BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Walking outdoors is often difficult or impossible for many seniors and people with disabilities during winter. We present a novel approach for conducting winter accessibility evaluations of commonly used pedestrian facilities, including sidewalks, street crossings, curb ramps (curb cuts and dropped curbs), outdoor stairs and ramps, building and transit entrances, bus stops, and driveways. A total of 183 individuals, aged 18-85 completed our survey. The results show that cold weather itself had little impact on the frequency of outdoor excursions among middle-aged and older adults while the presence of snow and/or ice on the ground noticeably kept people, especially older adults at home. The survey found that the key elements decreasing winter accessibility were icy sidewalks and puddles at street crossings and curb ramps. While communities have recognized the need to improve snow and ice removal, little attention has been paid to curb ramp design which is especially ineffective in winter when the bottom of the ramps pool with rain, snow, and ice, making it hazardous and inaccessible to nearly all users. We conclude that investigations of alternative designs of curb ramp are needed.

背景与目标： : 在冬季，对于许多老年人和残疾人来说，在户外散步通常是困难的或不可能的。我们提出了一种新颖的方法，用于对常用的行人设施进行冬季无障碍评估，包括人行道，街道交叉口，路缘坡道 (路缘切口和掉落路缘)，室外楼梯和坡道，建筑物和公交入口，公交车站和车道。共有183名年龄在18-85岁之间的人完成了我们的调查。结果表明，寒冷的天气本身对中老年人户外旅行的频率影响不大，而地面上的雪和/或冰的存在明显地使人们，尤其是老年人在家中。调查发现，降低冬季通行能力的关键因素是街道交叉口和路边坡道上结冰的人行道和水坑。尽管社区已经意识到需要改善除雪和除冰的需求，但很少关注遏制坡道设计，这在冬季特别无效，因为坡道的底部充满雨，雪和冰，这使其变得危险且无法接近几乎所有用户。我们得出的结论是，需要对路缘坡道的替代设计进行研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Much of our science and technology relies on the visualization of complex data, and chemical biology, more than most fields, often deals with complex datasets. There are, however, other ways of making information available to our senses beyond the visual. Rare individuals naturally have sensory crossover, whose synesthesia permits them, for example, to see colors or shapes when hearing sounds or to sense a specific taste with a specific word. Many scientists, technologists and inventors, however, make a conscious attempt to convert one type of sensory-like input to a different sensory output. A laser light show, for example, converts sound to sight; infrared imaging converts heat to sight. Two recent examples of such intentional synesthesia are discussed in this context: sight-tasting and smell-seeing.

背景与目标： : 我们的许多科学技术都依赖于复杂数据的可视化，而化学生物学比大多数领域更多地处理复杂数据集。但是，还有其他方法可以使我们的感官获得视觉以外的信息。稀有个体自然具有感觉交叉，例如，其联觉使他们能够在听到声音时看到颜色或形状，或者用特定的单词感知特定的味道。但是，许多科学家，技术人员和发明家都有意识地尝试将一种类似感觉的输入转换为不同的感觉输出。例如，激光表演将声音转换为视线; 红外成像将热量转换为视线。在这种情况下，讨论了这种故意联觉的两个最近的例子: 视觉品尝和嗅觉观察。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Most of type II restriction endonucleases show an absolute requirement for divalent metal ions as cofactors for DNA cleavage. While Mg(2+) is the natural cofactor other metal ions can substitute it and mediate the catalysis, however Ca(2+) (alone) only supports DNA binding. To investigate the role of Mg(2+) in DNA cleavage by restriction endonucleases, we have studied the Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) concentration dependence of DNA cleavage by SepMI and EhoI. Digestion reactions were carried out at different Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) concentrations at constant ionic strength. These enzymes showed different behavior regarding the ions requirement, SepMI reached near maximal level of activity between 10 and 20mM while no activity was detected in the presence of Mn(2+) and in the presence of Ca(2+) cleavage activity was significantly decreased. However, EhoI was more highly active in the presence of Mn(2+) than in the presence of Mg(2+) and can be activated by Ca(2+). Our results propose the two-metal ion mechanism for EhoI and the one-metal ion mechanism for SepMI restriction endonuclease. The analysis of the kinetic parameters under steady state conditions showed that SepMI had a K(m) value for pTrcHisB DNA of 6.15 nM and a V(max) of 1.79×10(-2)nM min(-1), while EhoI had a K(m) for pUC19 plasmid of 8.66 nM and a V(max) of 2×10(-2)nM min(-1).

