habits and production systems are responsible for much of this change. Some territorial diets have been shown as potentially capable of reversing these trends by positively contributing to the health of people and the environment such as the Mediterranean Diet and the New Nordic Diet. In this paper, we review the contribution of these 2 diets to health and nutrition and to environmental, sociocultural, and economic sustainability proposing pertinent indicators. Learning from a culturally established diet and a constructed one, tradeoff could be reached to ensure better health and sustainability outcomes. Strong factors for achieving this goal lie in building on the sociocultural appropriation of diets, having the proper tools and indicators, investing in cross-sector collaboration and policy coherence, and having the necessary political support to push the agenda of sustainability forward.

背景与目标： : 社会在过去几十年中经历的迅速变化导致各种形式的营养不良患病率增加，自然资源和环境退化。饮食习惯和生产系统的变化是造成这种变化的主要原因。一些领土饮食已被证明有可能通过积极促进人类和环境的健康来扭转这些趋势，例如地中海饮食和新的北欧饮食。在本文中，我们回顾了这两种饮食对健康和营养以及环境，社会文化和经济可持续性的贡献，并提出了相关指标。从文化上建立的饮食和构建的饮食中学习，可以权衡取舍，以确保更好的健康和可持续性成果。实现这一目标的有力因素在于建立在饮食的社会文化分配基础上，拥有适当的工具和指标，投资于跨部门合作和政策一致性，并获得必要的政治支持以推动可持续发展议程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Non-injurious, collective ritualized displays may have evolved in some species of ants as a means of resolving contests for key resources, without causing a drain in worker numbers through injury. Colonies of the Australian meat ant, Iridomyrmex purpureus, deploy numerous workers to engage in collective displays, which are widely understood to be involved in maintaining exclusive territories. A combination of field surveys and behavioral assays revealed that display grounds do not delimit borders that define exclusive territories. Rather, the proportion of workers from a focal colony found in a quadrat declines monotonically with distance from the nest. In addition, we documented collective displays around food trees, where workers congregated in greater densities and engaged in more aggressive behavior. These results refute the assumption that colonies of I. purpureus establish territorial boundaries by collective displays. Rather these collective displays may be related to the defense of specific resources, including food trees and nest sites. The difference in the level of aggression among displaying workers at different locations may reflect a balance between the benefits of defending a particular resource and an unappreciated cost of escalation.

背景与目标： : 非伤害性的，集体仪式化的展示可能已经在某些种类的蚂蚁中发展起来，作为解决关键资源竞赛的一种手段，而不会因伤害而导致工人人数流失。澳大利亚肉蚁Iridomyrmex purpureus的殖民地部署了许多工人进行集体展示，人们普遍认为这参与了维护专属领土的活动。实地调查和行为分析的结合表明，显示场地不会划定定义专属领土的边界。相反，在四方中发现的焦点殖民地的工人比例随着与巢穴的距离而单调下降。此外，我们记录了食物树周围的集体展示，那里的工人以更高的密度聚集在一起，并从事更具侵略性的行为。这些结果驳斥了I. purpureus殖民地通过集体展示建立领土边界的假设。相反，这些集体展示可能与特定资源的防御有关，包括食物树和巢穴。在不同位置显示工人攻击水平差异可能反映了捍卫特定资源的好处与未得到重视的升级成本之间的平衡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess the clinical impact of a regional network for the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS:All patients with STEMI (n = 1823) admitted to any of the hospitals of an area with one million inhabitants during the year 2002 (n = 858)-that is, before the network was implemented, and in 2004 (n = 965), the year of full implementation of the network, were enrolled in this study. The primary evaluation was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), defined as death, myocardial infarction, stroke and coronary revascularisation procedures over 1-year follow-up. RESULTS:Between 2002 and 2004, there was a major change in reperfusion strategy: primary angioplasty increased from 20.2% to 65.6% (p<0.001), fibrinolytic therapy decreased from 38.2% to 10.7% (p<0.001) and the rate of patients not undergoing reperfusion was reduced from 41.6% to 23.7% (p<0.001). In-hospital mortality decreased from 17.0% to 12.3% (p = 0.005), and this reduction was sustained at 1-year follow-up (23.9% in 2002 and 18.8% in 2004, p = 0.009). Similarly, the 1-year incidence of all MACCE was reduced from 39.5% in 2002 to 34.3% in 2004 (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Organisation of a territorial network for STEMI is associated with increased rates of reperfusion therapy and reduction of in-hospital and 1-year mortality.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In most dicot plants, lateral root (LR) formation, which is important for the construction of the plant root system, is initiated from coordinated asymmetric cell divisions (ACD) of the primed LR founder cells in the xylem pole pericycle (XPP) of the existing roots. