BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Some evidence suggests that breast feeding is weakly but positively associated with cognitive function. This association has been robust to adjustment for various confounders. The aim of this paper is to determine if duration of breast feeding is associated with cognitive function in late childhood. Data was abstracted from the 1970 British Cohort Study. 11004 liveborn white singletons born during 5-11 April 1970 in the United Kingdom were followed from birth to 10 years. Cognitive function at 10 years is the dependent variable, a latent construct composed of one ability test and three performance measures. Estimates derived from multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling were compared. Effect sizes were estimated using standardized coefficients (SC). Differences in cognitive function according to breast feeding duration were estimated to be small by multiple linear regression (SC = 0.07) and much smaller and non-significant as estimated by structural equation modeling (SC = 0.02) after adjusting for parental socioeconomic status (SES), birth weight, parity, gestational age, maternal age and maternal smoking. Differences in cognitive function according to duration of breast feeding appear to be small and of little clinical importance as estimated by structural equation modeling.

背景与目标： : 一些证据表明，母乳喂养较弱，但与认知功能呈正相关。这种关联对于各种混杂因素的调整是有力的。本文的目的是确定母乳喂养的持续时间是否与儿童后期的认知功能有关。数据是从1970的英国队列研究中提取的。从出生到10年，跟踪了11004名在英国5 1970年4月11日出生的白人单身人士。10岁时的认知功能是因变量，由一个能力测试和三个绩效指标组成的潜在结构。比较了从多元线性回归和结构方程模型得出的估计值。使用标准化系数 (SC) 估算效果大小。根据父母的社会经济地位 (SES)，出生体重，胎龄，产妇年龄和产妇吸烟。根据结构方程模型估计，根据母乳喂养时间，认知功能的差异似乎很小，临床意义不大。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study was undertaken to characterize the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) response to varied dietary protein intake, energy deficit (ED), and consumption of a mixed meal. A randomized, controlled trial of 39 adults consuming protein at 0.8 (recommended dietary allowance [RDA]), 1.6 (2×-RDA), or 2.4 (3×-RDA) g · kg(-1) · d(-1) for 31 d. A 10-d weight maintenance (WM) period was followed by 21 d of 40% ED. Ubiquitin (Ub)-mediated proteolysis and associated gene expression were assessed in the postabsorptive (fasted) and postprandial (fed; 480 kcal, 20 g protein) states after WM and ED by using muscle biopsies, fluorescence-based assays, immunoblot analysis, and real-time qRT-PCR. In the assessment of UPS responses to varied protein intakes, ED, and feeding, the RDA, WM, and fasted measures served as appropriate controls. ED resulted in the up-regulation of UPS-associated gene expression, as mRNA expression of the atrogenes muscle RING finger-1 (MuRF1) and atrogin-1 were 1.2- and 1.3-fold higher (P<0.05) for ED than for WM. However, mixed-meal consumption attenuated UPS-mediated proteolysis, independent of energy status or dietary protein, as the activities of the 26S proteasome subunits β1, β2, and β5 were lower (P<0.05) for fed than for fasted. Muscle protein ubiquitylation was also 45% lower (P<0.05) for fed than for fasted, regardless of dietary protein and energy manipulations. Independent of habitual protein intake and despite increased MuRF1 and atrogin-1 mRNA expression during ED, consuming a protein-containing mixed meal attenuates Ub-mediated proteolysis.

