BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The goal of burn care is that 'the quality of the outcome must be worth the pain of survival'. More research is needed to understand how best to deliver care for patients with burns to achieve this aim. Loss of independence, function as well as loss of income for patients with burns and carers cause a significant burden at both individual and societal levels. Much is being done to advance knowledge in the clinical care field; however, there has been a paucity of research exploring psychosocial outcomes. This paper describes the study background and methods, as implemented in an Australian cohort study of psychosocial outcomes after major burn injuries. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:In this inception cohort study, a target sample of 230 participants, aged 18 years or over, admitted to a single statewide burns centre with a burn injury are identified by hospital staff for inclusion. Baseline survey data are collected either in person or by telephone within 28 days of the injury and participants then followed up with telephone interviews at 3, 6 and 12 months postburn. Injury and burns treatment information is collected from medical records. Social support is measured as a predictor variable using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Outcome data are collected via standardised measures in the domains of Quality of Life (SF-12, EQ-5D, BSHS-B), depression (PHQ-9), post-traumatic stress disorder (PCL-C, PAS), community integration (CIQ-R) and Quality-Adjusted Life Years (EQ-5D). Additional survey questions measure life satisfaction, return to work and public services utilisation at 12 months postinjury. Data analysis methods will include analysis of variance, Pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:Hospital-based and University of Queensland Human Research Ethics Committees have approved the protocol. Results from the study will be disseminated at national and international conferences, in peer-reviewed journals and in a doctoral thesis. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000828426). Retrospectively registered on 23 June 2016; pre-results.

背景与目标： 简介：烧伤护理的目标是“结果的质量必须值得生存之苦”。需要更多的研究来了解如何最好地为烧伤患者提供护理以实现该目标。烧伤和照顾者患者失去独立性，功能以及收入损失，在个人和社会层面都造成了沉重的负担。为了提高临床护理领域的知识水平，正在做很多工作。然而，很少有研究探讨社会心理结果。本文描述了一项研究背景和方法，该方法在澳大利亚严重烧伤后心理社会结局队列研究中实施。
方法和分析：在这项队列研究中，由医院工作人员确定了230名年龄在18岁或以上，被纳入一个州范围内烧伤中心的烧伤中心的参与者的目标样本。基线调查数据在受伤后28天内亲自或通过电话收集，参与者在烧伤后3、6和12个月进行电话访谈。受伤和烧伤的治疗信息是从医疗记录中收集的。使用“感知社会支持的多维量表”将社会支持作为预测变量进行衡量。通过生活质量（SF-12，EQ-5D，BSHS-B），抑郁症（PHQ-9），创伤后应激障碍（PCL-C，PAS），社区整合等领域的标准化措施收集结果数据（CIQ-R）和质量调整寿命年（EQ-5D）。额外的调查问题可衡量受伤后12个月的生活满意度，重返工作岗位和使用公共服务的情况。数据分析方法将包括方差分析，Pearson相关性和分层多元回归分析。
道德与传播：医院和昆士兰大学人类研究伦理委员会已批准该协议。该研究的结果将在国家和国际会议，同行评审期刊和博士学位论文中进行传播。
试验注册号：澳大利亚新西兰临床试验注册（ACTRN12616000828426）。追溯注册于2016年6月23日;结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Coordination is a vital component in healthcare provision and teamwork. Relational coordination (RC) represents a type of informal coordination reinforced by communication and supportive relationships. It is an important concept in the study of interprofessional team performance and is associated with improved patient care outcomes. However, little is known about the specific relational characteristics that contribute to higher levels of RC. This study examined the association between social capital (resources embedded within relationships) and RC in outpatient clinics. RC was hypothesized to be predicted by social capital. In addition, social capital was hypothesized to be predicted by team tenure, and RC was hypothesized to be predicted by formal coordination mechanisms. A cross-sectional design was used to survey a random sample of 342 physicians and nurses from outpatient clinics. Study variables were measured using previously validated instruments with acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Structural equation modeling was used for hypothesis testing. Final analysis revealed a good fit of data to the hypothesized model (comparative fit index = 0.966; standardized root mean square residual = 0.0316). Results suggested that social capital predicted both factors of RC (b = 0.70 and 0.81, p < 0.001) and team tenure predicted social capital (b = 0.13, p < 0.05). Also, the association between team tenure and RC (b = 0.09, p < 0.05) was found to be partially mediated by social capital. Findings of this study suggest that characteristics within relational ties are predictive of informal coordination. The strength and pattern of these associations provide a better understanding in how relationships may facilitate interprofessional teamwork.