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs), ARF7 and ARF19, positively regulate LR formation through activation of the plant-specific transcriptional regulators LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN 16/ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2-LIKE 18 (LBD16/ASL18) and the other related LBD/ASL genes. The exact biological role of these LBD/ASLs in LR formation is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that LBD16/ASL18 is specifically expressed in the LR founder cells adjacent to the XPP before the first ACD and that it functions redundantly with the other auxin-inducible LBD/ASLs in LR initiation. The spatiotemporal expression of LBD16/ASL18 during LR initiation is dependent on the SOLITARY-ROOT (SLR)/IAA14-ARF7-ARF19 auxin signaling module. In addition, XPP-specific expression of LBD16/ASL18 in arf7 arf19 induced cell divisions at XPP, thereby restoring the LR phenotype. We also demonstrate that expression of LBD16-SRDX, a dominant repressor of LBD16/ASL18 and its related LBD/ASLs, does not interfere in the specification of LR founder cells with local activation of the auxin response, but it blocks the polar nuclear migration in LR founder cells before ACD, thereby blocking the subsequent LR initiation. Taken together, these results indicate that the localized activity of LBD16/ASL18 and its related LBD/ASLs is involved in the symmetry breaking of LR founder cells for LR initiation, a key step for constructing the plant root system.

背景与目标： : 在大多数双子叶植物中，对植物根系的构建很重要的侧根 (LR) 的形成是从木质部柱周围岩 (XPP) 中引发的LR创始细胞的协调不对称细胞分裂 (ACD) 开始的。现有的根。在拟南芥中，两个生长素反应因子 (arf) ARF7和ARF19通过激活植物特异性转录调节因子外侧器官边界-结构域16/不对称LEAVES2-LIKE 18 (LBD16/ASL18) 和其他相关的LBD/ASL基因，积极调节LR的形成。这些LBD/asl在LR形成中的确切生物学作用仍然未知。在这里，我们证明了LBD16/ASL18在第一个ACD之前在与XPP相邻的LR创始人细胞中特异性表达，并且在LR启动中与其他生长素诱导的LBD/asl冗余地起作用。LBD16/ASL18在LR启动过程中的时空表达取决于孤根 (SLR)/IAA14-ARF7-ARF19生长素信号模块。此外，LBD16/ASL18在arf7中的XPP特异性表达arf19诱导XPP处的细胞分裂，从而恢复LR表型。我们还证明，LBD16/ASL18及其相关LBD/ASLs的主要阻遏物LBD16-SRDX的表达不会干扰生长素反应局部激活的LR创始人细胞的规范，但会阻止ACD之前的LR创始人细胞的极性核迁移，从而阻止了随后的LR启动。总之，这些结果表明LBD16/ASL18及其相关的LBD/ASLs的局部活性参与了LR创始细胞的对称性破坏，以启动LR，这是构建植物根系的关键步骤。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Automatic vessel segmentation can be used to process the considerable amount of data generated by four-dimensional arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance angiography (4D ASL MRA) images. Previous segmentation approaches for dynamic series of images propose either reducing the series to a temporal average (tAIP) or maximum intensity projection (tMIP) prior to vessel segmentation, or a separate segmentation of each image. This paper introduces a method that combines both approaches to overcome the specific drawbacks of each technique. METHODS:Vessels in the tAIP are enhanced by using the ranking orientation responses of path operators and multiscale vesselness enhancement filters. Then, tAIP segmentation is performed using a seed-based algorithm. In parallel, this algorithm is also used to segment each frame of the series and identify small vessels, which might have been lost in the tAIP segmentation. The results of each individual time frame segmentation are fused using an or boolean operation. Finally, small vessels found only in the fused segmentation are added to the tAIP segmentation. RESULTS:In a quantitative analysis using ten 4D ASL MRA image series from healthy volunteers, the proposed combined approach reached an average Dice coefficient of 0.931, being more accurate than the corresponding tMIP, tAIP, and single time frame segmentation methods with statistical significance. CONCLUSION:The novel combined vessel segmentation strategy can be used to obtain improved vessel segmentation results from 4D ASL MRA and other dynamic series of images. SIGNIFICANCE:Improved vessel segmentation of 4D ASL MRA allows a fast and accurate assessment of cerebrovascular structures.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A widespread feature of territorial systems is that residents almost invariably defeat challengers. This phenomenon has been explained by the existence of value asymmetries, variations in resource-holding potential or an 'owners always win' convention. Removal-replacement experiments were performed on 75 robins, Erithacus rubeculato test these hypotheses. The settling behaviour of newcomers was also examined in order to identify energetic costs incurred during territory establishment. In winter, dominance shifted gradually from removed owners to newcomers with increasing time of newcomer residence, and there was a peak in contest duration at 4-7 days. Removals of newcomers, followed by replacement with another newcomer, confirmed that dominance was determined by the time newcomers were in residence rather than the time original owners were absent. These results support the hypothesis that asymmetries in territory value govern the outcome of contests. It is proposed that high singing rates and low foraging rates of newcomers settling boundaries with neighbours contribute to this asymmetry, skewing outcomes in favour of original owners until replacements are fully established. The key result in this study is that the time at which dominance tends to reverse (5-6 days in winter) is predicted by the time taken for newcomers to settle territory boundaries and achieve base-line foraging effort. In spring, original owners become subordinate almost immediately after removal. Reductions in settlement cost for newcomers, and increases in territory value, are proposed to accelerate dominance reversal. Age and sex effects on dominance suggest that the value asymmetry rule is modified by variations in resource-holding potential.