背景与目标： : 这项研究旨在表征泛素蛋白酶体系统 (UPS) 对不同饮食蛋白质摄入，能量不足 (ED) 和混合餐消费的反应。一项随机对照试验，研究了39名成年人在0.8时摄入蛋白质 (推荐膳食津贴 [RDA])，1.6 (2 ×-RDA)，或2.4 (3 ×-RDA) g · kg(-1) · d(-1) 持续31 d。10 d体重维持 (WM) 期之后是21 d的40% ED。通过使用肌肉活检，基于荧光的测定，免疫印迹分析和实时qRT-PCR，在WM和ED后的吸收后 (禁食) 和餐后 (进食; 480 kcal，20g蛋白) 状态下评估泛素 (Ub) 介导的蛋白水解和相关基因表达。在评估UPS对不同蛋白质摄入量，ED和喂养的反应时，RDA，WM和禁食措施可作为适当的对照。ED导致UPS相关基因表达的上调，因为ED的atrogenes肌肉环指-1 (MuRF1) 和atrogin-1的mRNA表达比WM高1.2和1.3倍 (P<0.05)。然而，混合膳食消耗减弱了UPS介导的蛋白水解，与能量状态或饮食蛋白质无关，因为饲喂的26s蛋白酶体亚基 β1、 β2和 β5的活性低于禁食 (P<0.05)。无论饮食中的蛋白质和能量操作如何，进食的肌肉蛋白泛素化也45% 低于禁食的肌肉蛋白泛素化 (P<0.05)。与习惯性蛋白质摄入无关，尽管ED期间MuRF1和atrogin-1 mRNA表达增加，但食用含蛋白质的混合餐会减弱Ub介导的蛋白水解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Creep feed intake is variable and may be partly homeostatically and exploratory driven. We studied effects of maternal feed restriction and a 'play-feeder' on piglet behaviour and performance. 37 Litters received creep feed in a conventional (CON) or play-feeder (PL) and their sows were full-fed (FF) or restrictedly-fed (RES). Eaters were determined via rectal swabs. At weaning (d24) four piglets from the same treatment were grouped (n = 36 pens). RES hindered piglet growth by 41 g/d and enhanced time eating, creep feed intake and percentage of eaters at weaning versus FF. RES-PL had the largest proportion of moderate and good eaters. PL stimulated feeder exploration and attracted more piglets to the feeder than CON. Post-weaning, RES increased exploratory behaviours, feed intake between d0-5, and growth between d0-2, and reduced body lesions between d0-2 (within CON), drinking and ear biting. PL increased ingestive behaviours, feed intake and growth between d0-15, and BW at d15 post-weaning by 5%. PL also lowered the prevalence of watery diarrhoea, number of body lesions and piglets with ear (within FF) and tail (within RES) damage at d15 post-weaning. Treatments did not affect FCR. To conclude, RES and particularly PL (broader and for longer) result in less weaning-associated-problems.

背景与目标： : 蠕变采食量是可变的，可能部分是稳态和探索性驱动的。我们研究了母性饲料限制和 “游戏者” 对仔猪行为和性能的影响。37窝在常规 (CON) 或饲养 (PL) 中接受了蠕变饲料，其母猪是全饲 (FF) 或限制饲 (RES)。通过直肠拭子确定食者。在断奶 (d24) 时，将来自相同处理的四只仔猪分组 (n   =   36笔)。RES与FF相比，断奶时仔猪的生长速度降低了41g/d，增加了进食时间，爬行饲料摄入量和进食者的百分比。RES-PL的中度和良好食客比例最大。PL刺激了饲养者的探索，并吸引了比CON更多的仔猪到饲养者。断奶后，RES增加了探索行为，d0-5之间的采食量以及d0-2之间的生长，并减少了d0-2 (CON内)，饮酒和咬耳之间的身体病变。到5%，PL在断奶后d15时增加了摄入行为，采食量和d0-15之间的生长以及BW。PL还降低了断奶后d15时水样腹泻的患病率，身体损伤的数量和仔猪的耳朵 (FF内) 和尾巴 (RES内) 损伤。治疗不影响FCR。总而言之，RES，尤其是PL (范围更广，时间更长) 导致的断奶相关问题较少。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Feeding vessel sign is very sensitive radiological finding of septic pulmonary embolism. In the appropriate clinical context, if the CT scan of a patient with suspected sepsis shows this radiological sign, empirical antibiotics (including gram positive organisms) should be started at the earliest after sending all cultures to decrease mortality and morbidity. Here we are presenting a case of 14-years-old boy with left ankle septic arthritis and septic pulmonary embolism.