背景与目标： ：协调是提供医疗保健和团队合作的重要组成部分。关系协调（RC）代表一种非正式的协调，通过沟通和支持性关系得到加强。这是研究跨专业团队绩效的重要概念，并且与改善的患者护理结果相关。但是，对于导致较高RC的特定关系特性知之甚少。这项研究检查了门诊诊所社会资本（关系中嵌入的资源）与RC之间的关联。假设RC是由社会资本预测的。另外，假设社会资本是由团队任期预测的，而RC是假设是由正式协调机制预测的。使用横断面设计对来自门诊诊所的342名医生和护士进行随机抽样调查。研究变量是使用先前验证过的，具有可接受水平的信度和效度进行测量的。结构方程模型用于假设检验。最终分析显示，数据与假设的模型拟合良好（比较拟合指数= 0.966；标准均方根残差= 0.0316）。结果表明，社会资本既可以预测RC的因素（b = 0.70和0.81，p <0.001），也可以预测球队任期对社会资本的预测（b = 0.13，p <0.05）。此外，还发现团队任期与RC之间的关联（b = 0.09，p <0.05）部分地由社会资本介导。这项研究的结果表明，在关系中的特征预示着非正式的协调。这些协会的实力和模式可以更好地理解人际关系如何促进专业间的团队合作。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The study sought to quantify coordination of epilepsy care, over time, between neurologists and other health care providers using social network analysis (SNA). METHODS:The Veterans Health Administration (VA) instituted an Epilepsy Center of Excellence (ECOE) model in 2008 to enhance care coordination between neurologists and other health care providers. Provider networks in the 16 VA ECOE facilities (hub sites) were compared to a subset of 33 VA facilities formally affiliated (consortium sites) and 14 unaffiliated VA facilities. The number of connections between neurologists and each provider (node degree) was measured by shared epilepsy patients and tallied to generate estimates at the facility level separately within and across facilities. Mixed models were used to compare change of facility-level node degree over time across the three facility types, adjusted for number of providers per facility. RESULTS:Over the time period 2000-2013, epilepsy care coordination both within and across facilities significantly increased. These increases were seen in all three types of facilities namely hub, consortium, and unaffiliated site, relatively equally. The increase in connectivity was more dramatic with providers across facilities compared to providers within the same facilities. CONCLUSION:Establishment of the ECOE hub and spoke model contributed to an increase in epilepsy care coordination both within and across facilities from 2000 to 2013, but there was substantial variation across different facilities. SNA is a tool that may help measure coordination of specialty care.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究试图通过社交网络分析（SNA）量化神经科医师与其他医疗保健提供者之间随着时间的推移癫痫治疗的协调性。
方法：退伍军人卫生管理局（VA）在2008年建立了癫痫病卓越中心（ECOE）模型，以加强神经科医生与其他卫生保健提供者之间的护理协调。将16个VA ECOE设施（集线器站点）中的提供商网络与33个正式关联的VA设施（财团站点）和14个未关联的VA设施的子集进行了比较。由共享的癫痫患者测量神经科医师与每个提供者之间的联系数（节点度），并计算以在设施级别内部和设施之间分别在设施级别生成估计值。混合模型用于比较三种设施类型上设施级别节点度随时间的变化，并针对每个设施的提供者数量进行了调整。
结果：在2000年至2013年期间，设施内和设施间的癫痫护理协调性显着提高。这些增加在三种类型的设施中都可以看到，即枢纽，财团和非附属场所，相对均等。与同一设施内的提供商相比，跨设施的提供商的连接性增长更为显着。
结论：从2000年到2013年，建立ECOE枢纽和轮辐模型有助于增加设施内和设施之间的癫痫护理协调，但不同设施之间存在很大差异。 SNA是一种工具，可以帮助评估专科护理的协调性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Despite numerous legal interventions, minors continue to purchase and consume alcohol. Prior research had suggested that the decision to request identification to prove legal age was susceptible to various judgement and decision heuristics. This research examined whether the physical attractiveness of the potential consumer and the presence or absence of others were significant predictors of alcohol accessibility. Bartenders (n = 130) rated a target individual who was either high or low in attractiveness. Results indicated that attractiveness was a significant predictor of "proofing likelihood". High levels of attractiveness were associated with a decrease in the likelihood of being asked to provide proof of legal age for the purchase of alcohol. Individuals presented alone were seen as significantly older than when grouped with others. Implications of these findings for the restriction of alcohol availability among minors are considered.

