BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Parents play an important role in the sexual health of their adolescent children. Based on previous research, formative research, and theories of behavioral change, we developed Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, an intervention designed to help parents improve communication with their adolescent children, promote healthy adolescent sexual development, and reduce adolescent sexual risk behaviors. We conduct the parenting program at worksites to facilitate recruitment and retention of participants. The program consists of 8 weekly 1-hour sessions during the lunch hour. In this article, we review the literature that identifies parental influences on adolescent sexual behavior, summarize our formative research, present the theoretical framework we used to develop Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, describe the program's components and intervention strategies, and offer recommendations based on our experiences developing the program. By targeting parents at their worksites, this program represents an innovative approach to promoting adolescent sexual health. This article is intended to be helpful to health educators and clinicians designing programs for parents, employers implementing health-related programs, and researchers who may consider designing and evaluating such worksite-based programs.

背景与目标： ：父母在青春期儿童的性健康中起着重要作用。基于以前的研究，形成性研究和行为改变的理论，我们开发了“会说话的父母，健康的青少年”，旨在帮助父母改善与青春期孩子的沟通，促进健康的青少年性发育并减少青少年性风险行为的干预措施。我们在工作场所实施育儿计划，以促进参与者的招募和保留。该计划在午餐时间包括8个每周的1小时课程。在本文中，我们回顾了确定父母对青少年性行为的影响的文献，总结了我们的形成性研究，介绍了我们用于发展会说话的父母，健康的青少年的理论框架，描述了该计划的组成部分和干预策略，并根据我们的建议提供了建议开发该程序的经验。通过针对父母的工作场所，该计划代表了一种促进青少年性健康的创新方法。本文旨在为健康教育者和临床医生为父母设计程序，实施与健康相关的程序的雇主以及可能考虑设计和评估基于工作场所的程序的研究人员提供帮助。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:This study assessed social and behavioural predictors for sexual risk taking and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV among adolescent female sex workers (FSWs) from Kunming, China. Additionally, health services needs and use were assessed. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. Using snowball and convenience sampling, self-identified FSWs were recruited from four urban areas in Kunming. Women consenting to participate were administered a semi-structured questionnaire by trained interviewers identified from local peer-support organisations. Following interview, a gynaecological examination and biological sampling to identify potential STIs were undertaken. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS:Adolescent FSWs had a mean age of 18.2 years and reported numerous non-paying sexual partners with very low rate of consistent condom use (22.2%). Half (50.3%) the respondents had sex while feeling drunk at least once in the past week, of whom 56.4% did not use condom protection. STI prevalence was high overall (30.4%) among this group. Younger age, early sexual debut, being isolated from schools and family, short duration in sex work, and use of illicit drugs were found to be strong predictors for unprotected sex and presence of an STI. Conversely, having access to condom promotion, free HIV counselling and testing, and peer education were associated with less unprotected sex. The majority reported a need for health knowledge, free condoms and low-cost STI diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS:There is an urgent need to improve coverage, accessibility and efficiency of existing interventions targeting adolescent FSWs.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究评估了来自中国昆明市的青春期女性性工作者（FSW）的性行为冒险和性传播感染（STI）（包括HIV）的社会和行为预测因素。此外，还评估了卫生服务的需求和使用。
方法：2010年进行了横断面调查。通过滚雪球和便利抽样，从昆明的四个市区招募了自我识别的FSW。从当地同支持组织确定的训练有素的访调员对同意参加的妇女进行半结构化问卷调查。采访之后，进行了妇科检查和生物采样以识别潜在的性传播感染。进行了描述性和多变量logistic回归分析。
结果：青少年FSW的平均年龄为18.2岁，并报告了许多无偿性伴侣，一致使用避孕套的比例很低（22.2％）。在过去的一周中，有一半（50.3％）的被调查者曾发生过至少一次醉酒的性行为，其中56.4％的人未使用安全套保护措施。在这一组中，性传播感染的患病率总体较高（30.4％）。人们发现，年龄较小，性行为初次出现，与学校和家庭隔离，性工作时间短以及使用非法药物是无保护性行为和性传播感染存在的强烈预测因素。相反，获得安全套宣传，免费的艾滋病毒咨询和检测以及同伴教育的机会与较少受到保护的性行为有关。大多数人报告需要健康知识，免费避孕套和低成本的STI诊断和治疗。
结论：迫切需要提高针对青少年FSW的现有干预措施的覆盖面，可及性和效率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Vulvovaginitis is the most frequent gynecologic pathology among prepubertal females. An infectious cause is found in 30% of cases and is highly associated with the presence of vaginal discharge upon examination. Neisseria gonorrhoeae may be one of the causative agents. Since N. gonorrhoeae is a common sexually transmitted disease, sexual abuse should be considered in the pediatric setting. We report the case of a 5-year-old girl with N. gonorrhoeae vulvovaginitis. Her previous history, multiple interviews with the patient and her parents, and clinical examination showed no evidence or signs of sexual abuse. Both parents presented gonorrhea, urethritis for the father and vaginitis for the mother. The discrepancy between pediatric evaluation and the presence of a bacterium associated with sexually transmitted disease led us to consider other means of contamination. Previous studies have shown that other routes of transmission are possible but are often neglected. Hence, contamination can be transmitted by the hands or mostly through passive means (towels, rectal thermometer, etc.). Many epidemics have been noted in group settings with young girls with no evidence of sexual transmission. Therefore, we concluded that this patient's infection was likely an accidental transmission within her family. The acknowledgement of these transmission routes is very important in order to avoid misguided suspicion of sexual abuse and the possible traumatic family and psychosocial consequences.