背景与目标： : 喂养血管征是脓毒症肺栓塞的非常敏感的放射学发现。在适当的临床背景下，如果怀疑败血症的患者的ct扫描显示出这种放射学征象，则应在发送所有培养物后最早开始使用经验性抗生素 (包括革兰氏阳性生物)，以降低死亡率和发病率。在这里，我们介绍了一个14岁的男孩，患有左脚踝化脓性关节炎和化脓性肺栓塞。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High-fat-feeding in rats has been reported to enhance stress reactions, as assessed by elevation of blood glucose and corticosterone levels. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between changes in blood glucose and hypothalamic neuronal noradrenaline activity (HNNA), as indexed by the ratio of dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DHPG) to noradrenaline (NA), following physiological stress in high-fat-fed rats. Two groups of adult male Wistar rats were fed isocaloric diets high in fat (59% of calories) or starch (70% of calories). After 3 weeks each of these groups was further subdivided into (a) control, (b) 2 min ambient temperature (20 degrees C) swim or (c) 2 min swim in ice-cold water. Animals were decapitated 20 min after commencing the swim; trunk blood and a sample of medial basal hypothalamus were obtained. Computerized gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to measure hypothalamic DHPG and NA concentrations. There were no differences between fat- and starch-fed rats in basal levels of serum glucose, insulin or corticosterone and no differences in DHPG, NA or DHPG/NA ratio. Compared to starch-fed rats, ambient swim stress in the fat-fed group produced significantly larger serum glucose (P less than 0.01), serum corticosterone (P less than 0.05), DHPG (P less than 0.05) and DHPG/NA (P less than 0.01) responses. Following cold swim stress similar differences between fat- and starch-fed animals were observed. In addition, serum insulin was found to be significantly suppressed in the fat-fed group (P less than 0.05) following cold swim.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

背景与目标： : 据报道，通过血糖和皮质酮水平升高来评估，大鼠高脂喂养可增强应激反应。这项研究旨在研究高脂喂养的大鼠在生理应激后，血糖变化与下丘脑神经元去甲肾上腺素活性 (HNNA) 之间的关系，该变化以二羟基苯乙醇酯 (DHPG) 与去甲肾上腺素 (NA) 的比率为指标。给两组成年雄性Wistar大鼠喂食高脂肪 (59% 卡路里) 或淀粉 (70% 卡路里) 的等热量饮食。3周后，这些组中的每一个进一步细分为 (a) 对照，(b) 环境温度2分钟 (20摄氏度) 游泳或 (C) 在冰冷的水中游泳2分钟。游泳后20分钟将动物斩首; 获得躯干血液和内侧基底下丘脑样本。使用计算机气相色谱/质谱法测量下丘脑DHPG和NA浓度。在脂肪喂养和淀粉喂养的大鼠之间，血清葡萄糖，胰岛素或皮质酮的基础水平没有差异，而DHPG，NA或DHPG/NA比率也没有差异。与淀粉喂养的大鼠相比，脂肪喂养组的环境游泳应激产生明显更大的血清葡萄糖 (P小于0.01)，血清皮质酮 (P小于0.05)，DHPG (P小于0.05) 和DHPG/NA (P小于0.01) 反应。在冷游泳压力后，观察到以脂肪和淀粉喂养的动物之间存在相似的差异。此外，在冷游泳后，发现脂肪喂养组的血清胰岛素被显着抑制 (P小于0.05)。(摘要截短于250字)

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND & AIMS:To assess the success rate of a self-propelling nasojejunal feeding tube in patients with acute pancreatitis. METHODS:All patients admitted for acute pancreatitis were included. A self-propelling nasojejunal feeding tube was introduced into the stomach, and gastrointestinal motility was stimulated using metoclopramide. If the tube failed to advance to the ligament of Treitz, a nasojejunal tube was placed endoscopically. RESULTS:A total of 108 patients, 94 with necrotizing pancreatitis (Balthazar D/E) and 14 with nonnecrotizing pancreatitis (Balthazar B/C), were referred for artificial nutrition. In 11 cases, ileus persisted and parenteral nutrition was initiated. Among the remaining 97 patients, 5 refused tube placement. The self-propelling feeding tube was inserted in 92 patients with successful migration to the ligament of Treitz in 61% (n = 56) and failure in 39% (n = 36). Of the 36 patients with an initial failed placement, endoscopic placement of a nasojejunal tube was successful 80% of the time (29 patients). The success rate of a nasojejunal self-propelling feeding tube placement correlated directly with the severity of the acute pancreatitis (92% in B/C vs 61% in D vs 48% in E; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS:Use of a self-propelling nasojejunal tube is a simple technique that can be successfully performed in the majority of patients with acute pancreatitis. The utility of this procedure in the most severe cases of acute pancreatitis continues to pose a challenge.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diarrhoea is a common and serious complication of enteral tube feeding. Its pathogenesis involves antibiotic prescription, enteropathogenic colonization and abnormal colonic responses, all of which involve an interaction with the colonic microbiota. Alterations in the colonic microbiota have been identified in patients receiving enteral tube feeding and these changes may be associated with the incidence of diarrhoea. Preventing negative alterations in the colonic microbiota has therefore been investigated as a method of reducing the incidence of diarrhoea. Probiotics and prebiotics may be effective because of their suppression of enteropathogenic colonization, stimulation of immune function and modulation of colonic metabolism. Randomized controlled trials of probiotics have produced contrasting results, although Saccharomyces boulardii has been shown to reduce the incidence of diarrhoea in patients in the intensive care unit receiving enteral tube feeding. Prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharides have been shown to increase the concentration of faecal bifidobacteria in healthy subjects consuming enteral formula, although this finding has not yet been confirmed in patients receiving enteral tube feeding. Furthermore, there are no clinical trials investigating the effect of a prebiotic alone on the incidence of diarrhoea. Further trials of the efficacy of probiotics and prebiotics, alone and in combination, in preventing diarrhoea in this patient group are warranted.

