BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Aquatic birds are a reservoir of all known influenza A viruses. Avian influenza viruses have played a major role in the creation of pandemic influenza viruses in humans. In this study, we genetically characterized genes of nine isolates from waterfowl in Eulsukdo, a congregating place for migratory birds on the flyway of migration from Siberia, which is located in the southern part of South Korea. Phylogenic analysis showed that HA and NA genes of isolates belonged to Eurasian lineage, and lineage analysis showed that NS, PB1, PA, NP, and M genes of isolates clustered with Eurasian lineage, and PB2 genes of isolates belonged to North American or Eurasian lineage. Results suggest that the interregional transmission of genes of avian influenza viruses may occur in the migratory birds.

背景与目标： ：水禽是所有已知的A型流感病毒的储存库。禽流感病毒在人类大流行性流感病毒的产生中发挥了重要作用。在这项研究中，我们通过遗传学鉴定了Eulsukdo水禽的9个分离株的基因，Eulsukdo是位于韩国南部从西伯利亚迁徙的迁徙飞鸟的聚集地。系统发育分析表明，分离株的HA和NA基因属于欧亚谱系，谱系分析表明，分离株的NS，PB1，PA，NP和M基因与欧亚谱系聚在一起，而分离株的PB2基因属于北美或欧亚谱系。 。结果表明，禽流感病毒基因的区域间传播可能发生在候鸟中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A study was made on the hydration and serum electrolyte changes in 55 black underground gold miners who presented with heat disorders, and control data were obtained on 52 surface and 50 underground workers without symptoms. Cases were admitted for assessment and treatment, and a questionnaire was administered on symptoms, work, fluid intake, alcohol intake, recent health, and past history of heat disorders. Twenty-eight men had experienced heat disorders in the past. Blood specimens on days 0, 1, 2, and 7 for serum sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, inorganic phosphate, and serum total protein were obtained from 55 cases, of which 22 also had estimations of hemoglobin and hematocrit. Initial serum electrolyte levels, because of hemoconcentration, were found to be a poor indicator of underlying changes. Changes in serum total protein were used to correct electrolyte levels for dehydration, which showed deficits in serum total sodium and potassium. This method of correction, when compared with one using hemoglobin and hematocrit, showed similar but smaller changes in serum electrolytes. The cases were divided into subgroups of "cramps" and "collapse"; no significant differences were seen in ambient conditions, age, or electrolyte changes. The cramps group, however, had drunk significantly more water. The findings overall were those of dehydration and salt depletion.

背景与目标： ：对55名患有热病的黑人地下金矿工人的水分和血清电解质变化进行了研究，并获得了52名地面工人和50名无症状地下工人的控制数据。入组病例进行评估和治疗，并就症状，工作，液体摄入，酒精摄入，近期健康和过去的热病史进行问卷调查。过去有28名男性经历过热障碍。从55例患者中获取了第0、1、2和7天的血清钠，钾，镁，钙，无机磷酸盐和血清总蛋白的血样，其中22例也有血红蛋白和血细胞比容的估计值。由于血液中的浓度，最初的血清电解质水平被认为是潜在变化的不良指标。血清总蛋白的变化用于纠正脱水的电解质水平，这表明血清总钠和钾缺乏。与使用血红蛋白和血细胞比容的校正方法相比，这种校正方法显示出相似但较小的血清电解质变化。这些病例分为“抽筋”和“崩溃”两个子组。在环境条件，年龄或电解质变化方面未见明显差异。但是，抽筋组的人喝了更多的水。总的来说，结果是脱水和盐耗不足。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We compared serotype distributions of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from patients aged <5 and o5 years with invasive pneumococcal disease in New South Wales, Australia, and antibiotic susceptibilities of isolates from the <5 years age group only, before (2002–2004) and after(2005–2009) introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Overall, there were significant decreases in the mean annual number of referred isolates (770 vs. 515) and the proportion belonging to PCV7 serotypes (74% vs. 38%), but non-PCV7 serotypes, particularly 19A, increased (5% vs. 18%). All changes were more marked in the <5 years age group.Susceptibility testing of isolates from the <5 years age group showed variation in resistance between serotypes, but significant overall increases in penicillin non-susceptibility (23% vs. 31%),ceftriaxone resistance (2% vs. 12%) and multidrug resistance (4% vs. 7%) rates ; erythromycin resistance fell (32% vs. 25%). Continued surveillance is needed to monitor changes following the introduction of 13-valent PCV in 2012.