背景与目标： 尽管采取了许多法律干预措施，未成年人仍继续购买和消费酒精。先前的研究表明，要求证明身份以证明合法年龄的决定容易受到各种判断和决定启发法的影响。这项研究检查了潜在消费者的身体吸引力以及是否存在其他人是否是酒精可及性的重要预测指标。调酒师（n = 130）对吸引力高或低的目标个人进行了评分。结果表明，吸引力是“打样可能性”的重要预测指标。高水平的吸引力与被要求提供购买酒精饮料的法定年龄证据的可能性降低有关。单独出现的个体被认为比与他人分组时显着年龄大。考虑了这些发现对限制未成年人饮酒的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:The study aimed to explore how community mental health nurses (CMHNs) UK perceived their working lives. This was subdivided into questions related to: How do nurses perceive their professional status in terms of public image compared with their understanding of their working lives? How does the relationship between professional aspirations and experiences of working life affect their feelings about their work and their self image? BACKGROUND:In a rapidly changing organizational context CMHNs face the challenge of achieving a coherent professional identity. METHOD:An interview study was conducted and analyzed using semi-structured interviews and a thematic analysis to identify categories and themes in 34 CMHN's accounts of their working lives. FINDINGS:The data were classified into four major themes: (i) The client focus: the public service identity of the profession; (ii) Not being a profession: skepticism, doubt and uncertainty; (iii) Growing out of the role: professional development as exit strategy; (iv) Waiting to be discovered: the search for recognition. CONCLUSIONS:The metaphor of nurses searching for recognition has demonstrated its usefulness as a means of illuminating the quest undertaken by CMHNs to establish the legitimacy of their work, and achieve acknowledgment and appreciation. This underlies the search for professional identity in community mental health nursing.

背景与目标： 目的：该研究旨在探讨英国社区心理健康护士（CMHNs）如何看待他们的工作生活。这又细分为以下相关问题：与公众对工作生活的理解相比，护士在公众形象方面如何看待自己的专业地位？职业理想与工作经历之间的关系如何影响他们对工作的感觉和自我形象？
背景：在快速变化的组织环境中，CMHN面临着实现一致的专业身份的挑战。
方法：采用半结构化访谈和主题分析进行了访谈研究，并分析了34个CMHN工作生活中的类别和主题。
结果：数据被分为四个主要主题：（i）以客户为中心：该行业的公共服务身份； ii不是专业：怀疑，怀疑和不确定性； iii摆脱角色：将职业发展作为退出战略； （iv）等待被发现：寻求认可。
结论：护士寻求认可的隐喻已证明其有用性，可作为阐明CMHNs确立其工作合法性并获得认可和赞赏的追求的一种手段。这是在社区心理健康护理中寻求专业身份的基础。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Health services and population health innovations advance when knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE) occurs among researchers, practitioners, policy-makers and consumers using high-quality evidence. However, few KTE models have been evaluated in practice. Communities of practice (CoP) - voluntary, self-organizing, and focused groups of individuals and organizations - may provide one option. This paper outlines an approach to lay the foundation for a CoP within the area of Web-assisted tobacco interventions (WATI). The objectives of the study were to provide a data-driven foundation to inform decisions about organizing a CoP within the geographically diverse, multi-disciplinary WATI group using evaluation and social network methodologies. METHODS:A single-group design was employed using a survey of expectations, knowledge, and interpersonal WATI-related relationships administered prior to a meeting of the WATI group followed by a 3-week post-meeting Web survey to assess short-term impact on learning and networking outcomes. RESULTS:Twenty-three of 27 WATI attendees (85%) from diverse disciplinary and practice backgrounds completed the baseline survey, with 21 (91%) of those participants completing the three-week follow-up. Participants had modest expectations of the meeting at baseline. A social network map produced from the data illustrated a centralized, yet sparse network comprising of interdisciplinary teams with little trans-sectoral collaboration. Three-week follow-up survey results showed that participants had made new network connections and had actively engaged in KTE activities with WATI members outside their original network. CONCLUSION:Data illustrating both the shape and size of the WATI network as well as member's interests and commitment to KTE, when shared and used to frame action steps, can positively influence the motivation to collaborate and create communities of practice. Guiding KTE planning through blending data and theory can create more informed transdisciplinary and trans-sectoral collaboration environments.