背景与目标： : 大多数II型限制性核酸内切酶显示出对二价金属离子作为DNA切割的辅因子的绝对需求。虽然Mg(2) 是天然的辅因子，但其他金属离子可以替代它并介导催化作用，但是Ca(2) (单独) 仅支持DNA结合。为了研究Mg(2) 在限制性核酸内切酶切割DNA中的作用，我们研究了SepMI和EhoI切割DNA的Mg(2) 和Mn(2) 浓度依赖性。在恒定的离子强度下，在不同的Mg(2) 和Mn(2) 浓度下进行消化反应。这些酶在离子需求方面表现出不同的行为，SepMI达到了接近10至20毫米的最大活性水平，而在Mn(2) 存在下未检测到活性，并且在Ca(2) 存在下裂解活性显着降低。然而，EhoI在Mn(2) 存在下比在Mg(2) 存在下具有更高的活性，并且可以被Ca(2) 激活。我们的结果提出了EhoI的两金属离子机制和SepMI限制性核酸内切酶的一金属离子机制。稳态条件下动力学参数的分析表明，SepMI对pTrcHisB DNA的K(m) 值为6.15 nM，V(max) 为1.79 × 10(-2)nM min(-1)，而EhoI对pUC19质粒的K(m) 为8.66 nM，V(max) 为2 × 10(-2)nM min(-1)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Using single and multiunit recordings in the striate cortex of alert macaque monkeys, we find that gamma-band (20-70 Hz) oscillations in neuronal firing are a prominent feature of V1 neuronal activity. The properties of this rhythmic activity are very similar to those previously observed in the cat. Gamma-band activity is strongly dependent on visual stimulation, largely absent during spontaneous activity and, under the conditions of our experiment, not time-locked to the vertical refresh of the computer monitor (80 Hz) used to present the stimuli. In our sample, 61% of multiunit activity (MUA) and 46% of single-unit activity (SUA) was significantly oscillatory, with mean frequencies of 48+/-9 and 42+/-13 Hz, respectively. Gamma-band activity was most likely to occur when cells were activated by their optimal stimuli, but still occurred, although less often and with lower amplitude, in response to nonoptimal stimuli. The frequency of gamma-band activity also reflected stimulus properties, with drifting gratings evoking higher-frequency oscillations than stationary gratings. As in the cat, the spike trains of single cells showing gamma-band oscillations often displayed a pattern of repetitive burst firing, with intraburst firing rates of 300-800 Hz. The overall similarity of rhythmic neuronal activity in the primary visual cortex of cats and monkeys suggests that the phenomenon is not species-specific. The stimulus-dependence of the rhythmic activity is consistent with a functional role in visual perception.

背景与目标： : 使用警报猕猴的纹状皮层中的单个和多单位记录，我们发现神经元放电中的伽玛带 (20-70Hz) 振荡是V1神经元活动的突出特征。这种节律活动的特性与以前在猫中观察到的非常相似。伽玛带活动在很大程度上取决于视觉刺激，在自发活动期间基本上不存在，并且在我们的实验条件下，与用于呈现刺激的计算机监视器 (80Hz) 的垂直刷新没有时间锁定。在我们的样本中，多单位活性61% (MUA) 和单单位活性46% (SUA) 显着振荡，平均频率分别为48/-9和42/-13Hz。当细胞被其最佳刺激激活时，最有可能发生 γ 带活性，但仍然发生，尽管频率较低且幅度较低，但响应于非最佳刺激。伽马带活动的频率也反映了刺激特性，漂移光栅比固定光栅引起更高频率的振荡。与cat一样，显示伽马带振荡的单个细胞的尖峰序列通常显示出重复爆发的模式，其内部发射速率为300-800Hz。猫和猴子初级视觉皮层中节律性神经元活动的总体相似性表明该现象不是特定于物种的。节律活动的刺激依赖性与视觉感知中的功能作用一致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of technology-assisted rehabilitation following total hip/knee replacement (THR/TKR). METHODS:Six electronic databases were searched without language or time restrictions for relevant studies: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro); from inception to November 7th, 2018. Two reviewers independently applied inclusion criteria to select eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effectiveness of technology-based interventions, compared with usual care or no intervention for people undergoing THR/TKR. Two reviewers independently extracted trial details (e.g. patients' profile, intervention, outcomes, attrition and adverse events). Study methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Quality of evidence was critically appraised using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. RESULTS:We identified 21 eligible studies assessing telerehabilitation, game- or web-based therapy. There were 17 studies (N = 2188) in post-TKR rehabilitation and 4 studies (N = 783) in post-THR rehabilitation. Compared to usual care, technology-based intervention was more effective in reducing pain (mean difference (MD): - 0.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 0.48, - 0.02; moderate evidence) and improving function measured with the timed up-and-go test (MD: -7.03; 95% CI: - 11.18, - 2.88) in people undergoing TKR. No between-group differences were observed in rates of hospital readmissions or treatment-related adverse events (AEs) in those studies. CONCLUSION:There is moderate-quality of evidence showed technology-assisted rehabilitation, in particular, telerehabilitation, results in a statistically significant improvement in pain; and low-quality of evidence for the improvement in functional mobility in people undergoing TKR. The effects were however too small to be clinically significant. For THR, there is very limited low-quality evidence shows no significant effects.