背景与目标： ：我们比较了澳大利亚新南威尔士州<5和o5岁患有侵袭性肺炎球菌病的肺炎链球菌分离株的血清型分布和仅<5岁年龄组分离株的抗生素敏感性（2002-2004年之前和之后） （2005-2009）引入了7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗（PCV7）。总体而言，转介的分离株的年均数量显着减少（770比515）和属于PCV7血清型的比例（74％比38％），但非PCV7血清型，特别是19A血清型增加（5％vs。 18％）。 <5岁年龄组的所有变化均更为明显。<5岁年龄组的分离株的药敏试验显示血清型之间的耐药性存在差异，但青霉素的非药敏性总体显着增加（23％vs. 31％），头孢曲松耐药率（2％vs. 12％）和多药耐药性（4％vs. 7％）比率；红霉素耐药性下降（32％对25％）。在2012年推出13价PCV之后，需要持续进行监测以监测变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ticks from mainland Australia (Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland) and Tasmania, identified morphologically as either Ixodes holocyclus or Ixodes cornuatus, were compared genetically using 24 enzyme loci. The results showed that ticks from three localities in Victoria were genetically similar to I. cornuatus in Tasmania, but both groups had fixed genetic differences at >45% of loci compared with other ticks on the mainland. In addition, there were fixed genetic differences at 0-60% of loci among I. holocyclus from different localities on the mainland. Ixodes holocyclus samples could be divided into four distinct clusters (with fixed genetic differences >15%), three of which were represented by one or two specimens. Nonetheless, these electrophoretic data suggest that I. holocyclus represents a species complex. The results also showed that the morphological criteria used to identify specimens were not always accurate because several specimens had been mis-identified morphologically. Despite limitations with the morphological identification, this study has demonstrated that I. cornuatus can be distinguished from the I. holocyclus species complex using six enzyme loci, providing the foundation for a re-examination of morphological characteristics. The present study has shown that I. cornuatus and the I. holocyclus complexes have a greater distribution than previously reported, with both occurring in sympatry at Cape Patterson, on the southern coastline of Victoria.

背景与目标： ：使用24种酶基因座对来自澳大利亚大陆（维多利亚州，新南威尔士州和昆士兰州）和塔斯马尼亚州的Ti虫进行了形态学比较，这些Ti虫在形态学上被鉴定为全环凤仙或角须凤仙。结果表明，维多利亚州三个地方的tick在遗传上与塔斯马尼亚州的角I相似，但与大陆上的其他s相比，两组的固定遗传差异均在基因座的> 45％。另外，来自大陆不同地区的全环金枪鱼之间在0-60％的基因座上存在固定的遗传差异。整轮虫超氧化物歧化酶样品可分为四个不同的簇（固定的遗传差异> 15％），其中三个由一个或两个标本代表。尽管如此，这些电泳数据表明全环线虫代表一种物种复合体。结果还表明，用于鉴定标本的形态学标准并不总是准确的，因为几个标本在形态上被误认了。尽管在形态学鉴定上有局限性，但这项研究表明，可以使用六个酶基因座将角corn与全轮虫物种区分开，为形态特征的重新研究奠定了基础。本研究表明，角鬣狗和全环线虫的分布比以前报道的要大，它们都发生在维多利亚州南部海岸线的海角帕特森的交界处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :During the August 23-25, 2000, convention conducted by WHO in Kathmandu, Nepal, it was decided that national mechanisms to plan and manage health sector reforms be established and strengthened. The participants of this convention were health ministers from the 10 countries that make up the WHO South East Asian Region (SEAR). It was noted in the meeting that the countries in the region need a universal prescription for health sector reforms, which comprises the components of health care financing, health care provision, human resources for health, and governance in health. Although most of the SEAR countries have initiated reforms in health care financing and decentralization of health systems, many are facing the challenge of expanding provision of health insurance. In view of this, WHO was called to help countries develop models for collective health care financing based on risk-pooling, or collective health financing. In terms of preventing HIV/AIDS, it was recommended that interventions that have been effective in preventing HIV infection in different countries must be applied widely. Moreover, the Indian delegation's suggestion that estimates on HIV/AIDS cases by WHO and UNAIDS should be reviewed and updated regularly.