背景与目标： 背景：当研究人员，从业人员，政策制定者和消费者之间使用高质量的证据进行知识转移和交换（KTE）时，卫生服务和人口卫生创新就会发展。但是，实践中很少评估KTE模型。实践社区（CoP）-自愿的，自组织的和有针对性的个人和组织团体-可以提供一种选择。本文概述了一种为网络辅助烟草干预（WATI）领域的CoP奠定基础的方法。这项研究的目的是提供一个数据驱动的基础，以使用评估和社交网络方法为在地理上多样化，多学科的WATI小组内组织CoP的决策提供依据。
方法：采用单组设计，方法是在WATI组会议之前进行的对期望，知识和人际WATI相关关系的调查，然后进行为期3周的会议后Web调查，以评估对WATI的短期影响。学习和社交成果。
结果：来自不同学科和实践背景的27名WATI参与者中有23名（85％）完成了基线调查，其中21名（91％）的参与者完成了为期三周的随访。与会者对基线会议的期望不高。根据数据生成的社交网络图说明了一个集中但稀疏的网络，该网络由跨学科协作很少的跨学科团队组成。为期三周的跟踪调查结果表明，参与者建立了新的网络连接，并与原始网络之外的WATI成员积极地开展了KTE活动。
结论：通过数据说明WATI网络的形状和规模，以及会员的利益和对KTE的承诺，在共享并用于制定行动步骤时，这些数据可以对合作和创建实践社区的动机产生积极影响。通过融合数据和理论来指导KTE计划可以创建更明智的跨学科和跨部门协作环境。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Eleven patients with injuries of the rectum and sigmoid colon secondary to the insertion of the clenched fist are presented. Six patients sustained mucosal lacerations of the rectum and four patients had rectosigmoid perforations requiring laparotomy. One patient sustained a severe sphincter laceration producing complete anal incontinence. The management of these conditions is discussed.

背景与目标： ：介绍了11例因握紧拳头插入而导致直肠和乙状结肠损伤的患者。六名患者直肠黏膜撕裂持续发作，四名患者有直肠乙状结肠穿孔需要剖腹手术。一名患者出现严重的括约肌撕裂伤，导致肛门完全失禁。讨论了这些条件的管理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:This survey study explores the relationship between area-specific perceived self-competence, perceived social support, gender, and substance use in young adolescents. METHOD:Questionnaires were administered to 140 male and 131 female adolescents attending middle school to assess self-perception of competencies, social support, and substance use. Correlations were performed between the predictor variables and the substance use measures. Hierarchical multiple regressions were also used to identify potential interactions between gender, perceived competencies, and perceived social support in the prediction of specific substances. RESULTS:Higher perceived scholastic competence was associated with less substance use in both genders. In boys, more perceived support from teachers, and to a lesser degree parents, was associated with less substance use, particularly in those with low scholastic competence. In girls, social support was unrelated to substance use except for support from classmates, which was associated with more cigarette and marijuana use. However, in girls with low scholastic competence, more support from peers was consistently associated with more substance use. CONCLUSIONS:The gender differences in risk factors for early substance use identified in this study deserve further investigation, in view of their potential relevance for adolescent substance abuse prevention and early intervention.