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Combining the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) and the classification of the trabecular structure in cancellous bone improves the estimation of the degree of osteoporosis. A fractal method for the automatic quantitative classification of the trabecular structure in midvertebral slices of lumbar vertebrae is introduced. This method is based on the computation of the fractal dimension (box counting method) for varying binarization thresholds. Radiographic images from 30 lumbar vertebrae and CT images from an additional 16 lumbar vertebrae were analysed by calculating the dimension D in dependency of the threshold value T. The function D(T) was normalized by the average image grey value, eliminating the bone mineral density from the computations. The results show that the images of the lumbar vertebrae have fractal properties, and the function D(T) has a typical behaviour that allows the discrimination of the degree of osteoporosis. With two parameters extracted from the function D(T) the correlation coefficients with BMD were both -79% for the radiographic images, and -93% and -91% for the CT data, respectively.

背景与目标： : 结合骨密度 (BMD) 的测量和松质骨中小梁结构的分类，可以改善对骨质疏松症程度的估计。介绍了一种用于腰椎中段椎板小梁结构自动定量分类的分形方法。此方法基于分形维数 (盒计数法) 的计算来改变二值化阈值。通过根据阈值T计算尺寸D来分析来自30个腰椎的放射线图像和来自另外16个腰椎的CT图像。函数D(T) 通过平均图像灰度值进行归一化，从而从计算中消除了骨矿物质密度。结果表明，腰椎图像具有分形特性，函数D(T) 具有典型的行为，可以区分骨质疏松症的程度。利用从函数D(T) 中提取的两个参数，射线照相图像与BMD的相关系数分别为-79%，CT数据与-93% 和-91%。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Objectives:This study investigated the role of locus coeruleus (LC) nucleus TRPV1 receptors (TRPV1r) in the expression and development of morphine physical dependence by intra-LC administration of AMG9810 (selective TRPV1r antagonist) in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods:For assessing the development of morphine dependence, AMG9810 (0.03 and 0.3 mM in 10% DMSO, 0.2 µl; intra-LC microinjection) was administered before each morphine administration for seven continues days (once daily; 6, 16, 26, 36, 46, 56, and 66 mg/kg; sc). Furthermore, for evaluating the expression of morphine dependence, a single dose of AMG9810 (0.03 and 0.3 mM in 10% DMSO, 0.2 µl; intra-LC microinjection) was administered to morphine-dependent rats on day 8 of the experiment. Results:Obtained data demonstrated that co-administration of TRPV1r antagonist with morphine reduced the development of morphine withdrawal syndrome somatic signs induced by naloxone. Moreover, single intra-LC administration of TRPV1r antagonist on the final day of the examination period significantly decreased the expression of some signs of morphine withdrawal in rats. Conclusion:The results showed that LC TRPV1r might be participating in the expression and development of morphine dependence.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Studies in the United States have found that patients' sex, race, and age influence the pain assessment and treatment decisions of laypeople and medical professionals. However, there is limited research as to whether people of other nationalities make pain management decisions differently based on demographic characteristics. Therefore, the purpose of the following study was to compare pain assessment and treatment decisions of undergraduate students in Jordan and the United States as a preliminary examination of nationality as a potential proxy for cultural differences in pain decisions. METHODS:Virtual human (VH) technology was used to examine the influences of patients' sex (male or female), race (light-skinned or dark-skinned), and age (younger or older) on students' pain management decisions. Seventy-five American and 104 Jordanian undergraduate students participated in this web-based study. RESULTS:American and Jordanian students rated pain intensity higher in females and older adults and were more likely to recommend medical help to these groups, relative to males and younger adults. Furthermore, Jordanian participants rated pain intensity higher and were more likely to recommend medical help for all patient demographic groups (ie, sex, race, age) than American participants. CONCLUSION:This is the first cross-national study that compares pain decisions between undergraduate students. The results suggest that sex, race, and age cues are used in pain assessment and treatment by both Americans and Jordanians, with Jordanians more likely to rate pain higher and recommend medical help to patients. Additional research is needed to determine the cultural determinants of these differences.