背景与目标： ：在2000年8月23日至25日，世卫组织在尼泊尔加德满都举行的公约中，决定建立并加强计划和管理卫生部门改革的国家机制。该公约的参加者是来自世界卫生组织东南亚地区（SEAR）的10个国家的卫生部长。会议上注意到，该区域各国需要卫生部门改革的普遍处方，其中包括卫生保健筹资，卫生保健提供，卫生人力资源和卫生治理的组成部分。尽管大多数SEAR国家已经在医疗保健筹资和卫生系统权力下放方面进行了改革，但许多国家都面临着扩大医疗保险提供范围的挑战。有鉴于此，呼吁世卫组织帮助各国建立基于风险分担或集体卫生筹资的集体卫生筹资模式。在预防艾滋病毒/艾滋病方面，建议必须广泛应用在不同国家有效预防艾滋病毒感染的干预措施。此外，印度代表团的建议是，应定期审查和更新世卫组织和艾滋病规划署对艾滋病毒/艾滋病病例的估计数。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :One of the worst HIV/AIDS epidemics in the world is occurring in South Africa, where heterosexual exposure is the main mode of HIV transmission. Young people 15-24 years of age, particularly women, account for a large share of new infections. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for behavior-change interventions to reduce the incidence of HIV among adolescents in South Africa. However, there are few such interventions with proven efficacy for South African adolescents, especially young adolescents. A recent cluster-randomized controlled trial of the 'Let Us Protect Our Future!' HIV/STD risk-reduction intervention for Grade 6 South African adolescents (mean age = 12.4 years) found significant decreases in self-reported sexual risk behaviors compared with a control intervention. This article describes the intervention, the use of the social cognitive theory and the reasoned action approach to develop the intervention, how formative research informed its development and the acceptability of the intervention. Challenges in designing and implementing HIV/STD risk-reduction interventions for young adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa are discussed.

背景与目标： ：南非是世界上最严重的HIV / AIDS流行病之一，异性接触是HIV传播的主要方式。 15-24岁的年轻人，尤其是女性，在新感染中占很大比例。因此，迫切需要改变行为的干预措施，以减少南非青少年中艾滋病毒的发生率。但是，很少有这类干预措施对南非青少年特别是年轻青少年具有有效的疗效。最近一项“让我们保护我们的未来！”的集群随机对照试验。与对照干预相比，南非6级（平均年龄= 12.4岁）青少年的HIV / STD降低风险干预措施发现自我报告的性风险行为显着降低。本文介绍了干预措施，社会认知理论的使用以及采取合理的行动方法来开发干预措施，形成性研究如何告知其发展以及干预措施的可接受性。讨论了为撒哈拉以南非洲地区的青少年设计和实施降低艾滋病毒/性病风险的干预措施所面临的挑战。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :South Africa has long recognized partnerships between the public and private sectors as a policy objective in health, but experience is still limited and poorly documented. The objectives of this article are to understand the factors that increase the likelihood of success of public-private interactions in South Africa, and identify and discuss opportunities for them to be scaled up. There is a strong legislative framework and a number of guidelines and tools that have been developed by the Treasury for managing partnerships. The review of literature confirmed the need for the state to have effective regulations in order to oversee quality and standards and to provide stewardship and oversight. The public sector requires sufficient capacity not only to manage relationships with the private sector but also to enable innovation and experimentation. Evaluation is an integral part of all interactions not only to learn from successes but also to identify any perverse incentives that may lead to unintended consequences. Four case studies show that the private for-profit sector is already engaged in a number of projects that are closely aligned to current health system reform priorities. Factors that increase the likelihood of interactions being successful include: increasing the government's capacity to manage public-private relationships; choosing public-private interactions that are strategically important to national goals; building a knowledge base on what works, where and why; moving from pilots to large scale initiatives; harnessing the contracting expertise in private providers; and encouraging innovation and learning.