背景与目标： 目的：这项调查研究探讨了特定地区的感知自我能力，感知社会支持，性别和青少年吸毒之间的关系。
方法：对140名上中学的男性和131名女性青少年进行问卷调查，以评估他们对能力，社会支持和药物使用的自我感觉。在预测变量和物质使用度量之间进行了相关。分层多元回归还用于确定特定物质的预测中性别，感知能力和感知社会支持之间的潜在相互作用。
结果：较高的认知能力与较少使用毒品有关。在男孩中，老师和较低程度的父母给予更多支持的感觉与减少毒品的使用有关，特别是在那些学力不强的人中。在女孩中，除了同学的支持外，社会支持与毒品的使用无关，后者与吸烟和大麻的使用有关。然而，在学力低下的女孩中，同龄人更多的支持始终与更多的吸毒相关。
结论：鉴于本研究对青少年药物滥用的预防和早期干预具有潜在的相关性，本研究中确定的早期药物使用危险因素中的性别差异值得进一步调查。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We have modeled the extracellular domains of individual subunits (amino acids 31-200) in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor using sequence homology with copper binding proteins of known crystal structure, plastocyanin and pseudoazurin, and data from recent site-specific mutagenesis, antibody mapping, and site-directed labelling studies. These data formed an initial model that was refined using molecular dynamics and mechanics as well as electrostatic and solvation energy calculations. The sequences between residues 31 and 164 in the alpha 1-subunit and corresponding residues in homologous receptor subunits show similarity with the core sequence of the cation binding site in plastocyanin and pseudoazurin, a region in the template proteins characterized by multiple hairpin loops. In addition to defining the subunit interfaces that comprise the site for agonist and competitive antagonist binding in more detail, the findings show that negatively charged residues cluster in domains arranged to diminish electrostatic free energy of the complex. Electrostatic factors also appear to distinguish the ligand binding interfaces, alpha gamma and alpha delta, from the other three interfaces on the pentameric receptor.

背景与目标： 我们使用与已知晶体结构的铜结合蛋白，质体蓝蛋白和假天青素的序列同源性，以及来自最近位点特异性诱变，抗体作图和数据的数据，对烟碱乙酰胆碱受体中各个亚基（氨基酸31-200）的胞外域进行了建模。定点标记研究。这些数据形成了一个初始模型，该模型使用分子动力学和力学以及静电和溶剂化能量计算进行了完善。 α1-亚基中的残基31和164之间的序列以及同源受体亚基中的相应残基之间的序列显示出与质体蓝蛋白和拟天青素中阳离子结合位点的核心序列相似，后者是模板蛋白中以多个发夹环为特征的区域。除了更详细地定义包含激动剂和竞争性拮抗剂结合位点的亚基界面以外，研究结果还显示带负电荷的残基聚集在排列成可减少复合物静电自由能的结构域中。静电因素似乎也将五聚体受体上的其他三个界面与配体结合界面（alphaγ和alpha delta）区分开来。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Efforts to reduce the indirect land use change (ILUC) -related carbon emissions caused by biofuels has led to inclusion of an ILUC factor as a part of the carbon intensity of biofuels in a Low Carbon Fuel Standard. While previous research has provided varying estimates of this ILUC factor, there has been no research examining the economic effects and additional carbon savings from including this factor in implementing a Low Carbon Fuel Standard. Here we show that inclusion of an ILUC factor in a national Low Carbon Fuel Standard led to additional abatement of cumulative emissions over 2007-2027 by 1.3 to 2.6% (0.6-1.1 billion mega-grams carbon-dioxide-equivalent (Mg CO2e-1) compared to those without an ILUC factor, depending on the ILUC factors utilized. The welfare cost to the US of this additional abatement ranged from $61 to $187 Mg CO2e-1 and was substantially greater than the social cost of carbon of $50 Mg CO2e-1.

背景与目标： ：为减少与生物燃料引起的间接土地利用变化（ILUC）相关的碳排放而进行的努力已导致将ILUC因子作为低碳燃料标准中生物燃料碳强度的一部分。尽管先前的研究提供了有关该ILUC因子的各种估计，但是还没有研究检查将这种因子包括在实施低碳燃料标准中会带来的经济影响和额外的碳节省。在这里，我们表明，将ILUC因子纳入国家低碳燃料标准可导致2007-2027年累积排放量进一步减少1.3％至2.6％（0.6-11亿毫克二氧化碳当量（Mg CO2e-1 ）与没有ILUC因子的人相比，具体取决于所使用的ILUC因子。美国这一额外减排的福利成本从61美元至187美元Mg CO2e-1不等，大大高于50美元Mg CO2e-的碳社会成本。 1。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Several studies have shown that cognitive therapy is an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, it remains unclear which of the complex interventions are associated with an anxiety reduction during the course of treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the intervention referred to as the "self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment" on treatment outcome. METHOD:This study was part of a randomized controlled trial including 16 sessions of either individual cognitive therapy (CT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT) for SAD. Of particular importance, a concomitant time-series analysis was used to investigate the impact of the self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment on subsequent social anxiety (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after the intervention) in 32 patients with SAD, who are receiving cognitive treatment. RESULTS:The results revealed a significant reduction of social anxiety after the self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment during the subsequent month of treatment. CONCLUSION:The findings of the current study confirm current cognitive theories of SAD and demonstrate the importance of interventions that target self-focused attention and safety behaviour in cognitive therapy for SAD.