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To report preoperative planning using 3D printing to plan thumb reconstructions with second toe transplant. METHODS:Between December 2013 and October 2015, the thumbs of five patients with grade 3 thumb defects were reconstructed using a wrap-around flap and second toe transplant aided by 3D printing technology. CT scans of hands and feet were analyzed using Boholo surgical simulator software (www.boholo.com). This allowed for the creation of a mirror image of the healthy thumb using the uninjured thumb. Using 3D images of the reconstructed thumb, a model of the big toe and the second toe was created to understand the dimensions of the donor site. This model was also used to repair the donor site defect by designing appropriate iliac bone and superficial circumflex iliac artery flaps. The polylactic acid model of the donor toes and reconstructed thumb was produced using 3D printing. Surgically, the wrap-around flap of the first dorsal metatarsal artery and vein combined with the joint and bone of the second toe was based upon the model donor site. Sensation was reconstructed by anastomosing the dorsal nerve of the foot and the plantar digital nerve of the great toe. Patients commenced exercises 2 weeks after surgery. RESULTS:All reconstructed thumbs survived, although partial flap necrosis occurred in one case. This was managed with regular dressing changes. Patients were followed up for 3-15 months. The lengths of the reconstructed thumbs are 34-49 mm. The widths of the thumb nail beds are 16-19 mm, and the thickness of the digital pulp is 16-20 mm. The thumb opposition function was 0-1.5 cm; the extension angle was 5°-20° (mean, 16°), and the angle of flexion was 38°-55° (mean, 47°). Two-point discrimination was 9-11 mm (mean, 9.6 mm). The reconstructed thumbs had good appearance, function and sensation. Based on the criteria set forth by the Standard on Approval of Reconstructed Thumb and Finger Functional Assessment of the Chinese Medical Association, the results were considered excellent for four cases and good for one case. The success rate was 100%. CONCLUSIONS:When planning a wrap-around flap and second toe transplant to reconstruct a thumb, both the donor and recipient sites can be modeled using 3D printing. This can shorten the operative time by supplying digital and accurate schematics for the operation. It can also optimize the function and appearance of the reconstructed thumb while minimizing damage to the donor site.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess the efficacy of technology-assisted case management (TACM) with medication titration by nurses using guideline-based algorithms, under physician supervision in improving glycemic control in low-income rural adults with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Adults (aged ≥18 years) from the southeastern United States with hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] ≥8% were randomized to TACM or usual care. Evidence-based guidelines were used to develop medication titration algorithms in conjunction with clinic physicians. Participants were given a telehealth device that uploaded blood glucose and blood pressure readings daily to a central server. A nurse case manager was trained on the algorithms and authorized to titrate medications every 2 weeks based on the algorithm under the supervision of an internist and an endocrinologist. Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The primary outcome was HbA1c at 6-months postrandomization in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. RESULTS:One hundred thirteen participants were randomized to either TACM intervention or usual care. Based on ITT population after multiple imputation, the analysis of covariance with baseline HbA1c as covariate showed that HbA1c at 6 months for TACM was significantly lower compared to the usual care group (-0. 