背景与目标： : 腹泻是肠内管喂养的常见且严重的并发症。其发病机制涉及抗生素处方，肠致病性定植和异常结肠反应，所有这些都涉及与结肠微生物群的相互作用。在接受肠管喂养的患者中已经发现了结肠微生物群的变化，这些变化可能与腹泻的发生率有关。因此，已研究了防止结肠微生物群发生负面变化的方法，以减少腹泻的发生率。益生菌和益生元可能是有效的，因为它们抑制肠道致病性定植，刺激免疫功能和调节结肠代谢。益生菌的随机对照试验产生了相反的结果，尽管已证明布拉氏酵母可以减少重症监护病房接受肠内管喂养的患者的腹泻发生率。在食用肠内配方的健康受试者中，益生元低聚果糖已被证明可以增加粪便双歧杆菌的浓度，尽管这一发现尚未在接受肠管喂养的患者中得到证实。此外，尚无临床试验研究单独使用益生元对腹泻发生率的影响。需要进一步试验益生菌和益生元单独或联合使用预防该患者组腹泻的功效。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Intra-nucleus accumbens (Acb) infusion of cholinergic muscarinic antagonist, scopolamine (10 microg/0.5 microl), markedly reduced fat intake elicited by intra-Acb treatment of the mu-opioid receptor agonist, DAMGO, with 30 min and 4h pretreatment intervals. Intra-Acb scopolamine infusions also reduced food intake in food-deprived rats, but not water intake in water-deprived rats. Hence, Acb muscarinic manipulations exhibit some specificity for feeding, perhaps via interactions with the striatal opioid system.

背景与目标： : 伏隔核 (Acb) 内输注胆碱能毒蕈碱拮抗剂东pol碱 (10微克/0.5微克)，显着减少了由 μ 阿片受体激动剂DAMGO的Acb内治疗引起的脂肪摄入，预处理间隔30分钟和4小时。Acb内东pol碱输注也减少了食物不足的大鼠的食物摄入量，但没有水不足的大鼠的水摄入量。因此，Acb毒蕈碱的操纵可能通过与纹状体阿片类药物系统的相互作用而表现出一定的喂养特异性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the effect of chromium (Cr) supplementation on the growth performance, energy metabolites, and hormonal variation in winter-exposed buffalo calves. Twenty-four female buffalo calves were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments (n = 6) for a period of 120 days. Feeding regimen was the same in all the groups, except the animals in the four respective groups were additionally supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg of Cr/kg DM in the form of CrCl3.6H2O. Calves were monitored daily for physiological variables and dry matter intake (DMI). Blood samples were collected at fortnightly intervals from each buffalo calves to measure concentrations of hormones (insulin, cortisol, and growth hormone), energy metabolites (glucose and non-esterified fatty acids), and plasma mineral levels. After 120 days of feeding trial, buffalo calves fed with Cr had lower (P < 0.05) circulating plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and cortisol hormones, whereas plasma thyroid hormone and non-esterified fatty acids concentrations were found similar (P > 0.05) among all the treatments. The results suggested that dietary Cr supplementation influenced plasma Cr levels without affecting the plasma concentrations of other trace minerals. However, physiological variables, nutrient intake, and growth performance of buffalo calves did not differ among all treatments (P > 005). In summary, the current study showed that supplementation of Cr at the level of 1.0 and 1.5 mg of Cr/kg DMI was more effective in improving glucose utilization by increasing potency of insulin hormone and reducing concentration of cortisol hormone. Results also suggested that supplemental Cr also improves blood plasma Cr levels.