背景与目标： ：阴道炎是青春期前女性中最常见的妇科病理学。在30％的病例中发现了感染原因，并且与检查时是否存在白带高度相关。淋病奈瑟菌可能是其病原体之一。由于淋病奈瑟氏球菌是一种常见的性传播疾病，因此在儿科环境中应考虑性虐待。我们报告了一名5岁女孩患有淋病奈瑟菌性阴道炎的病例。她以前的病史，与患者及其父母的多次访谈以及临床检查均未发现任何性虐待迹象或迹象。父母双方均表现为淋病，父亲为尿道炎，母亲为阴道炎。儿科评估和与性传播疾病相关的细菌的存在之间的差异，导致我们考虑其他污染手段。先前的研究表明，其他传播途径也是可能的，但常常被忽略。因此，污染物可以通过手传播，或者主要通过被动方式（毛巾，直肠温度计等）传播。在没有女孩发生性传播迹象的年轻女孩的集体场合中，已经注意到许多流行病。因此，我们得出的结论是，该患者的感染很可能是其家庭内部的意外传播。为了避免误导性怀疑性虐待以及可能造成的家庭和社会心理后果，对这些传播途径的认识非常重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To examine associations between sleep duration and health outcomes among distinct groups of sexual minority adults. METHODS:Using data from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we compared sleep duration (very short: ≤ 5 hr; short: 6 hr; normal: 7-8 hr; and long: ≥ 9 hr per day) between cisgender straight adults and distinct groups of sexual minorities. We further examined associations between sleep duration and 10 chronic health conditions among sexual minorities. RESULTS:Of 146,893 respondents, 142,507 (96.2%) were cisgender straight, and 4,386 (3.8%) were lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT). Overall, 17.3% of LGBT respondents reported very short sleep per day, compared with 12.2% for cisgender straight respondents (p < 0.0001). Among LGBT populations, the prevalence of very short sleep varied significantly among distinct groups, ranging from 13.2% among transgender female to male adults to 35.5% among transgender gender nonconforming adults. Very short sleep was further associated with increased odds of having stroke (aOR = 4.1, 95% CI [2.2-7.6]), heart attack (aOR = 3.0, CI [1.6-5.8]), coronary heart disease (aOR = 3.1, 95% CI [1.5-6.2]), asthma (aOR = 1.7, 95% CI [1.1-2.4]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aOR = 2.5, CI [1.5-4.0]), arthritis (aOR = 2.1, CI [1.4-3.0]), and cancer (aOR = 1.8, 95% CI [1.0-3.2]) among sexual minorities. Disparities in the prevalence of stroke, heart attack, coronary health disease, COPD, diabetes, obesity, arthritis, and cancer were found among LGBT populations. CONCLUSIONS:Sexual minorities have a higher prevalence of sleep deprivation as compared with their straight counterparts. Sleep deprivation varies by sexual identity and gender. Very short sleep duration is associated with some chronic health conditions among LGBT populations. Promotion of sleep health education and routine medical assessment of sleep disorders are critically needed for sexual minority adults.