99, P = 0.024). Moreover, longitudinal mixed effects analysis suggested that the rate of decline in HbA1c over time for TACM was significantly faster compared to the usual care group (-0.16, P = 0.038). Results based on per-protocol population were similar. CONCLUSIONS:Technology-assisted case management by a nurse with medication titration under physician supervision is efficacious in improving glycemic control in low-income rural adults with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:This pilot study used a simulation-based platform to evaluate the effect of an automated mechanical chest compression device on team communication and patient management. METHODS:Four-member emergency department interprofessional teams were randomly assigned to perform manual chest compressions (control, n = 6) or automated chest compressions (intervention, n = 6) during a simulated cardiac arrest with 2 phases: phase 1 baseline (ventricular tachycardia), followed by phase 2 (ventricular fibrillation). Patient management was coded using an Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support-based checklist. Team communication was categorized in the following 4 areas: (1) teamwork focus; (2) huddle events, defined as statements focused on re-establishing situation awareness, reinforcing existing plans, and assessing the need to adjust the plan; (3) clinical focus; and (4) profession of team member. Statements were aggregated for each team. RESULTS:At baseline, groups were similar with respect to total communication statements and patient management. During cardiac arrest, the total number of communication statements was greater in teams performing manual compressions (median, 152.3; interquartile range [IQR], 127.6-181.0) as compared with teams using an automated compression device (median, 105; IQR, 99.5-123.9). Huddle events were more frequent in teams performing automated chest compressions (median, 4.0; IQR, 3.1-4.3 vs. 2.0; IQR, 1.4-2.6). Teams randomized to the automated compression intervention had a delay to initial defibrillation (median, 208.3 seconds; IQR, 153.3-222.1 seconds) as compared with control teams (median, 63.2 seconds; IQR, 30.1-397.2 seconds). CONCLUSIONS:Use of an automated compression device may impact both team communication and patient management. Simulation-based assessments offer important insights into the effect of technology on healthcare teams.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ferumoxytol is an ultrasmall super paramagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO) agent recently used for magnetic resonance (MR) vascular imaging. Other USPIOs have been previously used for assessing inflammation within atheroma. We aim to assess feasibility of ferumoxytol in imaging carotid atheroma (with histological assessment); and the optimum MR imaging time to detect maximum quantitative signal change post-ferumoxytol infusion. Ten patients with carotid artery disease underwent high-resolution MR imaging of their carotid arteries on a 1.5 T MR system. MR imaging was performed before and at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs post ferumoxytol infusion. Optimal ferumoxytol uptake time was evaluated by quantitative relaxometry maps indicating the difference in T2* (ΔT2*) and T2 (ΔT2) between baseline and post-Ferumoxytol MR imaging using 3D DANTE MEFGRE qT2*w and iMSDE black-blood qT2w sequences respectively. 20 patients in total (10 symptomatic and 10 with asymptomatic carotid artery disease) had ferumoxytol-enhanced MR imaging at the optimal imaging window. 69 carotid MR imaging studies were completed. Ferumoxytol uptake (determined by a decrease in ΔT2* and ΔT2) was identified in all carotid plaques (symptomatic and asymptomatic). Maximum quantitative decrease in ΔT2* (10.4 [3.5-16.2] ms, p < 0.001) and ΔT2 (13.4 [6.2-18.9] ms; p = 0.001) was found on carotid MR imaging at 48 hrs following the ferumoxytol infusion. Ferumoxytol uptake by carotid plaques was assessed by histopathological analysis of excised atheroma. Ferumoxytol-enhanced MR imaging using quantitative 3D MR pulse sequences allows assessment of inflammation within carotid atheroma in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The optimum MR imaging time for carotid atheroma is 48 hrs after its administration.