背景与目标： 背景与目的：多项研究表明，认知疗法是治疗社交焦虑症（SAD）的有效方法。但是，尚不清楚哪种复杂的干预措施与治疗过程中的焦虑减轻有关。这项研究的目的是研究被称为“自我关注和安全行为实验”的干预措施对治疗效果的影响。
方法：本研究是一项随机对照试验的一部分，该试验包括16疗程的SAD个体认知疗法（CT）或人际疗法（IPT）。尤为重要的是，同时进行了时间序列分析，以调查32名SAD患者的自我关注和安全行为实验对随​​后的社交焦虑（干预后1、2、3和4周）的影响，谁正在接受认知治疗。
结果：研究结果显示，在接下来的一个月的治疗中，进行了自我关注和安全行为的自我集中试验后，社交焦虑明显降低。
结论：本研究的结果证实了当前的SAD认知理论，并证明了针对自我关注和安全行为的干预在SAD认知治疗中的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide and associated with a high health risk. Unfavourable psychological factors, lower self-ratings of health and worse health-related behaviour can be found in individuals with a low socioeconomic status (SES). Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether normal weight vs. obese subjects with a high vs. low socioeconomic status (SES) differ with regard to self-perceived health, quality of life and health-related behaviour. METHODS:Data of the Austrian Health Interview Survey (ATHIS) 2006/07, precisely of 8015 subjects were analysed stratified by sex and adjusted by age concerning these outcomes. RESULTS:The results have shown that men and women with a low SES differ significantly from those with a high SES in terms of self-perceived health, quality of life, intensity of physical activities, alcohol consumption, and eating behaviour (men: p <0.001; women: p<0.001). A significant interaction between the body mass index (BMI) and SES occurred in men concerning quality of life in the domains physical (p<0.05) and psychological health (p<0.01), in women as to self-perceived health (p<0.01), quality of life in the domains physical health (p<0.01) and environment (p<0.05), as well as physical activities (p<0.01). CONCLUSION:The SES has a strong negative impact on health-related variables, especially in obese subjects, and therefore risk assessment in the primary health-care setting should include socioeconomic factors. Furthermore, a continued strong public health programme is required with an absolute priority placed on obese subjects of low SES.

背景与目标： 目的：肥胖症的患病率在全球范围内呈上升趋势，并具有很高的健康风险。社会经济地位低下（SES）的人会发现不利的心理因素，健康的自我评价较低以及与健康相关的行为较差。因此，我们研究的目的是调查在社会自我状态，生活质量和健康相关行为方面，正常体重与肥胖者之间社会经济地位高低的关系是否存在差异。
方法：根据2006/07年奥地利健康访问调查（ATHIS）的数据，精确地对8015名受试者进行了分层分析，并根据年龄对这些结果进行了调整。
结果：结果表明，SES较低的男女与SES较高的男女在自我感知的健康，生活质量，体育活动强度，饮酒和饮食行为方面存在显着差异（男性：p < 0.001；女性：p <0.001）。男性的身体质量指数（BMI）与SES之间存在显着的相互作用，涉及身体（p <0.05）和心理健康（p <0.01）领域的生活质量，女性在自我感觉健康方面（p <0.01） ），身体健康（p <0.01）和环境（p <0.05）以及身体活动（p <0.01）等领域的生活质量。
结论：SES对与健康相关的变量具有强烈的负面影响，尤其是在肥胖受试者中，因此，初级保健环境中的风险评估应包括社会经济因素。此外，需要持续不断的强有力的公共卫生计划，绝对优先考虑低SES的肥胖受试者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Despite its centrality to social stress theory, research on the social patterning of stress exposure and coping resources has been sparse and existing research shows conflicting results. We interviewed 396 gay, lesbian and bisexual, and 128 heterosexual people in New York City to examine variability in exposure to stress related to sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity. Multiple linear regressions showed clear support for the social stress hypothesis with regard to race/ethnic minority status, somewhat mixed support with regard to sexual orientation, and no support with regard to gender. We discuss this lack of parsimony in social stress explanations for health disparities.