背景与目标： 目的：研究不同性别的成年少数群体的睡眠时间与健康结局之间的关联。
方法：使用2014年行为危险因素监测系统的数据，我们比较了直食成年成年直觉成年成年人的睡眠时间（非常短：≤5小时;短：6小时;正常：7-8小时;每天：≥9小时）以及不同性别的少数群体。我们进一步研究了性少数群体的睡眠时间与10种慢性健康状况之间的关联。
结果：在146,893名受访者中，有142,507名（96.2％）为顺性别，而有4,386名（3.8％）为女同性恋，男同性恋，双性恋和变性者（LGBT）。总体而言，LGBT受访者中有17.3％的人每天睡眠时间很短，而顺性别的受访者中有12.2％的人每天睡眠时间短（p <0.0001）。在LGBT人群中，不同组别的极短睡眠发生率差异显着，从跨性别女性到男性成年人中的13.2％，到跨性别性别不合格成年人中的35.5％。睡眠时间短还与中风（aOR = 4.1，95％CI [2.2-7.6]），心脏病发作（aOR = 3.0，CI [1.6-5.8]），冠心病（aOR = 3.1， 95％CI [1.5-6.2]），哮喘（aOR = 1.7、95％CI [1.1-2.4]），慢性阻塞性肺疾病（aOR = 2.5，CI [1.5-4.0]），关节炎（aOR = 2.1，CI [1.4-3.0]）和性少数人群中的癌症（aOR = 1.8，95％CI [1.0-3.2]）。在LGBT人群中发现中风，心脏病发作，冠心病，COPD，糖尿病，肥胖症，关节炎和癌症的患病率存在​​差异。
结论：与异性恋人群相比，性少数人群的睡眠剥夺患病率更高。睡眠剥夺因性别和性别而异。极短的睡眠时间与LGBT人群中的某些慢性健康状况有关。性少数成年人迫切需要促进睡眠健康教育和睡眠障碍的常规医学评估。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated the dynamics of Aspergillus fumigatus azole-resistant phenotypes in two compost heaps with contrasting azole exposures: azole free and azole exposed. After heat shock, to which sexual but not asexual spores are highly resistant, the azole-free compost yielded 98% (49/50) wild-type and 2% (1/50) azole-resistant isolates, whereas the azole-containing compost yielded 9% (4/45) wild-type and 91% (41/45) resistant isolates. From the latter compost, 80% (36/45) of the isolates contained the TR46/Y121F/T289A genotype, 2% (1/45) harbored the TR46/Y121F/M172I/T289A/G448S genotype, and 9% (4/45) had a novel pan-triazole-resistant mutation (TR463/Y121F/M172I/T289A/G448S) with a triple 46-bp promoter repeat. Subsequent screening of a representative set of clinical A. fumigatus isolates showed that the novel TR463 mutant was already present in samples from three Dutch medical centers collected since 2012. Furthermore, a second new resistance mutation was found in this set that harbored four TR46 repeats. Importantly, in the laboratory, we recovered the TR463 mutation from a sexual cross between two TR46 isolates from the same azole-containing compost, possibly through unequal crossing over between the double tandem repeats (TRs) during meiosis. This possible role of sexual reproduction in the emergence of the mutation was further implicated by the high level of genetic diversity of STR genotypes in the azole-containing compost. Our study confirms that azole resistance mutations continue to emerge in the environment and indicates compost containing azole residues as a possible hot spot. Better insight into the biology of environmental resistance selection is needed to retain the azole class for use in food production and treatment of Aspergillus diseases.IMPORTANCE Composting of organic matter containing azole residues might be important for resistance development and subsequent spread of resistance mutations in Aspergillus fumigatus In this article, we show the dominance of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in azole-exposed compost and the discovery of a new resistance mutation with clinical relevance. Furthermore, our study indicates that current fungicide application is not sustainable as new resistance mutations continue to emerge, thereby threatening the use of triazoles in medicine. We provide evidence that the sexual part of the fungal life cycle may play a role in the emergence of resistance mutations because under laboratory conditions, we reconstructed the resistance mutation through sexual crossing of two azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates derived from the same compost heap. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance selection in the environment is needed to design strategies against the accumulation of resistance mutations in order to retain the azole class for crop protection and treatment of Aspergillus diseases.