背景与目标： 南非：长期以来，公立和私营部门之间的伙伴关系已被公认为卫生领域的政策目标，但经验仍然有限，文献记载也很少。本文的目的是了解增加南非公私互动成功的可能性的因素，并确定和讨论扩大其规模的机会。财政部已经建立了强有力的立法框架以及许多准则和工具来管理伙伴关系。对文献的审查证实，国家有必要制定有效的法规，以监督质量和标准，并提供管理和监督。公共部门不仅需要足够的能力来管理与私营部门的关系，而且还需要进行创新和试验。评估是所有互动中不可或缺的一部分，不仅可以从成功中学习，而且可以识别可能导致意想不到的后果的任何不正当动机。四个案例研究表明，私营营利部门已经参与了许多与当前卫生系统改革优先事项紧密相关的项目。增加互动成功的可能性的因素包括：提高政府管理公私关系的能力；选择对国家目标具有战略意义的公私互动；建立关于什么有效，在哪里以及为什么起作用的知识库；从试点转向大规模计划；利用私人提供商的订约专业知识；并鼓励创新和学习。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Even if the number of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) cases from Kinshasa province in DRC is going towards elimination for the last decade, cases still occur in the periphery of the city. The diagnosis of 21 cases in the south periphery of Kinshasa, between 2015 and 2017 gives evidence of the existence of an active focus in this area. Here, we present the results of a punctual entomological survey that was realized in july 2014 in the outskirts of the southeast of Kinshasa. Using pyramidal traps, we caught tsetse flies during 2 days, dissecting the fresh ones for further molecular analysis. The average Apparent Density of flies per Trap and per Day was three with a maximum of 5.6 flies in Nganda PIO. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the midguts provided evidence of a high prevalence (57.2%) of infected flies. Ninety three percent of the trypanosomes that were identified belonged to the Nanomonas species, but Trypanozoon trypanosomes were also present in 24% of the infected flies, including mixed infections with Nanomonas, including 3 flies carrying Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the human pathogen of trypanosomiasis. These results show that at the time of the field's study there was an active reservoir of trypanosomes, closed to pigsties, knowing that pig is a potential animal reservoir. It also demonstrates that xenomonitoring using the entomological approach can be an efficient tool for monitoring sleeping sickness. Finally, results are discussed in the frame of WHO's HAT elimination project. Regarding Kinshasa, it points out the need of regular epidemiologic surveys.

背景与目标： 即使过去十年来，即使刚果民主共和国金沙萨省的人类非洲锥虫病（HAT）病例数趋于消灭，该病仍在该市周边地区发生。 2015年至2017年期间，金沙萨南部外围地区诊断出21例病例，这证明了该地区存在积极关注的迹象。在这里，我们介绍了2014年7月在金沙萨东南郊实现的守时昆虫学调查的结果。我们使用金字塔形诱捕器在两天内捕获了采采蝇，然后将新鲜的蝇切下来进行进一步的分子分析。每天每只陷阱的苍蝇平均表观密度为3只，在乌干达PIO中最多为5.6只苍蝇。中肠的聚合酶链反应分析提供了感染果蝇的高流行率（57.2％）的证据。鉴定出的锥虫体中有93％属于纳米单胞菌属物种，但锥虫也存在于24％的受感染蝇中，其中包括纳米虫的混合感染，包括3株带有冈比亚锥虫的人类蝇，锥虫是人的锥虫病病原体。这些结果表明，在进行田间研究时，知道猪是潜在的动物水库，但有一个活跃的锥虫水库对猪不开放。它还表明，使用昆虫学方法进行异种监测可能是监测昏睡病的有效工具。最后，在WHO的HAT消除项目框架内讨论了结果。关于金沙萨，它指出了定期进行流行病学调查的必要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the associated risk factors among drug-abusing prisoners in Birjand correctional facility. METHODS:This is a cross-sectional study on 300 drug-abusing prisoners in 2016. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. HBV infection and HCV exposure status of the participants were determined by HBsAg, HBcAb, and HCVAb blood tests using third-generation enzyme immune assays (ELISA). The chi-square test was used to investigate the associations between risk factors and status of HBV infection and HCV exposure. All data were analyzed with SPSS software and P<0.05 was considered as significant difference. RESULTS:The mean age of participants was 37.4 ± 9.4 years with a range of 20-78 years. The prevalence rates of HBV exposure (total HBcAb) and infection (HBsAg) were 20.7 and 3.3% respectively, and the prevalence of HCV exposure (HCV Ab) was 8%. No co-infection was observed. Seroprevalence results for injecting drug users (IDUs) was 13 (18.8%) for total HBcAb, 1 (1.4%) for HBsAg, and 13 (18.8%) for HCVAb. There was no significant difference between the IDUs and non-IDUs in terms of HBsAg and total HBcAb positive rate, but the prevalence of HCV was significantly higher in the IDUs (P < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, the main risk factors for HCV exposure in the entire samples was injecting drug use and having tattoos (OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 1.64-10.17, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION:We found a high rate of HBV and HCV infection in drug-using prison inmates compared to the general population of this area. The main risk factors associated with HCV infection in the prison populations with history of drug abuse were injecting drug use and having tattoo.