背景与目标： : Ferumoxytol是一种超超顺磁性的氧化铁 (USPIO) 剂，最近用于磁共振 (MR) 血管成像。其他uspio以前已用于评估动脉粥样硬化内部的炎症。我们旨在评估ferumoxytol在颈动脉动脉粥样硬化成像中的可行性 (通过组织学评估); 以及检测ferumoxytol输注后最大定量信号变化的最佳MR成像时间。10例颈动脉疾病患者在1.5  T MR系统上对其颈动脉进行了高分辨率MR成像。MR成像是在输注阿霉素之前和24、48、72和96小时后进行的。通过定量弛豫度图评估最佳的阿魏酸氧醇摄取时间，该图指示使用3D DANTE MEFGRE qT2 * w和iMSDE黑血qT2w序列在基线和后阿魏酸氧醇MR成像之间T2 * (ΔT2 *) 和T2 (ΔT2) 的差异。总共有20例患者 (10例有症状，10例无症状颈动脉疾病) 在最佳成像窗口进行了ferumoxytol增强的MR成像。完成69项颈动脉MR成像研究。在所有颈动脉斑块 (有症状和无症状) 中鉴定出Ferumoxytol摄取 (由 ΔT2 * 和 ΔT2降低确定)。在输注阿霉素后48小时，在颈动脉MR成像上发现 ΔT2*(10.4 [3.5-16.2] ms，p  <  0.001) 和 ΔT2 (13.4 [6.2-18.9] ms; P   =   0.001) 的最大定量降低。通过切除的动脉粥样硬化的组织病理学分析评估了颈动脉斑块对阿霉素的摄取。使用定量3D MR脉冲序列的Ferumoxytol增强MR成像可以评估有症状和无症状患者的颈动脉粥样斑块内的炎症。颈动脉动脉粥样硬化的最佳MR成像时间为给药后48小时。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Methods to determine cytokine protein content in samples of interest, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are often labor-intensive and costly. Furthermore, because ELISA requires relatively large sample volumes and protein concentrations, it is difficult using this technique to determine protein content for multiple cytokines from individual samples. Recently, Luminex has developed an open source hardware platform combining flow cytometry- and bead-based antibody capture that is capable of detecting multiple analytes from a single sample. In the present study we employed the Luminex 200 platform to determine the cytokine protein content in discrete brain regions of C57BL/6J mice. In spike-and-recovery experiments, known concentrations of murine recombinant interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha were added either singly or as a mixture of all three to whole brain homogenates containing known quantities of total protein. Spiked samples were assayed for either a single cytokine or for multiple cytokines using 1-plex or 3-plex assay kits, respectively. In whole mouse brain homogenate we recovered between 81% and 103% of the recombinant cytokines. We then injected C57BL/6J mice intraperitoneally with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and sacrificed them 4h later. We detected in samples taken from LPS-stimulated mice 4- to 870-fold increases in serum or spleen cytokine protein, and 1.5- to 16-fold increases in cytokine protein in discrete brain regions, relative to protein content in samples obtained from vehicle-treated animals. These results indicate that multiple cytokines may be reliably assayed from discrete regions of mouse brain using a single sample.

背景与目标： : 确定目标样品中细胞因子蛋白含量的方法，例如酶联免疫吸附测定 (ELISA)，通常是劳动密集型且昂贵的。此外，由于ELISA需要相对较大的样品体积和蛋白质浓度，因此使用该技术很难确定来自单个样品的多种细胞因子的蛋白质含量。最近，Luminex开发了一种结合流式细胞术和基于珠子的抗体捕获的开源硬件平台，该平台能够从单个样品中检测多种分析物。在本研究中，我们使用Luminex 200平台来确定C57BL/6J小鼠离散脑区域中的细胞因子蛋白含量。在峰值和恢复实验中，已知浓度的鼠重组白细胞介素 (IL)-1β，IL-6，并且将肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF) α 单独或作为所有三种混合物添加到包含已知量的总蛋白的全脑匀浆中。使用1-plex或3-plex检测试剂盒对加标样品进行单一细胞因子或多种细胞因子的测定，分别。在整个小鼠脑匀浆中，我们回收了81% 至103% 的重组细胞因子。然后，我们向C57BL/6J小鼠腹腔注射细菌脂多糖 (LPS)，并在4小时后将其处死。我们在从LPS刺激的小鼠身上采集的样本中检测到血清或脾脏增加4至870倍细胞因子蛋白，相对于从媒介物处理的动物获得的样品中的蛋白质含量，离散脑区域中的细胞因子蛋白增加1.5至16倍这些结果表明，使用单个样品可以从小鼠脑的离散区域可靠地测定多种细胞因子。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The capture of CO2 under high pressure and temperature is challenging and is required in a number for industrial applications including natural gas processing. In this work, we examine the use of benchmark hybrid ultraporous materials HUMs for their potential use in CO2 adsorption processes under high-pressure conditions, with three varying temperatures (283, 298 and 318 K). NbOFFOVE-1-Ni and SIFSIX-3-Ni were the selected HUMs given their established superior CO2 capacity under low pressure (0-1 bar). Both are microporous with highly ordered crystalline structures as compared to the mesoporous hexagonal silica (Santa Barbara Anhydrous-15 (SBA-15)). SBA-15 was previously tested for both low and high-pressure applications and can serve as a benchmark in this study. Sorbent characterization using XRD, SEM, FTIR and N2 adsorption were conducted to assure the purity and structure of the sorbents. TGA analysis were conducted to establish the thermal stability of the sorbents under various temperatures. High-pressure CO2 adsorption was conducted from 0-35 bar using magnetic suspension balance (Rubotherm). Although the SBA-15 had the highest surface (527 m3/g) are of the three adsorbents, the CO2 adsorption capacity (0.42 mmol/g) was an order of magnitude less than the studies HUMs with SIFSIX-3-Ni having 2.6 mmol/g, NbOFFIVE-1-Ni achieving 2.5 mmol/g at 298 K. Multistage adsorption isotherms were obtained at different pressures. In addition, results indicate that electrostatics in HUMs are most effective at improving isosteric heat of adsorption Qst and CO2 uptake. Higher temperatures had negative effect on adsorption capacity for the HUMs and SBA-15 at pressures between 7-9 bar. In SAB-15 the effect of temperature is reversed in what is known as a cross over phenomena.