背景与目标： ：这项研究调查了两个堆肥堆中烟熏曲霉的耐唑性表型的动态，这两种堆肥与对照暴露的吡咯不同：无吡咯和暴露于吡咯。在热休克后，对性但非无性孢子具有很高的抵抗力，无唑堆肥产生98％（49/50）野生型和2％（1/50）对唑的抗药性，而含吡咯的堆肥产生9％（4/45）野生型和91％（41/45）抗性分离株。在后一种堆肥中，80％（36/45）的分离株含有TR46 / Y121F / T289A基因型，2％（1/45）具有TR46 / Y121F / M172I / T289A / G448S基因型，9％（4 / 45）具有新的泛三唑抗性突变（TR463 / Y121F / M172I / T289A / G448S），具有三重46 bp启动子重复序列。随后对代表性的临床烟曲霉菌株进行了筛选，结果显示自2012年以来从三个荷兰医学中心收集的样品中已经存在新的TR463突变体。此外，在该菌株中发现了第二个新的耐药突变，其中包含四个TR46重复序列。重要的是，在实验室中，我们可能是通过减数分裂过程中双串联重复序列（TR）之间的不相等交换，从同一个含唑的堆肥中的两个TR46分离株之间的有性杂交中恢复了TR463突变。在含唑的堆肥中，STR基因型的高水平遗传多样性进一步暗示了性繁殖在突变出现中的这种可能作用。我们的研究证实，环境中仍会继续出现唑类抗性突变，并表明含有唑类残留物的堆肥可能是热点。需要更好地了解环境抗性选择的生物学以保持唑类用于食品生产和治疗曲霉病。重要事项含吡咯残留物的有机物的堆肥对于烟曲霉的抗性发展和随后的抗性突变的传播可能很重要。在本文中，我们显示了对吡唑有抵抗力的烟曲霉在暴露于吡咯的堆肥中的优势地位，并发现了与临床相关的新的抗药性突变。此外，我们的研究表明，随着新的耐药性突变的不断出现，当前杀菌剂的应用是不可持续的，从而威胁到三唑类药物的使用。我们提供的证据表明，真菌生命周期的性部分可能在耐药性突变的出现中起作用，因为在实验室条件下，我们通过对两个具有唑类抗性的A进行有性杂交来重建耐药性突变。来自同一堆肥堆的烟熏分离株。需要了解环境中抗性选择的机制，以设计针对抗性突变积累的策略，以保留用于农作物保护和曲霉病治疗的唑类。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Understanding situations that increase HIV risk among men who have sex with men (MSM) requires consideration of the context in which risky behaviors occur. Relationships are one such context. This study examines the presence and predictors of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in the past 3 months among 566 MSM couples. A majority of couples allowed sex with outside partners. Overall, 65% of the sample engaged in UAI with primary partner, including nearly half of discordant couples. Positive relationship factors, such as attachment and intimacy, were associated with an increased likelihood of UAI with primary partner. Meanwhile, 22% of the sample engaged in at least one episode of UAI with an outside partner, half of whom were discordant or unknown HIV status outside partners. Higher levels of HIV-specific social support, equality, and sexual agreement investment were significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of engaging in UAI with a discordant or unknown HIV status outside partner. HIV-positive men in discordant relationships had two and one half times the odds of having UAI with a discordant or unknown HIV status outside partner as their HIV-negative partners. Many MSM in relationships, including some in serodiscordant ones, engage in UAI with primary partners. Potential explanations include relationship closeness, relationship length, and agreement type. In addition, relationship context appears to have a differential impact upon UAI with primary and outside partners, implying that prevention messages may need to be tailored for different types of couples. Prevention efforts involving MSM couples must take into account relationship characteristics as couples balance safer sex and HIV risk with intimacy and pleasure.

背景与目标： ：要了解与男性发生性关系（MSM）的男性中增加HIV风险的情况，需要考虑发生危险行为的背景。关系就是这样一种背景。这项研究检查了过去3个月中566对MSM夫妇中无保护的肛门性交（UAI）的存在和预测因素。大多数夫妇允许与外部伴侣发生性关系。总体而言，有65％的样本是与主要伴侣进行UAI的，其中包括近一半的不和谐夫妻。积极的关系因素，例如依恋和亲密感，与主要伴侣进行UAI的可能性增加有关。同时，有22％的样本与外部伴侣进行了至少一次UAI发作，其中一半是外部伴侣的不和谐或未知的HIV状况。特定于艾滋病毒的社会支持，平等和性协议投资的增加，与在伴侣外部或艾滋病毒状况不明或未知的情况下参与UAI的可能性大大降低有关。处于不和谐关系中的HIV阳性男性患UAI且其伴侣之外的HIV状况处于不和谐或未知状态的几率是其HIV阴性伴侣的两倍半。许多关系中的MSM，包括一些血清异常的人，都与主要合作伙伴一起参与UAI。可能的解释包括关系亲密性，关系长度和协议类型。此外，关系背景似乎对与主要和外部合作伙伴的UAI有不同的影响，这意味着可能需要针对不同类型的夫妻量身定制预防信息。