背景与目标： 领土制度的一个普遍特征是，居民几乎总是击败挑战者。这种现象可以通过价值不对称的存在，资源持有潜力的变化或 “所有者总是获胜” 的约定来解释。对75只知更鸟进行了去除-替换实验，Erithacus rubeculato检验了这些假设。还审查了新移民的定居行为，以确定在领土建立期间产生的大量费用。在冬季，随着新来者居住时间的增加，统治地位逐渐从搬迁的所有者转移到新来者，比赛持续时间在4-7天达到顶峰。搬迁新来者，然后更换另一个新来者，这证实了主导地位是由新来者居住的时间而不是原始所有者缺席的时间决定的。这些结果支持以下假设: 领土价值的不对称性决定了竞赛的结果。建议新来者与邻居建立边界的高歌唱率和低觅食率导致这种不对称性，使结果偏向原始所有者，直到完全确定替代者为止。这项研究的关键结果是，优势趋于逆转的时间 (冬季为5-6天) 是通过新移民定居领土边界并实现基线觅食努力所花费的时间来预测的。在春季，原始所有者几乎在搬迁后立即成为下属。建议减少新移民的定居成本，并增加领土价值，以加速主导地位的逆转。年龄和性别对优势的影响表明，价值不对称规则已被资源持有潜力的变化所改变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The neuropeptide arginine vasotocin (AVT) and its mammalian homologue arginine vasopressin (AVP) are neuromodulators known to be steroid sensitive and associated with social behaviors in a number of vertebrate taxa. However, the role of AVT/P in the regulation of aggression remains unclear and contrasting effects of this peptide on aggression are seen in differing species and contexts. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the effects of testosterone on the AVT system in male and female tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus, and to determine whether AVT is related to territorial aggression in this species. Tree lizards are a free-living species that exhibit natural hormonal fluctuations across breeding seasons. We detected a male-biased sexual dimorphism in centrally projecting AVT fibers within the limbic system. Furthermore, changes with season, reproductive state, and hormonal treatment suggest that testosterone regulates AVT immunoreactivity in limbic brain regions, especially in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Testosterone also affects AVT immunoreactivity in peripherally projecting cell clusters, as well as the size of AVT cell bodies in the paraventricular nucleus. Although higher testosterone levels alter AVT immunoreactivity, and are known to increase the frequency and intensity of male-male aggression in this species, no individual correlations between AVT immunoreactivity and aggression were detected.