背景与目标： 摘要背景：估计在伯尔尼德教养所中吸毒囚犯中的乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）的患病率以及相关的危险因素。
方法：这是2016年对300名吸毒囚犯的横断面研究。数据通过问卷调查和访谈收集。参与者的HBV感染和HCV暴露状态通过HBsAg，HBcAb和HCVAb血液测试使用第三代酶免疫分析（ELISA）进行确定。卡方检验用于研究危险因素与HBV感染状况和HCV暴露之间的关联。所有数据均使用SPSS软件进行分析，P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结果：参与者的平均年龄为37.4±9.4岁，范围为20-78岁。 HBV暴露（总HBcAb）和感染（HBsAg）的患病率分别为20.7和3.3％，HCV暴露（HCV Ab）的患病率为8％。没有观察到共同感染。注射吸毒者（IDU）的血清阳性率结果为，总HBcAb为13（18.8％），HBsAg为1（1.4％），HCVAb为13（18.8％）。在HBsAg和总HBcAb阳性率方面，IDU和非IDU之间无显着差异，但IDU中HCV的患病率明显更高（P <0.001）。在逻辑回归分析中，整个样本中HCV暴露的主要危险因素是注射毒品和有纹身（OR = 4.08，95％CI：1.64-10.17，P = 0.003）。
结论：我们发现与该地区普通人群相比，吸毒囚犯的HBV和HCV感染率较高。在有吸毒史的监狱人口中，与HCV感染有关的主要危险因素是注射毒品和纹身。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:In South Africa, evidence shows high HIV prevalence in older populations, with sexual behavior consistent with high HIV acquisition and transmission risk. However, there is a dearth of evidence on older people's HIV incidence. METHODS:We used a 2010-2011 cohort of HIV-negative adults in rural South Africa who were 40 years or older at retest in 2015-2016 to estimate HIV incidence over a 5-year period. We used Poisson regression to measure the association of HIV seroconversion with demographic and behavioral covariates. We used inverse probability sampling weights to adjust for nonresponse in 2015, based on a logistic regression with predictors of sex and age group at August 2010. RESULTS:HIV prevalence increased from 21% at baseline to 23% in the follow-up survey. From a cohort of 1360 individuals, 33 seroconverted from HIV negative at baseline, giving an overall HIV incidence rate of 0.39 per 100 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28 to 0.57]. The rate for women was 0.44 (95% CI: 0.30 to 0.67), double than that for men, 0.21 (95% CI: 0.10 to 0.51). Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) again show women's risk of seroconverting double than that of men (IRR = 2.04, P value = 0.098). In past age 60, the IRR of seroconversion was significantly lower than that for those in their 40s (60-69, IRR = 0.09, P value = 0.002; 70-79, IRR = 0.14, P value = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS:The risk of acquiring HIV is not zero for people older than 50 years, especially women. Our findings highlight the importance of acknowledging that older people are at high risk of HIV infection and that HIV prevention and treatment campaigns must take them into consideration.