涉及MSM夫妇的预防工作必须考虑到夫妻之间的关系特征，因为夫妇要在安全的性行为和HIV风险与亲密和愉悦之间取得平衡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:This article summarizes the work done to adapt and to validate the short form of Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12) for its use in Spain. It will become the first validated questionnaire in this country for the evaluation of the sexual function in women with Pelvic Organ Prolapse and/or Urinary Incontinence. PATIENTS AND METHOD:49 women who visited a specialized unit with symptoms of pelvic floor were included. Patients filled in the Spanish version of the questionnaire to validate (PISQ-12), the Urinary Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ-UI-SF); the Female Sexual Function Questionnaire (FSM) and the Bladder Control Autoevaluation Questionnaire (CACV). Factibility, reliability and validity of the new questionnaire were evaluated. RESULTS:Factibility: 99.83% of the sample answered all the items (only one patient did not answer one of the items); average administration time 3.5 (1.5) minutes. RELIABILITY:Cronbach's alpha was 0,829. VALIDITY:PISQ-12 correlation with FSM was 0,71; with ICIQ-UI-SF it was -0,038; with the CACV "symptoms" dimension the correlation was -0,30 and with the "discomfort" dimension it was -0,40. The existence of the same three dimensions of the PISQ-12 original version in the adapted Spanish questionnaire is checked through a factorial analysis. The score in PISQ-12 was worse (lower) in the case of women with Hyperactive Bladder symptoms and discomfort measured with the CACV questionnaire and in women with sexual dysfunction measured with FSM. PISQ-12 is an instrument with the appropriate psychometric characteristics to evaluate sexual function in women with pelvic floor problems.

背景与目标： UNLABELLED：本文总结了为适应和验证在西班牙使用的盆腔器官脱垂/尿失禁性问卷（PISQ-12）的简短形式所做的工作。它将成为该国第一份经过验证的问卷，用于评估盆腔器官脱垂和/或尿失禁的女性的性功能。
患者与方法：纳入49名到访有骨盆底症状的专门科室的妇女。患者填写西班牙问卷进行验证（PISQ-12），即尿失禁问卷（ICIQ-UI-SF）；女性性功能问卷（FSM）和膀胱控制自我评估问卷（CACV）。评价了新问卷的可行性，信度和效度。
结果：可行性：99.83％的样本回答了所有项目（只有一名患者没有回答其中一项）；平均管理时间3.5（1.5）分钟。
可靠性：克伦巴赫的alpha为0,829。
有效性：PISQ-12与FSM的相关性为0.71；使用ICIQ-UI-SF时为-0038； CACV“症状”维度的相关系数为-0,30，而“不适”维度的相关系数为-0,40。通过析因分析，对经过改编的西班牙问卷中的PISQ-12原始版本是否存在相同的三个维度进行了检查。对于使用膀胱过度活动症症状和不适的女性（通过CACV问卷调查）以及在患有性功能障碍的女性中，通过FSM测量的PISQ-12评分较差（较低）。 PISQ-12是一种具有适当心理计量学特征的仪器，可用于评估骨盆底疾病女性的性功能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Merotelic kinetochore orientation is a kinetochore-microtubule mis-attachment in which a single kinetochore binds microtubules to both spindle poles, rather than just one. Merotelic attachments occur frequently in early mitosis and can induce anaphase lagging chromosomes and aneuploidy if not corrected before anaphase onset. Merotelic kinetochore orientation does not interfere with chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate and does not activate the mitotic spindle checkpoint. However, a correction mechanism for merotelic attachment reduces the number of merotelic kinetochores entering anaphase, thus preventing chromosome mis-segregation. Results from many different studies support the idea that Aurora B kinase plays a critical role in this merotelic correction mechanism by phosphorylating key substrates at the kinetochore and promoting turnover of kinetochore microtubules. In addition, recent studies are starting to identify the possible 'sensors' of the system that would be able to detect the mis-attachment and communicate this to Aurora B. Here, I review these studies and discuss a model for how merotelic kinetochore orientation could be detected and corrected before anaphase onset.