背景与目标： : 在高压和高温下捕获CO2具有挑战性，并且在包括天然气处理在内的许多工业应用中都是必需的。在这项工作中，我们研究了基准混合超孔材料HUMs在高压条件下 (283，298和318  K) 在CO2吸附过程中的潜在用途。NbOFFOVE-1-Ni和SIFSIX-3-Ni是选择的HUMs，因为它们在低压 (0-1  bar) 下建立了优异的CO2容量。与介孔六方二氧化硅 (Santa Barbara无水15 (SBA-15)) 相比，两者都是具有高度有序晶体结构的微孔。SBA-15以前曾在低压和高压应用中进行过测试，可以作为本研究的基准。使用XRD，SEM，FTIR和N2吸附进行了吸附剂表征，以确保吸附剂的纯度和结构。进行了TGA分析，以确定吸附剂在各种温度下的热稳定性。使用磁悬浮天平 (Rubotherm) 从0-35 bar bar进行高压CO2吸附。尽管三种吸附剂中SBA-15的表面最高 (527立方米/g)，但CO2的吸附量 (0.42  mmol/g) 比SIFSIX-3-Ni为2.6  mmol/g的研究HUMs低一个数量级，NbOFFIVE-1-Ni在298  K时达到2.5  mmol/g。在不同压力下获得了多级吸附等温线。此外，结果表明，HUMs中的静电在改善吸附Qst和CO2吸收的等静热方面最有效。在7-9巴之间的压力下，较高的温度对HUMs和SBA-15的吸附能力有负面影响。在SAB-15中，温度的影响在所谓的交叉现象中是相反的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Insulin quality and efficacy determine glycemic control, which determines quality of life for people with diabetes. Insulin efficacy is reduced by heat exposure, especially in tropical climates, remote areas, and with improper handling. Insulin doses can be adjusted based on blood glucose monitoring, which may compensate for lack of viability. However, a measured response may be difficult with other biopharmaceuticals. Thermochromic vial monitor technology developed for oral polio vaccines (vaccine vial monitors) is an inexpensive, easily available, visible modality which can be used for insulin and other biopharmaceuticals to detect excessive heat exposure and thus reduced potency at any point in the cold-chain, till the end-users, thus improving patient care. Regulatory authorities must urgently consider the need to impose mandatory use of this technology for all biopharmaceuticals, including insulin, to ensure efficacy till end usage.

背景与目标： : 胰岛素质量和疗效决定血糖控制，血糖控制决定糖尿病患者的生活质量。暴露于热，尤其是在热带气候，偏远地区以及处理不当，会降低胰岛素的功效。可以根据血糖监测来调整胰岛素剂量，这可能会弥补缺乏生存能力。然而，对于其他生物制药来说，测量出的反应可能是困难的。为口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗开发的热致变色小瓶监测技术 (疫苗小瓶监测) 是一种廉价，易于获得，可见的方式，可用于胰岛素和其他生物制药，以检测过多的热暴露，从而降低在冷链中的任何点的效力，直到最终用户，从而改善病人护理。监管机构必须紧急考虑对包括胰岛素在内的所有生物制药强制使用该技术的必要性，以确保直至最终使用的有效性。