背景与目标： : 我们研究了补充铬 (Cr) 对冬季暴露的水牛犊牛的生长性能，能量代谢产物和激素变化的影响。24只雌性水牛被随机分配到四种饮食治疗 (n =   6) 中，为期120天。所有组的喂养方案都是相同的，除了四个相应组的动物另外补充了0.0、0.5、1.0和1.5 mg CrCl3.6H2O形式的Cr/kg DM。每天监测小牛的生理变量和干物质摄入量 (DMI)。每两周从每只水牛犊牛收集血液样本，以测量激素 (胰岛素，皮质醇和生长激素)，能量代谢产物 (葡萄糖和非酯化脂肪酸) 和血浆矿物质水平的浓度。经过120天的喂养试验，饲喂Cr的水牛小牛的血浆葡萄糖，胰岛素和皮质醇激素的循环浓度较低 (p  <  0.05)，而血浆甲状腺激素和非酯化脂肪酸的浓度在所有处理中相似 (p  >  0.05)。结果表明，饮食中添加Cr会影响血浆Cr水平，而不会影响其他微量矿物质的血浆浓度。然而，水牛犊牛的生理变量、营养摄入量和生长性能在所有处理之间没有差异 (p  >  005)。总而言之，当前的研究表明，通过增加胰岛素激素的效力和降低皮质醇激素的浓度，以1.0和1.5 mg Cr/kg DMI的水平补充Cr在改善葡萄糖利用方面更有效。结果还表明，补充Cr还可以改善血浆Cr水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study aimed to investigate complementary feeding practices during children's first year of life in Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Practices were described according to the age range and the breastfeeding (BF) practice. Data were collected during a multi-vaccination campaign through the interview of 1,238 individuals who accompanied children younger than one year old being vaccinated. Differences associated with the BF situation were identified by the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The early introduction of complementary food was observed, which led to the low frequency of exclusive breastfeeding (36.9% <4 months). Children younger than 4 months old consumed tea (30.7%); children between 4 and 6 months old consumed fruits (54.1%), soups (39.9%) and home-made food (19.2%). Juice was offered only to 15.2% of children younger than 4 months old who were completed weaned, 60% of the children was offered water. Data show that the consistence of the food consumed was inappropriate: children between 6 and 8 months old were offered the family's regular food (48.8%) and children older than 8 months (71.6%) were offered soup. Therefore, interventions focused on complementary feeding are justified on the city.

背景与目标： : 这项研究旨在调查巴西博图卡图 (Botucatu) 儿童出生第一年的补充喂养方式。根据年龄范围和母乳喂养 (BF) 实践描述了实践。在多疫苗接种运动期间，通过对1,238名陪同1岁以下儿童接种疫苗的个体进行访谈收集数据。通过卡方检验和Fisher精确检验确定了与BF情况相关的差异。观察到早期引入辅食，这导致纯母乳喂养的频率较低 (36.9% <4个月)。小于4个月的儿童喝茶 (30.7%); 4至6个月的儿童食用水果 (54.1%)，汤 (39.9%) 和自制食物 (19.2%)。果汁只提供给15.2% 4个月以下的已经断奶的儿童，60% 儿童提供水。数据显示，所食用食物的一致性是不合适的: 为6至8个月大的儿童提供家庭常规食物 (48.8%)，为8个月大 (71.6%) 的儿童提供汤。因此，针对补充喂养的干预措施在城市是合理的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Elasmosaurs were extremely long-necked, aquatic reptiles that used four flippers for locomotion. Their distinctive long neck distinguishes them from all other Mesozoic forms, yet the potential uses and constraints of this structure are poorly understood, particularly with regard to feeding. Several associated series of elasmosaurian cervical vertebrae were used to measure ranges of potential flexion. Two-dimensional models, based on a complete specimen of the Late Cretaceous elasmosaur Aphrosaurus furlongi, were created to measure mobility in both vertical and horizontal planes. Accuracy of the models was assessed through comparative analyses with currently extant vertebrate analogues (e.g. snake, turtle, seal). Results suggest that the elasmosaurian neck was capable of a 75-177 degrees ventral, 87-155 degrees dorsal, and 94-176 degrees lateral range of movement depending upon the thickness of cartilage reconstructed between each vertebra. Neck postures such as a 'swan-like' S-shape are shown to be implausible because they require >360 degrees vertical flexion. However, maintenance of a straight neck while swimming, together with considerable lateral and/or ventral movement during prey capture and feeding are feasible.