背景与目标： ：Merotelic线粒体定向是一种线粒体-微管错配，其中单个线粒体将微管绑定到两个纺锤极，而不仅仅是一个。在早期有丝分裂中，速生分子附着经常发生，如果在后期发生之前不加以纠正，则会导致后期染色体滞后和非整倍性。股线的线粒体取向不会干扰中期板的染色体排列，也不会激活有丝分裂纺锤体检查点。但是，用于介子质附着的校正机制减少了进入后期的介子质动植物的数量，从而防止了染色体的错误分离。来自许多不同研究的结果支持这样的观点，即Aurora B激酶通过使动粒体中的关键底物磷酸化并促进粒体微管的更新，从而在这种介子体校正机制中发挥关键作用。此外，最近的研究开始确定系统中可能的“传感器”，这些传感器能够检测错误的附着并将其传达给AuroraB。在这里，我回顾这些研究，并讨论介孔线粒体定向如何进行的模型在后期发作之前被检测并纠正。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This investigation examined differences in symptom patterns of two different trauma samples using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). MMPI-2s of 122 male combat veterans seeking outpatient treatment for combat-related PTSD were compared with those of 64 PTSD-diagnosed adults seeking outpatient treatment for the effects of child sexual abuse (CSA). We examined variables related to degree of health concerns, depression, somatization, anger and hostility, masculine-feminine traits, paranoid ideation, anxiety, difficulties thinking and concentrating, elevated mood, and social introversion, as well as test-taking attitude. MANOVAs revealed between-group differences on several variables. However, when analyses controlled for the effect of age, nearly all differences disappeared; the only remaining difference was in a scale measuring anger. Thus, it appears CSA survivors and combat veterans are much more similar than different in their clinical presentation on the MMPI-2. Conceptual issues in the assessment of PTSD are discussed.

背景与目标： ：这项研究使用明尼苏达州多相人格量表2（MMPI-2）检验了两种不同创伤样本的症状模式差异。比较了122名寻求与战斗相关PTSD进行门诊治疗的男性退伍军人的MMPI-2s与64名经PTSD诊断为儿童性虐待（CSA）寻求门诊治疗的成年人的MMPI-2。我们研究了与健康程度，抑郁，躯体化，愤怒和敌对，男性女性特征，偏执观念，焦虑，思维和专心的困难，情绪升高，社交内向以及应试态度有关的变量。 MANOVAs揭示了几个变量之间的组间差异。然而，当分析控制了年龄的影响时，几乎所有的差异都消失了。唯一剩下的区别是测量愤怒的天平。因此，CSA幸存者和退伍军人似乎在MMPI-2的临床表现上相似之处远胜于不同之处。讨论了创伤后应激障碍的评估中的概念性问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of female sexual hormones on intestinal and serum cytokines following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Adult female rats were ovariectomized and distributed among the following 9 groups: (i) sham trauma, (ii) TBI (Marmarou's method), (iii) vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide) treated, (iv) estrogen (E2) treated, (v) progesterone (P) treated, (vi) treated with E2+P, (vii) propylpyrazole triol (PPT) treated, (viii) diarylpropionitrile (DPN) treated, and (ix) control. PPT and DPN are estrogen receptor αand β agonists, respectively. Serum and intestinal levels of interleukin (IL)-1β were increased by TBI (P < 0.001). The level of intestinal IL-1β was increased in the group treated with E2 (P < 0.001). There was a reduction in serum IL-1β (P < 0.01) and an increase in intestinal IL-1β level (P < 0.001) in the PPT-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group. TBI reduced serum IL-6 (P < 0.01) and increased intestinal IL-6 (P < 0.001). Serum IL-6 was increased in the group treated with E2 (P < 0.001), P (P < 0.001), E2+P (P < 0.01), and DPN (P < 0.001) after TBI; however, intestinal IL-6 was higher in the E2-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group (P < 0.01). Intestinal tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was increased by TBI (P < 0.001). Progesterone decreased serum TNF-α (P < 0.01). Intestinal TNF-α in the E2 (P < 0.01), E2+P (P < 0.001), and PPT (P < 0.001) treatment groups was less than in the vehicle-treated group. In conclusion, estrogen influences the intestinal levels of proinflammatory cytokines, in particular TNF-α, mediated through estrogen receptor α.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是评估女性性激素对脑外伤（TBI）后肠道和血清细胞因子的影响。将成年雌性大鼠切除卵巢，并分布在以下9组中：（i）假创伤，（ii）TBI（Marmarou方法），（iii）媒介物（二甲亚砜）治疗，（iv）雌激素（E2）治疗，（v）孕酮（P）处理，（vi）用E2 P处理，（vii）丙基吡唑三醇（PPT）处理，（viii）二芳基丙腈（DPN）处理，以及（ix）对照。 PPT和DPN分别是雌激素受体α和β激动剂。 TBI可提高血清和肠道白细胞介素（IL）-1β的水平（P <0.001）。 E2治疗组肠道IL-1β水平升高（P <0.001）。与溶媒治疗组相比，PPT治疗组的血清IL-1β降低（P <0.01），肠内IL-1β水平升高（P <0.001）。 TBI降低血清IL-6（P <0.01），增加肠道IL-6（P <0.001）。 TBI后E2组（P <0.001），P组（P <0.001），E2P组（P <0.01）和DPN组（P <0.001），血清IL-6水平升高。