背景与目标： 简介：在南非，有证据表明，老年人口的艾滋病毒感染率很高，其性行为与艾滋病毒的高感染和传播风险一致。但是，缺乏关于老年人艾滋病毒感染率的证据。
方法：我们使用了南非农村地区2010-2011年HIV阴性成年人的队列，他们在2015-2016年重新测试时年龄为40岁或以上，以评估5年期间的HIV发病率。我们使用泊松回归来衡量HIV血清转化与人口统计学和行为协变量之间的关系。基于对2010年8月性别和年龄组的预测因子进行的逻辑回归，我们在2015年使用了逆概率抽样权重对无反应进行了调整。
结果：在后续调查中，艾滋病毒的患病率从基线的21％增加到23％。在1360名患者中，有33例在基线时从HIV阴性转为血清型，总的HIV发生率为每100人年0.39 [95％置信区间（CI）：0.28至0.57]。女性比例为0.44（95％CI：0.10至0.51），是男性的0.21（95％CI：0.10至0.51）。发病率比率（IRR）再次显示出女性进行血清转化的风险是男性的两倍（IRR = 2.04，P值= 0.098）。在60岁以上的人群中，血清转化的IRR显着低于40岁时的患者（60-69，IRR = 0.09，P值= 0.002； 70-79，IRR = 0.14，P值= 0.010）。
结论：50岁以上的人，尤其是女性，感染艾滋病毒的风险不为零。我们的发现强调了认识到老年人极易感染艾滋病毒的重要性，并且必须将艾滋病毒的预防和治疗运动纳入考虑范围。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Kashmir musk deer Moschus cupreus (KMD) are the least studied species of musk deer. We compiled genetically validated occurrence records of KMD to construct species distribution models using Maximum Entropy. We show that the distribution of KMD is limited between central Nepal on the east and north-east Afghanistan on the west and is primarily determined by precipitation of driest quarter, annual mean temperature, water vapor, and precipitation during the coldest quarter. Precipitation being the most influential determinant of distribution suggests the importance of pre-monsoon moisture for growth of the dominant vegetation, Himalayan birch Betula utilis and Himalayan fir Abies spectabilis, in KMD's preferred forests. All four Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios result an expansion of suitable habitat in Uttarakhand, India, west Nepal and their associated areas in China in 2050s and 2070s but a dramatic loss of suitable habitat elsewhere (Kashmir region and Pakistan-Afghanistan border). About 1/4th of the current habitat will remain as climate refugia in future. Since the existing network of protected areas will only include a tiny fraction (4%) of the climatic refugia of KMD, the fate of the species will be determined by the interplay of more urgent short-term forces of poaching and habitat degradation and long-term forces of climate change.

背景与目标： ：克什米尔麝鹿Moschus cupreus（KMD）是麝香鹿研究最少的物种。我们汇编了经过遗传验证的KMD发生记录，以使用最大熵构建物种分布模型。我们表明，KMD的分布在东部的尼泊尔中部和西部的阿富汗东北部之间是有限的，并且主要取决于最干燥季度的降水，年平均温度，水蒸气和最冷季度的降水。降水是影响分布的最主要决定因素，表明季风前的湿度对于KMD首选森林中的主要植被喜马拉雅桦木桦和喜马拉雅冷杉的生长很重要。所有这四个代表性的集中路径情景都导致2050年代和2070年代在印度的北阿坎德邦，尼泊尔西部和其相关地区的合适栖息地得到扩大，但其他地方（克什米尔地区和巴基斯坦与阿富汗交界）的合适栖息地却急剧减少。将来，目前约有1/4的栖息地仍将作为气候避难所。由于现有的保护区网络仅占KMD气候避难所的一小部分（4％），因此物种的命运将取决于更紧急的短期盗猎和栖息地退化以及长期的，长期的，长期的相互作用。气候变化的长期力量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :CYP19A1 gene product aromatase (CYP19A1) is a 58-kDa protein and belongs to the member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, which facilitates the bioconversion of estrogens from androgens. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP19A1 affect the activity of the enzyme and have been implicated in the association of estrogen-dependent disease, prognosis, therapeutic efficacy, and toxicity of third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs). Based on ethnicity, the frequency distribution of CYP19A1 alleles will differ, and until now, no data are available for Indians. Using qRT-PCR with TaqMan assays, the frequencies of functionally important polymorphic variants of CYP19A1 gene were determined in 163 healthy subjects of South Indian origin. The observed frequencies of the CYP19A1 minor alleles for the SNPs rs4646 (T), rs10046 (T), rs700519 (T), rs700518 (G), rs727479 (G), rs4775936 (T), rs10459592 (G), rs749292 (A), rs6493497 (T), and rs7176005 (A) are 41.1 (35.8-46.4), 20.0 (15.6-24.3), 33.7 (28.6-38.9), 17.8 (13.6-21.9), 25.8 (21.0-30.5), 19.9 (15.6-24.3), 33.7 (28.6-38.9), 24.9 (20.2-29.5), 35.9 (30.7-41.1), and 35.9 (30.7-41.1), respectively. Strong linkage disequilibrium existed between CYP19A1 SNPs, and sixteen different haplotype structures with a frequency >1% were derived from all the 10 SNPs tested. The most common being the haplotype (H1) GCTATCTGTG with a frequency of about 17.8%. Gender-specific assessment showed significant difference in the allele frequency for rs749292 (p < 0.04), and greater inter-ethnic variation was detected in the distribution of CYP19A1 variants except for rs727479. Our results could provide preliminary insight for further pharmacogenetic investigations of AIs as well as for subsequent molecular epidemiological studies on the contribution of these variants to the occurrence and development of estrogen-dependent disease in South Indians.