背景与目标： : elimmosaurs是非常长颈的水生爬行动物，使用四个鳍状肢进行运动。它们独特的长脖子使它们与所有其他中生代形式区分开来，但是人们对这种结构的潜在用途和限制知之甚少，尤其是在喂养方面。使用几个相关的弹性颈椎系列来测量潜在的屈曲范围。基于晚白垩纪elasmosaurus furlongi的完整标本，创建了二维模型，以测量垂直和水平平面中的迁移率。通过与目前现存的脊椎动物类似物 (例如蛇，乌龟，海豹) 的比较分析来评估模型的准确性。结果表明，根据每个椎骨之间重建的软骨厚度，弹性颈部能够进行75-177度的腹侧运动，87-155度的背侧运动和94-176度的横向运动。颈部姿势 (例如 “天鹅状” 的形状) 显示为不可信的，因为它们需要> 360度的垂直屈曲。但是，游泳时保持直颈，以及在捕获和喂食猎物期间进行相当大的侧向和/或腹侧运动是可行的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Malnutrition in infants during weaning has been attributed to inappropriate complementary feeding practices and it underlies more than one-third of child mortality in Nigeria. Thus, addressing the influence of complementary feeding practice on nutritional status may be an important approach to reducing the burden of child malnutrition. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between complementary feeding practices among mothers and nutritional status of their infants in Akpabuyo Local Government Area, Nigeria. The study enrolled 330 mother-child pairs from 10 randomly selected out of 32 Health Facilities in Akpabuyo. Socio-demographic information, child and maternal characteristics were obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Complementary feeding practices were assessed with World Health Organization infant and young child feeding indicators. Nutritional indicators wasting, underweight and stunting were determined. RESULTS:Prevalence of timely introduction of complementary feeding among infants aged 6-8 months was 85.4%, minimum dietary diversity rate was 31.5%, and minimum meal frequency 36.7%, the rate of minimum acceptable diet was 7.3%. One-third (33.3%) of the infants were underweight, 26.4%, wasted and 24.6%, stunted. Children who did not receive timely complementary foods had higher odds for wasting (OR 5.15; 95% CI 1.50-17.73). Children who did not receive the minimum dietary diversity had higher odds for underweight than children who received the minimum dietary diversity (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.17-3.70). Children who did not receive the minimum feeding frequency were more likely to be stunted than their peers who received the minimum feeding frequency (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.53-4.03). CONCLUSION:Sub-optimal complementary feeding predisposed to infant's malnutrition.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) is rapidly increasing all over the world. Consequently, there is an urgent need for more effective intervention strategies. Both animal and human studies indicate that lipid oversupply to skeletal muscle can result in insulin resistance, which is one of the characteristics of the MS. C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-fat (10 kcal%) palm oil diet or a high-fat (45 kcal%; HF) palm oil diet for 3 or 28 days. By combining transcriptomics with protein and lipid analyses we aimed to better understand the molecular events underlying the early onset of the MS. Short-term HF feeding led to altered expression levels of genes involved in a variety of biological processes including morphogenesis, energy metabolism, lipogenesis, and immune function. Protein analysis showed increased levels of the myosin heavy chain, slow fiber type protein, and the complexes I, II, III, IV, and V of the oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, we observed that the main mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, contained more saturated fatty acids. Altogether, these results point to a morphological as well as a metabolic adaptation by promoting a more oxidative fiber type. We hypothesize that after this early positive adaptation, a continued transcriptional downregulation of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation will result in decreased oxidative capacity at a later stage. Together with increased saturation of phospholipids of the mitochondrial membrane this can result in decreased mitochondrial function, which is a hallmark observed in insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.