然而，E2治疗组的肠道IL-6高于媒介物治疗组（P <0.01）。 TBI可增加肠道肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）（P <0.001）。孕酮降低血清TNF-α（P <0.01）。 E2（P <0.01），E2 P（P <0.001）和PPT（P <0.001）治疗组的肠道TNF-α低于溶媒治疗组。总之，雌激素影响通过雌激素受体α介导的促炎细胞因子，特别是TNF-α的肠道水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To analyze factors predictive for changes in sexual function after pelvic floor surgery and explore differences between stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery. DESIGN:Prospective observational study. SETTING:St Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway. SAMPLE:Of 346 mailed questionnaires for women scheduled for SUI and POP surgery, 65 questionnaires were available for analysis together with examination findings before and 1 year after surgery. METHODS:Postal questionnaires including Prolapse and Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire (PISQ 12), Hopkins Symptom Checklist 5 for psychological distress, questions from the validated Body Image Questionnaire, a general health question, questions addressing goals for improvement after surgery, clinical findings based on the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System and Brief Sexual Function Index for partners. Uni- and multivariate linear regressions adjusting for age were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Change in PISQ 12 score at follow-up. RESULTS:Sexual function significantly improved in the total group (p = 0.000). After stratification into SUI and POP surgery, improvement only remained significant after SUI surgery (p = 0.001). Improvement for the total group was predicted by good health or coital incontinence, whereas psychological distress or the goal of improved defecation predicted deterioration. For women undergoing SUI surgery, increasing age, parity or the goal of improving sexuality or body image predicted improvement, while for women undergoing POP surgery, menopausal status or anterior colporrhaphy predicted improvement. CONCLUSION:Significantly improved sexuality was observed after pelvic floor surgery. Predictive factors for change differed for women undergoing SUI surgery and and those undergoing POP surgery.

背景与目标： 目的：分析预测骨盆底手术后性功能改变的因素，探讨压力性尿失禁（SUI）和骨盆器官脱垂（POP）手术之间的差异。
设计：前瞻性观察研究。
地点：挪威特隆赫姆大学医院圣奥拉夫医院。
样本：在346份计划进行SUI和POP手术的女性邮寄调查表中，有65份调查表可用于分析手术前和手术后1年的检查结果。
方法：邮寄问卷，包括脱垂和失禁性功能问卷（PISQ 12），霍普金斯症状困扰清单5，心理困扰，经过验证的身体影像问卷，一般健康问题，解决手术后改善目标的问题，基于以下内容的临床发现伙伴的骨盆器官脱垂量化系统和简短的性功能指数。进行了针对年龄的单变量和多元线性回归。
主要观察指标：随访时PISQ 12评分改变。
结果：整个组的性功能显着改善（p = 0.000）。在分层进行SUI和POP手术后，只有在SUI手术后才有显着改善（p = 0.001）。总体状况的好转是由于身体健康或性交失禁所致，而心理困扰或改善排便的目标预示着情况将会恶化。对于接受SUI手术的女性，增加年龄，产次或改善性欲或提高身体形象的目标可望改善，而对于接受POP手术的女性，绝经期或前阴道炎则有望改善。
结论：骨盆底手术后性行为明显改善。进行SUI手术的妇女和进行POP手术的妇女的变化预测因素有所不同。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Empirical studies suggest that childhood sexual abuse is associated with sexual revictimization by a male romantic partner in female survivors. Yet, the potential mechanisms underlying this association remain understudied. Past studies indicated that women childhood sexual abuse survivors report more sexual anxiety, which in turn was linked to an increased risk of sustaining sexual coercion. The current study, conducted with a sample of 448 adult women from the community, aimed to examine sexual anxiety as a potential mechanism in the association between childhood sexual abuse and sexual coercion sustained by women in heterosexual romantic relationships. Results from path analyses confirmed the indirect effect of sexual anxiety in the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and sexual coercion victimization. Findings indicated that childhood sexual abuse is associated with higher levels of sexual anxiety, which in turn, was linked to a higher frequency of sexual coercion experiences perpetrated by the romantic partner. This study contributes to a better understanding of the determinants of sexual violence against women and provides an empirical basis to better inform prevention initiatives and guide future interventions.