背景与目标： ：CYP19A1基因产物芳香酶（CYP19A1）是一种58 kDa的蛋白质，属于细胞色素P450超家族的成员，其促进雌激素从雄激素的生物转化。 CYP19A1的单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）影响酶的活性，并与雌激素依赖性疾病，预后，治疗效果和第三代芳香化酶抑制剂（AIs）的毒性有关。根据种族，CYP19A1等位基因的频率分布将有所不同，并且到目前为止，尚无印度人的数据。使用带有TaqMan分析的qRT-PCR，在163名南印度裔健康受试者中确定了CYP19A1基因功能上重要的多态变异体的频率。观察到SNP rs4646（T），rs10046（T），rs700519（T），rs700518（G），rs727479（G），rs4775936（T），rs10459592（G），rs749292（A）的CYP19A1次要等位基因频率，rs6493497（T）和rs7176005（A）分别为41.1（35.8-46.4），20.0（15.6-24.3），33.7（28.6-38.9），17.8（13.6-21.9），25.8（21.0-30.5），19.9（15.6） -24.3），33.7（28.6-38.9），24.9（20.2-29.5），35.9（30.7-41.1）和35.9（30.7-41.1）。 CYP19A1 SNP之间存在强连锁不平衡，从所有10个SNP中衍生出16个频率> 1％的不同单倍型结构。最常见的是单倍型（H1）GCTATCTGTG，频率约为17.8％。性别特异性评估显示rs749292的等位基因频率存在显着差异（p <0.04），并且除rs727479外，在CYP19A1变体的分布中检测到更大的种族间差异。我们的结果可为进一步认可AI的药物遗传学研究以及随后的分子流行病学研究提供初步见识，这些研究涉及这些变异对南印度人雌激素依赖性疾病的发生和发展的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The area of mobile technologies applied to health (mHealth) is a growing worldwide trend that has generated enormous expectations for the mitigation of problems related to medical services delivery and public health stemming from a lack of resources and the limited number of specialists. The numerous opportunities offered by mobile technologies, together with their ease of use, have attracted the interest both of governments and universities. This is the case of the Ibero-American Mobile Technologies and Health Network (CYTED-RITMOS, Spanish acronym). As a result of the network's first year of activity, in October 2015 the RITMOS International Workshop was held in Barcelona to present the priority areas in Latin America where research, development, and innovation (R&D+i) projects on mobile health could be carried out and possible solutions found. The objective of this article is to present the potentialities and applicability of mHealth in the Region of the Americas.

背景与目标： ：应用于健康的移动技术（mHealth）领域正在发展，在全球范围内，由于缺乏资源和专家人数有限，人们对减轻与医疗服务提供和公共卫生有关的问题抱有极大的期望。移动技术所带来的众多机遇及其易用性吸引了政府和大学的兴趣。伊比利亚美洲移动技术和卫生网络（CYTED-RITMOS，西班牙首字母缩写）就是这种情况。作为网络第一年的活动的结果，2015年10月，RITMOS国际研讨会在巴塞罗那举行，介绍了拉丁美洲的优先领域，可以在该领域开展有关移动医疗的研究，开发和创新（R＆D i）项目，以及找到可能的解决方案。本文的目的是介绍移动医疗在美洲地区的潜力和适用性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an emerging and re-emerging viral pathogen of pigs that is causing significant economic concerns in the global pork industry. The virulent G2b PEDV subgroup, which was responsible for the 2013-2014 pandemics on the American and Asian continents, hit Jeju Island in 2014, which had been PEDV-free since 2004. This study presents molecular characterization of a novel PEDV variant with a 5-amino acid (aa) insertion (DTHPE) in the spike (S) gene (an S-insertion) that was identified in diarrheic piglets from Jeju Island. The genome of the PEDV strain KOR/KNU-1601/2016 was sequenced and analyzed to characterize the S-insertion variant circulating on Jeju Island. The full-length genome sequence of KNU-1601 is 28,053 nucleotides (nt) in length, which is 24 nt and 15 nt longer than the genome sequences of G1 classical and G2 epidemic field strains, respectively. KNU-1601 shares 99.5-99.6% nucleotide sequence identity at the genome level and 98.0-98.6% amino acid sequence identity at the S gene level with other global G2b PEDV strains. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the KNU-1601 variant is most closely related to the G2b field isolates but appears to undergo continuous evolution in the field. These data advance our understanding of the genetic diversity and evolutionary characteristics of the PEDV field strains circulating in South Korea.