背景与目标： : 神经肽精氨酸血管生成素 (AVT) 及其哺乳动物同源物精氨酸加压素 (AVP) 是已知对类固醇敏感的神经调节剂，并且与许多脊椎动物分类单元中的社交行为有关。然而，AVT/P在攻击调节中的作用尚不清楚，并且在不同的物种和环境中可以看到该肽对攻击的对比作用。在这项研究中，我们使用免疫组织化学方法检查了睾丸激素对雄性和雌性树蜥蜴Urosaurus ornatus的AVT系统的影响，并确定AVT是否与该物种的领土攻击有关。树蜥蜴是一种自由生活的物种，在整个繁殖季节都表现出自然的荷尔蒙波动。我们在边缘系统内的中央投射AVT纤维中检测到男性偏向的性二态性。此外，随着季节，生殖状态和激素治疗的变化，表明睾丸激素调节边缘脑区域的AVT免疫反应性，尤其是在纹状体的床核中。睾丸激素还影响外周投射细胞簇中的AVT免疫反应性，以及室旁核中AVT细胞体的大小。尽管较高的睾丸激素水平会改变AVT的免疫反应性，并且已知会增加该物种中雄性-雄性攻击的频率和强度，但未检测到AVT免疫反应性与攻击之间的个体相关性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Intra and interspecific comparisons of arginine vasotocin (AVT) and its mammalian homolog arginine vasopressin (AVP) demonstrate several relationships between these neuropeptides and aggression/dominance behaviors. Prior studies in coral reef butterflyfishes and other fishes indicate that features of AVT neurons in the gigantocellular preoptic area (gPOA) and axon varicosities within the ventral nucleus of the ventral telencephalon should have a positive relationship with aggressive behavior, whereas AVT-ir neuronal features in the parvocellular preoptic area (pPOA) should have a negative relationship. We measured the offensive aggression of wild caught territorial monogamous multiband butterflyfish, Chaetodon multicinctus, in a simple lab paradigm that controlled for social context and variations in social stimuli. Offensive aggression did not follow a clear stereotyped pattern, but rather a complex sequence that includes five action patterns and two approach behaviors. We then used immunohistochemistry to test for associations between AVT immunoreactive features and projections with overall offensive aggression. Our results indicate that gPOA cell number was positively related to aggression while both the size and number of pPOA cells were negatively related to aggression. No association between aggression and the number of axon varicosities in the telencephalic region proposed to be associated with aggression was found. This study provides further support for the relationship between AVT neuronal features and aggression in fishes, and provides preliminary evidence that this relationship may relate to the motivation to produce aggressive behaviors in the immediate future.

背景与目标： : 精氨酸血管生成素 (AVT) 及其哺乳动物同源物精氨酸加压素 (AVP) 的种内和种间比较证明了这些神经肽与攻击/优势行为之间的几种关系。先前对珊瑚礁蝴蝶鱼和其他鱼类的研究表明，巨大细胞前视区 (gPOA) 的AVT神经元特征和腹侧端脑腹侧核内的轴突静脉曲张应与攻击行为呈正相关，而单细胞前视神经区 (pPOA) 的avt-ir神经元特征应呈负相关。我们在一个简单的实验室范式中测量了野生捕获的领土一夫一妻制多带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon multicinctus的进攻攻击该范式控制了社会背景和社会刺激的变化。进攻攻击没有遵循明确的刻板印象，而是遵循一个复杂的序列，其中包括五种动作模式和两种接近行为。然后，我们使用免疫组织化学测试AVT免疫反应性特征和预测与整体进攻攻击之间的关联。我们的结果表明，gPOA细胞数量与攻击呈正相关，而pPOA细胞的大小和数量均与攻击呈负相关。未发现攻击性与被认为与攻击相关的端脑区域的轴突静脉曲张数量之间存在关联。这项研究为鱼类AVT神经元特征与攻击之间的关系提供了进一步的支持，并提供了初步证据，表明这种关系可能与在不久的将来产生攻击性行为的动机有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Since pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca, breed at higher densities in deciduous forests than in coniferous forests, competition for territories is likely to be greater in the former, optimal habitat. I tested the hypotheses that males in a deciduous forest defend their newly established territories more intensely and have higher plasma levels of testosterone than males in a suboptimal coniferous forest. In the deciduous forest, breeding density was higher, egg laying started earlier and more fledglings were produced. Morphological characters such as wing length, plumage colour and the size of the white forehead patch did not differ consistently between males establishing territories in deciduous and coniferous forests. Before the nest-building period, males in the deciduous forest were heavier, and had significantly larger furcula fat depots. I tested territorial aggressiveness by exposing unmated territorial males to simulated territorial intrusions. A significantly higher proportion of territorial males in the deciduous forest physically attacked the intruder; those that did attack also attacked more