背景与目标： ：经验研究表明，儿童期的性虐待与女性幸存者中男性浪漫伴侣的性重新定罪有关。然而，这种关联的潜在机制仍未得到充分研究。过去的研究表明，儿童时期遭受性虐待的女性幸存者报告称性焦虑更为严重，而这又与维持性胁迫的风险增加有关。当前的研究是对来自社区的448名成年女性进行的抽样调查，旨在检验性焦虑是儿童性虐待与女性在异性恋爱关系中维持的性强迫之间联系的一种潜在机制。路径分析的结果证实，性焦虑对儿童性虐待和性强迫受害之间的关系具有间接影响。研究结果表明，儿童时期的性虐待与更高水平的性焦虑有关，而后者又与浪漫伴侣进行性胁迫的频率更高有关。这项研究有助于更好地了解针对妇女的性暴力的决定因素，并为更好地为预防举措提供信息并指导今后的干预措施提供了经验基础。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Theoretical frameworks positing qualitatively distinct trajectories of posttrauma outcome have received initial empirical support, but have not been investigated in cases of severe interpersonal trauma. To address this limitation, we conducted latent class growth analysis with longitudinal data collected from 119 female sexual assault survivors at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-months postassault. Participants' mean age was 33 years; 63% were White. We hypothesized that given the severity of exposure associated with sexual assault, resilience would not be the modal course of adaptation. Four distinct PTSD growth trajectories, representing unique latent classes of participants, best fit the data: a high chronic trajectory, a moderate chronic trajectory, a moderate recovery trajectory, and a marked recovery trajectory. Contrary to previous studies and recent theoretical models, resilience and resistance trajectories were not observed, as high levels of distress were evident in nearly all participants at 1-month postassault. These results suggest that theoretical models of posttrauma response positing resilience as the modal outcome may not generalize to cases of sexual assault.

背景与目标： ：创伤后结局的定性定性理论框架已经获得了初步的经验支持，但是在严重的人际交往中并未进行过研究。为了解决这一局限性，我们利用在攻击后1个月，2个月，3个月和4个月内从119名女性性侵犯幸存者那里收集的纵向数据进行了潜伏类增长分析。参与者的平均年龄为33岁； 63％是白人。我们假设，鉴于与性侵犯相关的暴露严重性，适应力将不是适应的模态过程。代表独特潜在参与者类别的四种不同的PTSD生长轨迹最适合该数据：高慢性轨迹，中度慢性轨迹，中度恢复轨迹和明显的恢复轨迹。与先前的研究和最新的理论模型相反，未观察到复原力和抵抗力的轨迹，因为在袭击后1个月内几乎所有参与者中都表现出很高的苦恼程度。这些结果表明，创伤后反应的理论模型将复原力作为模态结果，可能无法推广到性侵犯案件中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: RATIONALE:Sarcomere length (SL) is a key indicator of cardiac mechanical function, but current imaging technologies are limited in their ability to unambiguously measure and characterize SL at the cell level in intact, living tissue. OBJECTIVE:We developed a method for measuring SL and regional cell orientation using remote focusing microscopy, an emerging imaging modality that can capture light from arbitrary oblique planes within a sample. METHODS AND RESULTS:We present a protocol that unambiguously and quickly determines cell orientation from user-selected areas in a field of view by imaging 2 oblique planes that share a common major axis with the cell. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique in establishing single-cell SL in Langendorff-perfused hearts loaded with the membrane dye di-4-ANEPPS. CONCLUSIONS:Remote focusing microscopy can measure cell orientation in complex 2-photon data sets without capturing full z stacks. The technique allows rapid assessment of SL in healthy and diseased heart experimental preparations.

背景与目标： 理由：鞘管长度（SL）是心脏机械功能的关键指标，但是当前的成像技术在完整的活组织中无法在细胞水平上明确测量和表征SL的能力有限。
目的：我们开发了一种使用远程聚焦显微镜测量SL和区域细胞取向的方法，该方法是一种新兴的成像方式，可以捕获样品中任意倾斜平面的光。
方法和结果：我们提出了一种协议，该协议通过对2个与细胞共享主轴线的倾斜平面进行成像，从视野中的用户选择区域中明确，快速地确定细胞方向。我们展示了该技术在用膜染料di-4-ANEPPS加载的Langendorff灌注心脏中建立单细胞SL的有效性。
结论：远程聚焦显微镜可以测量复杂的2光子数据集中的细胞方向，而无需捕获完整的z堆栈。该技术可以快速评估健康和患病心脏实验制剂中的SL。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2