背景与目标： ：尽管它在社会压力理论中处于中心地位，但对压力暴露和应对资源的社会模式的研究却很少，现有研究显示出相互矛盾的结果。我们采访了纽约市396名男同性恋，女同性恋和双性恋者以及128位异性恋者，以研究他们暴露于与性取向，性别和种族/民族有关的压力中的变异性。多元线性回归显示出对种族/族裔少数群体地位的社会压力假说的明确支持，对性取向的支持有些混杂，而对性别的支持则没有。我们在针对健康差异的社会压力解释中讨论了缺乏简约性的问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to identify clinical and social predictors of application for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) in workers' compensation claimants with low back pain. METHODS:Archival and interview data were analyzed for 1372 Missouri claimants who were, on average, nearly 42 months postinjury. RESULTS:Two hundred sixty-five (19.3%) claimants were receiving SSDI (8.0%) or had applied for SSDI (11.3%). Logistic regression indicated that black race, older age, herniated disc diagnosis, surgery, and longer time since injury were associated with increased odds of SSDI. Higher preinjury wage, more education, and higher satisfaction with medical treatment and/or treatment by employer were associated with decreased odds of SSDI. CONCLUSIONS:Application for SSDI among claimants with occupational low back pain is associated with social factors like race, satisfaction, and socioeconomics as well as clinical factors like diagnosis and surgery.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是确定在腰背痛的工伤索赔人中申请社会保障残疾保险的临床和社会预测指标。
方法：分析了密苏里州1372名索赔人的档案和访谈数据，他们平均受伤后将近42个月。
结果：265名（19.3％）索赔人正在接受SSDI（8.0％）或已申请SSDI（11.3％）。 Logistic回归表明，黑人种族，年龄较大，椎间盘突出症，手术以及自受伤以来的较长时间与SSDI几率增加相关。更高的伤害前工资，更多的教育以及对医疗和/或雇主待遇的更高满意度与降低SSDI的几率相关。
结论：在职业性下腰痛的索赔人中申请SSDI与种族，满意度和社会经济学等社会因素以及诊断和手术等临床因素有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a prospective cohort study of Finnish public sector employees, the authors examined the association between workplace social capital and depression. Data were obtained from 33,577 employees, who had no recent history of antidepressant treatment and who reported no history of physician-diagnosed depression at baseline in 2000-2002. Their risk of depression was measured with two indicators: recorded purchases of antidepressants until December 31, 2005, and self-reports of new-onset depression diagnosed by a physician in the follow-up survey in 2004-2005. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to explore whether self-reported and aggregate-level workplace social capital predicted indicators of depression at follow-up. The odds for antidepressant treatment and physician-diagnosed depression were 20-50% higher for employees with low self-reported social capital than for those reporting high social capital. These associations were not accounted for by sex, age, marital status, socioeconomic position, place of work, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and body mass index. The association between social capital and self-reported depression attenuated but remained significant after further adjustment for baseline psychological distress (a proxy for undiagnosed mental health problems). Aggregate-level social capital was not associated with subsequent depression.

背景与目标： ：在对芬兰公共部门雇员的前瞻性队列研究中，作者研究了工作场所社会资本与抑郁症之间的联系。数据来自33577名员工，这些员工近期没有抗抑郁治疗史，并且在2000-2002年基线时没有医生诊断为抑郁症的历史。他们的抑郁风险有两个指标：2005年12月31日之前购买的抗抑郁药的购买记录，以及医生在2004-2005年的随访调查中诊断出的新发抑郁症的自我报告。使用多级逻辑回归分析来探讨自我报告和总体水平的工作场所社会资本是否在随访中预测了抑郁症的指标。自我报告的社会资本低的员工，其抗抑郁治疗和经医生诊断为抑郁的几率比那些报告高社会资本的员工高20-50％。这些关联没有按性别，年龄，婚姻状况，社会经济地位，工作地点，吸烟，饮酒，体育活动和体重指数来说明。社会资本与自我报告的抑郁症之间的联系有所减弱，但在进一步调整基线心理困扰（代表未确诊的精神健康问题）之后，这种联系仍然很显着。总的社会资本与随后的抑郁症无关。