背景与目标： : 代谢综合征 (MS) 的患病率在世界各地迅速增加。因此，迫切需要更有效的干预策略。动物和人体研究都表明，骨骼肌脂质供应过剩会导致胰岛素抵抗，这是MS的特征之一。C57BL/6J小鼠饲喂低脂 (10 kcal %) 棕榈油饮食或高脂 (45 kcal %; HF) 棕榈油饮食3或28天。通过将转录组学与蛋白质和脂质分析相结合，我们旨在更好地了解MS早期发作的分子事件。短期HF喂养导致涉及多种生物学过程 (包括形态发生，能量代谢，脂肪生成和免疫功能) 的基因表达水平改变。蛋白质分析显示，肌球蛋白重链，慢纤维型蛋白以及氧化磷酸化的复合物I，II，III，IV和V的水平升高。此外，我们观察到主要的线粒体膜磷脂，磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺含有更多的饱和脂肪酸。总之，这些结果通过促进更多的氧化纤维类型而指向形态和代谢适应。我们假设，在这种早期的积极适应之后，参与氧化磷酸化的基因的持续转录下调将导致后期氧化能力降低。再加上线粒体膜磷脂的饱和度增加，这可能导致线粒体功能下降，这是在胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病中观察到的标志。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We studied the effects of regular diet (0.35% NaCl/1.1% potassium), high sodium diet (4% NaCl/0.75% potassium), or high sodium and high potassium diet (4% NaCl/2.11% potassium) on blood pressure, plasma renin activity, renal and cerebrovascular lesions, and incidence of stroke and mortality in male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). In the first 4 weeks, the rise in blood pressure was higher in high NaCl than in high NaCl/high potassium or regular diet groups. However, by 8 and 12 weeks, the blood pressure in all three groups was similar. After 4 weeks of diet, plasma renin activity was similar in the three groups (3.4 +/- 0.8, 4.1 +/- 0.9, and 5.2 +/- 1.6 ng/ml/hr, in high NaCl, high NaCl/high potassium, and regular diet groups, respectively) and were not related to sodium excretion. After 8 weeks, plasma renin activity was significantly increased only in the high NaCl group (13.7 +/- 3.7 ng/ml/hr), and by 12 weeks plasma renin activity was significantly higher in the high NaCl group (25.3 +/- 3.6 ng/ml/hr) than in the high NaCl/high potassium (11.1 +/- 2.9 ng/ml/hr) or in the regular diet (7.8 +/- 4.6 ng/ml/hr) groups. Moderate to severe renal vascular lesions were first detected in the high NaCl group by 8 weeks of diet. At 12 weeks, renal vascular damage index (RVDI), estimated histologically, was significantly higher in the high NaCl group (RVDI = 79 +/- 14) than in the high NaCl/high potassium (RVDI = 40 +/- 11) and regular diet (RVDI = 7.8 +/- 4.6) groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

背景与目标： : 我们研究了常规饮食 (0.35% NaCl/1.1% 钾)，高钠饮食 (4% NaCl/0.75% 钾) 或高钠和高钾饮食 (4% NaCl/2.11% 钾) 对血压，血浆肾素活性，肾脏和脑血管病变，以及男性卒中易发自发性高血压大鼠 (SHRSP) 的卒中发生率和死亡率。在前4周，高NaCl组的血压升高高于高NaCl/高钾组或常规饮食组。然而，到8周和12周时，所有三组的血压都相似。饮食4周后，三组血浆肾素活性相似 (3.4 +/- 0.8，4.1 +/- 0.9和5.2 +/- 1.6 ng/ml/hr，在高NaCl，高NaCl/高钾和常规饮食组，分别与钠排泄无关。8周后，血浆肾素活性仅在高NaCl组显着增加 (13.7/- 3.7 ng/ml/hr)，到12周时，高NaCl组 (25.3 +/- 3.6 ng/ml/hr) 的血浆肾素活性明显高于高NaCl/高钾组 (11.1 +/- 2.9 ng/ml/hr) 或常规饮食 (7.8 +/- 4.6 ng/ml/hr) 组。通过8周的饮食，高NaCl组首先检测到中度至重度肾血管病变。12周时，肾血管损伤指数 (RVDI)，组织学估计，高NaCl组 (RVDI = 79 +/- 14) 显著高于高NaCl/高钾组 (RVDI = 40 +/- 11) 和常规饮食组 (RVDI = 7.8 +/- 4.6)。(摘要截短于250字)