frequently than did males in the coniferous forest. Furthermore, males in the deciduous forest stayed closer to the decoy, and were more restless during the simulated territorial intrusion. Males in the deciduous forest had higher plasma levels of testosterone and corticosterone than did males in the coniferous forest, but there was no difference in dihydrotestosterone levels. These hormonal differences are most likely to be the result of a higher intrusion rate and a higher population density in the deciduous forest. I conclude that prior ownership is a crucial factor in maintaining a territory, and that differences in aggressive motivation between unmated males in the deciduous and coniferous forests reflect the value of the nestboxes defended. The high testosterone levels observed in males from the deciduous forest are likely to be the physiological factor increasing their aggressive motivation and persistency. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

背景与目标： 由于落叶林中的捕蝇器Ficedula hypoleuca的繁殖密度高于针叶林，因此在以前的最佳栖息地中，对领土的竞争可能会更大。我测试了以下假设: 落叶林中的雄性比次优针叶林中的雄性更强烈地捍卫其新建立的领土，并且睾丸激素的血浆水平更高。在落叶林中，繁殖密度较高，产卵开始较早，并且产生了更多的雏鸟。在落叶林和针叶林中建立领土的雄性之间，机翼长度，羽毛颜色和白色前额斑块大小等形态特征没有一致差异。在筑巢期之前，落叶林中的雄性较重，并且具有明显更大的futula脂肪仓库。我通过将未交配的领土男性暴露于模拟的领土入侵来测试领土的侵略性。落叶林中，更高比例的领土男性对入侵者进行了身体攻击; 那些受到攻击的人比针叶林中的雄性攻击的频率更高。此外，落叶林中的雄性更靠近诱饵，并且在模拟领土入侵期间更加不安。落叶林中的雄性睾丸激素和皮质酮的血浆水平高于针叶林中的雄性，但二氢睾丸激素水平没有差异。这些激素差异最有可能是落叶林中较高的入侵率和较高的种群密度的结果。我得出的结论是，先前的所有权是维持领土的关键因素，落叶林和针叶林中未交配的雄性之间的积极动机差异反映了防御巢箱的价值。在落叶林的雄性中观察到的高睾丸激素水平可能是增加其攻击动机和持久性的生理因素。动物行为研究协会1998版权。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated territorial behavior and circulating testosterone (T) levels in a multiple-brooded population of the European stonechat, a socially monogamous passerine bird with biparental care. Between arrival at and departure from the breeding territories, we (1) quantified behavior of both sexes in response to a simulated territorial intrusion (STI) of a male conspecific and (2) measured plasma T concentrations in males and females. Male response scores to a STI and male T concentrations varied with phase, but there was no temporal association between plasma T levels and the intensity of territorial behavior. During both two sexual and two parental phases, at least half of the tested males showed aggressive responses. About 20% of the tested males responded with courtship prior to laying of the first clutch, but none of the males courted during later phases. Age had a positive overall effect on male plasma T. Females also reacted to the STI of a male, but their responses did not vary with breeding phase. Female plasma T varied with phase, being elevated during production of the first but not of the second clutch. As with males, female responses to the STI were not correlated with T levels. Responses of pair partners were positively correlated with each other. We conclude that modulation of male territorial aggression with breeding phase is not regulated by changes of plasma T concentrations. In light of other studies showing reduced male aggression by pharmacological inhibition of cellular actions of T, we propose that T is permissive for male territorial aggression, but does not mediate short-term changes associated with breeding phase. The function of the high female plasma T concentrations during formation of first clutches could be related to the production of eggs with high concentrations of androgens.

背景与目标： : 我们调查了欧洲stonechat (一种具有双亲照顾的社会一夫一妻制的雀形目鸟) 的多个沉思种群中的领土行为和循环睾丸激素 (T) 水平。在到达繁殖区域和离开繁殖区域之间，我们 (1) 对雄性同种物种的模拟领土入侵 (STI) 进行了量化，并且 (2) 测量了雄性和雌性的血浆T浓度。男性对STI和男性T浓度的反应评分随阶段而变化，但血浆T水平与领土行为强度之间没有时间关联。在两个性阶段和两个父母阶段，至少有一半的被测男性表现出攻击性反应。在放置第一个离合器之前，大约20% 的被测雄性对求爱做出了回应，但是在以后的阶段中没有雄性求爱。年龄对男性血浆T有积极的总体影响。雌性对雄性的性传播感染也有反应，但其反应随繁殖阶段而变化。阴血浆T随相位变化，在第一离合器的生产过程中升高，但第二离合器没有升高。与男性一样，女性对STI的反应与T水平无关。配对伴侣的反应彼此呈正相关。我们得出的结论是，繁殖阶段对雄性领土攻击的调节不受血浆T浓度变化的调节。鉴于其他研究显示通过药理学抑制T的细胞作用而减少了男性攻击我们认为T允许男性领土攻击，但不能介导与繁殖期相关的短期变化。在第一个离合器形成过程中，高女性血浆T浓度的功能可能与产生高浓度雄激素的卵有关。