背景与目标： ：猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）是一种新兴的且正在重新出现的猪病毒病原体，正在引起全球猪肉行业的重大经济担忧。有毒的G2b PEDV亚组是造成美洲和亚洲大陆2013-2014年大流行的原因，于2014年袭击了济州岛，该岛自2004年以来一直没有PEDV。 -在济州岛的腹泻仔猪中发现的尖峰（S）基因（S插入）中存在-氨基酸（aa）插入（DTHPE）。对PEDV株KOR / KNU-1601 / 2016的基因组进行了测序和分析，以表征在济州岛上传播的S插入变异体。 KNU-1601的全长基因组序列长度为28,053个核苷酸（nt），分别比经典G1和G2流行病菌株的基因组序列长24 nt和15 nt。 KNU-1601与其他全球G2b PEDV菌株在基因组水平上具有99.5-99.6％的核苷酸序列同一性，在S基因水平上具有98.0-98.6％的氨基酸序列同一性。遗传和系统发育分析表明，KNU-1601变体与G2b田间分离株关系最密切，但似乎在田间经历了不断的进化。这些数据使我们对在韩国流通的PEDV野毒株的遗传多样性和进化特征有了更深入的了解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Characterisation of risk groups who may benefit from pneumococcal vaccination is essential for the generation of recommendations and policy. METHODS:We reviewed the literature to provide information on the incidence and risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in at-risk children in Europe and North America. The PubMed database was searched using predefined search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria for papers reporting European or North American data on the incidence or risk of IPD in children with underlying medical conditions. RESULTS:Eighteen references were identified, 11 from North America and 7 from Europe, with heterogeneous study methods, periods and populations. The highest incidence was seen in US children positive for human immunodeficiency virus infection, peaking at 4167 per 100,000 patient-years in 2000. Studies investigating changes in incidence over time reported decreases in the incidence of IPD between the late 1990s and early 2000s. The highest risk of IPD was observed in children with haematological cancers or immunosuppression. Overall, data on IPD in at-risk children were limited, lacking incidence data for a wide range of predisposing conditions. There was, however, a clear decrease in the incidence of IPD in at-risk children after the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into immunisation programmes, as previously demonstrated in the general population. CONCLUSION:Despite the heterogeneity of the studies identified, the available data show a substantial incidence of IPD in at-risk children, particularly those who are immunocompromised. Further research is needed to determine the true risk of IPD in at-risk children, particularly in the post-PCV period, and to understand the benefits of vaccination and optimal vaccination schedules.

背景与目标： 背景：可能从肺炎球菌疫苗接种中受益的风险人群的表征对于产生建议和政策至关重要。
方法：我们回顾了文献，以提供有关欧洲和北美高危儿童的侵袭性肺炎球菌疾病（IPD）的发生率和风险的信息。使用预定义的搜索词和纳入/排除标准对PubMed数据库进行了搜索，以检索报告欧洲或北美患有基础疾病的儿童中IPD发生率或风险的数据。
结果：共确定了18篇参考文献，其中11篇来自北美，7篇来自欧洲，其研究方法，时期和人群各不相同。在人类免疫缺陷病毒感染呈阳性的美国儿童中发生率最高，在2000年达到峰值，每10万患者年中有4167名。调查随时间变化的研究报告说，在1990年代末至2000年代初，IPD发生率下降。在患有血液系统癌症或免疫抑制的儿童中，发生IPD的风险最高。总体而言，高危儿童的IPD数据有限，缺乏各种易患病情况的发病率数据。但是，将7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗引入免疫接种计划后，高危儿童IPD发生率明显下降，这在以前的一般人群中已得到证实。
结论：尽管已确定研究的异质性，但现有数据显示高危儿童，特别是免疫受损儿童的IPD发生率很高。需要进一步的研究来确定高危儿童中IPD的真正风险，尤其是在PCV后时期，并了解疫苗接种的好处和最佳的疫苗接种时间表。